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Theories of retrospective accountability assume that voters punish poor governance and reward improvements, yet empirical evidence remains mixed. We extend this research to a new context, assessing the impact of audits on electoral outcomes in South African municipalities. Our novel identification strategy focuses on by-elections triggered by deaths in office of local councilors and compares those taking place before and after audit results are announced each year. We find that timely audit information affects the vote share of the responsible party, with voters rewarding improvements and punishing poor audits by about 5 percentage points. Additional individual-level survey evidence confirms the underpinning behavioral response more generally. Our study is the first to demonstrate electoral accountability effects of audit information at full scale, involving universal spatial and temporal coverage as well as public and organic dissemination.

Roadmapping emerged from industry and has evolved over the decades, through improvements and refinements made by both practitioners and research groups, to become an established and extensively deployed method. Roadmaps are popular in helping to convey and communicate the essence of strategic plans, organizational initiatives, program pathways, and future courses of action. But what actually constitutes a roadmap? What are the unique attributes that distinguish them from other journey-mapping approaches and forward-looking business documents? Drawing upon active involvement in industrial engagements, applied research, tool development, and supported by the literature, a roadmap has now been defined as a structured visual chronology of strategic intent . Further, roadmapping has been defined as the application of a temporal–spatial structured strategic lens . As a result of these more rigorous and robust expressions, this article reports and reviews their underpinning concepts and dimensions, and puts them forward as the new standard definitions.

Presented in this paper is a methodology for combining a Bayesian statistical approach with Data Quality Objectives (a structured decision-making method) to provide increased levels of confidence in analytical data when approaching a waste boundary. Development of sampling and analysis plans for the characterisation of radioactive waste often use a simple, one pass statistical approach as underpinning for the sampling schedule. Using a Bayesian statistical approach introduces the concept of Prior information giving an adaptive sample strategy based on previous knowledge. This aligns more closely with the iterative approach demanded of the most commonly used structured decision-making tool in this area (Data Quality Objectives) and the potential to provide a more fully underpinned justification than the more traditional statistical approach. The approach described has been developed in a UK regulatory context but is translated to a waste stream from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station to demonstrate how the methodology can be applied in this context to support decision making regarding the ultimate disposal option for radioactive waste in a more global context.

Summary Intermediary organisations can play a significant role in the changing environment of UK energy, transcending the perceived divides between individual action, activism and top-down policy. This paper discusses a Bristol based action research project which, working with local community energy groups, explored the role of intermediary organisations not just in bringing together learning, providing support and aggregating impact but also in helping to shape stronger local energy action by connecting across and beyond existing activity in ways that put communities first. This approach enabled the development of the ‘Bristol Community Strategy for Energy’, which takes a different approach to the national ‘Community Energy Strategy’ which it preceded. We consider the roles of intermediary organisations in scaling up community activity: linking with policy and supporting shared action to accelerate community responses to energy concerns. We also draw on the underpinning theory before concluding with recommendations to reinforce the maturing and changing local energy landscape.

Knowledge is widely considered a key ingredient for effective and sustainable water governance. In the Colorado River basin, collaborative programs have been established over the past 50 years to inform decision-making in the basin on a range of concerns from water quality to endangered species recovery and ecosystem restoration. We embrace a knowledge governance perspective to examine the institutional arrangements underpinning the production and use of knowledge in the basin’s collaborative programs. Through a review of programmatic documents and targeted interviews with program participants, we find a recurrent emphasis on science-based decision-making to address specific resource challenges across the programs. Our unpacking of the institutional design of the knowledge governance processes highlights two key challenges: (1) the institutional design has created a federal agency–advisory committee–technical committee triad structure that limits the saliency and legitimacy of diverse interests, as well as credibility of diverse ways of knowing and formalized learning processes and (2) a focus on the river in discrete, fragmented units that hinders a broader view of the river as a system and neglects cross-programmatic learning. These findings question if certain institutional design elements may serve to limit the ability of these programs to address new challenges facing the basin. We outline some potential steps to address these challenges with the aim of building more impactful, collaborative knowledge systems that leverage learning to not only lend saliency, credibility, and legitimacy to broad, inclusive, and diverse ways of knowing but also promote adaptiveness in a rapidly evolving socio-environmental system.

The Government's roadmap to recovery from the educational deficit caused by Covid-19 appears to pivot, primarily, on 'catch-up' plans and 'discipline hubs'. Despite continuous teaching online and in Covid-restricted classroom formats, teachers have been urged to act like 'absolute heroes' and abide by their 'moral duty' to keep schools open. However, neither appeals to 'heroic' duty nor Nolan's Seven Principles of Public Life, are likely to provide the conceptual underpinning required of a roadmap to meet the complex challenges of children's new learning needs or enhance their wellbeing. This article offers an alternative approach to educational principles for navigating the unchartered territory of the 'Covid decade' now unfolding.

The predictive power of simulation has become embedded in the infrastructure of modern economies. The scientific and technical progress that needs to be made to improve the predictive power of biomolecular simulations and how this might be achieved are discussed., The predictive power of simulation has become embedded in the infrastructure of modern economies. Computer-aided design is ubiquitous throughout industry. In aeronautical engineering, built infrastructure and materials manufacturing, simulations are routinely used to compute the performance of potential designs before construction. The ability to predict the behaviour of products is a driver of innovation by reducing the cost barrier to new designs, but also because radically novel ideas can be piloted with relatively little risk. Accurate weather forecasting is essential to guide domestic and military flight paths, and therefore the underpinning simulations are critical enough to have implications for national security. However, in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries, the application of computer simulations remains limited by the capabilities of the technology with respect to the complexity of molecular biology and human physiology. Over the last 30 years, molecular-modelling tools have gradually gained a degree of acceptance in the pharmaceutical industry. Drug discovery has begun to benefit from physics-based simulations. While such simulations have great potential for improved molecular design, much scepticism remains about their value. The motivations for such reservations in industry and areas where simulations show promise for efficiency gains in preclinical research are discussed. In this, the first of two complementary papers, the scientific and technical progress that needs to be made to improve the predictive power of biomolecular simulations, and how this might be achieved, is firstly discussed (Part 1). In Part 2, the status of computer simulations in pharma is contrasted with aerodynamics modelling and weather forecasting, and comments are made on the cultural changes needed for equivalent computational technologies to become integrated into life-science industries.

Ten years have passed since the first meetings of Arts advisors to start identifying the priorities and approaches that the Arts may take when formalised into a national curriculum structure. Now the time has come for reviewing the past to inform the future. Now is the time for reviewing, interrogating and challenging the Australian Curriculum: The Arts for a socially just world. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the process of positioning Visual Arts in the curriculum and the role of Visual Arts to meet social justice imperatives. The paper presents a critical discussion of the Arts and a critical consideration of my role in the writing of the shaping papers. This approach allows an identification of some highlights and challenges along the way. The more philosophical part of the discussion addresses the politics of curriculum and the politics of knowledge through Visual Arts, as it situates the underpinning principles of aesthetics and meaning-making through the Arts. The paper shows how acts of hospitality disrupt practices of domination and marginalisation; and how such acts activate ethical practices of social justice in the Arts, and Visual Arts in particular. The paper claims that Visual Arts as a learning area has a potent role in reflecting and shaping attitudes to social justice, and that education in Visual Arts may contribute to authenticating and legitimising one’s place in the world based upon credible ethical foundations.

The fifth-generation (5G) of mobile communications networks is emerging as a revolutionary technology that will accelerate the development of smart cities and the realization of the information society. This paper aims to provide an introduction to 5G for non-specialists, and a survey of this new technology for those already familiar with mobile communications, covering the conceptualization and the core technologies underpinning 5G networks. The paper also discusses the status of the commercial roll-out of 5G until 2020 from a worldwide perspective and gives a future view of mobile communications beyond 5G.

With a highly uncertain and changing business environment, the typical way of planning a business is not particularly useful in different organizations worldwide. The current literature explores the concept of strategic Agility based on the idea of flexible planning and implementation and can pivot direction at the time of crises. Three main theories underpinning these concepts are contingency-based theory, resource-based theory, and Dynamic capability theory. These theories have one common point of view: enterprises' ability to cope with unexpected changes, survive unprecedented threats from the business environment, and take advantage of changes as opportunities. The literature has identified various variables that impact the adoption of strategic Agility in the organization, including strategic sensitivity, Resource fluidity, and Leadership unity. Some studies in the literature have found these variables as dimensions of strategic Agility. Further, the literature discussed how competitiveness could be achieved through strategic Agility at times of crisis, particularly in SMEs, which are highly prone to external problems due to limited resources and budgets.

PurposeInfrastructure development and management form the central part of the government's commitment and responsibility to deliver essential services to the communities. However, much focus has been placed on the development aspect, with very little focus on the management and maintenance aspects, causing service delivery problems. This study explores the causes of poor management of immovable municipal infrastructure in South Africa.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative approach was adopted; thus, a sample of 15 participants consisting of senior municipal workers, local organizations and forums in Ngqushwa Municipality in Eastern Cape were identified and interviewed. The interview data were analyzed using thematic content analysis to determine the common themes and the frequencies.FindingsThe study's findings indicate numerous causes of poor municipal infrastructure management, including lack of funding, lack of capacity, poor planning and oversight, lack of By-laws, grant dependency and corruption. The municipality's failure to address these issues has resulted in increased service protests, destruction of public property, interruption of services and loss of confidence in municipal administrations.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the study concentrated on one municipality, the findings may be applicable to other South African municipalities.Practical implicationsTo provide efficient services for the inhabitants to curtail aggravated service delivery protests, there is an urgent need for the municipalities to institute effective measures to manage and maintain the infrastructure that serves the communities.Originality/valueThe study has identified the factors underpinning ineffective management of the municipalities' facilities and the resultant's effects. Thus, the findings will guide the government and the authorities on the infrastructural management strategies for effective service delivery.

This article investigates the modes and forms of knowledge underpinning farming entrepreneurship through an ethnographic case study of Alessandria province in NW Italy. It shows that farming entrepreneurs base their decisions on explicit and implicit knowledge encompassing forms of knowledge linked to the environment where they live, their trade, the characteristics of their firms, issues concerning their family and private life, and even the emotions linked with their surroundings. All these forms of knowledge inform their vision of their future and guide them in their choices in terms of investments and crop selection. Accordingly, the article argues that farming entrepreneurship is embedded in the locale.

Successful implementation of digital health programs is imperative as it is becoming increasingly clear that digital solutions will underpin modern health care. These projects are often supported by large budgets and if not implemented successfully, the quality, safety, and efficiency of patient care may be compromised. Failure rates for the implementation of large, complex healthcare software platforms in digital health programs have been persistently high. Although several factors may contribute to the failure of such projects, the majority have been reported to fail largely due to poor project management. Nevertheless, little is known about the optimal project management approaches for digital health projects, with many health services reliant on external advisory companies and contractors for advice. Although publication bias makes it difficult to reliably study and understand global trends for the failure of digital health projects, examination of media reports and published literature indicates that this is a global phenomenon affecting digital health projects in North America, Europe and Australasia. In this article, our aim is to examine the literature for evidence underpinning current project management approaches used when implementing commercial, off-the-shelf healthcare information technology solutions, including complex healthcare software in large digital health programs in hospitals or across health systems, and evaluate the suitability of current project management approaches to deliver these projects. This starts to build an important evidence base for hospitals and health services considering digital transformation projects.

Trust is a critical precondition underpinning successful knowledge exchange among environmental scientists and decision-makers, and thus, evidence-informed decision-making processes. While the importance of trust is well established, however, specific approaches to building, managing and maintaining trust at the interface of environmental science and policy are lacking. Here, we seek to address this gap empirically via in-depth qualitative analysis, using the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) as a case study. Specifically, through interviews with members of the ICES secretariat and scientific community, this study aims to (i) explore the importance of trust for organisations working at the interface of environmental science and policy, (ii) identify a range of strategies that are available for building trust at the interface of science and policy, and (iii) identify specific mechanisms for trust repair in situations where trust has been compromised. Our results show that trust is an essential component of a successful relationship between environmental science and policy, although highly dynamic and fragile. For example, while considerable time and effort is required to build trust, it can be lost in only a matter of days. Further, our results show that for successful knowledge exchange, and the attainment of research impact, trust is needed on three levels: (i) trust in individuals, (ii) trust in the organisation, and (iii) trust in the process by which knowledge is generated and exchanged. We identify 14 strategies to building trust, including the need for transparency, the importance of not advocating for a specific outcome, having a clear process for developing and providing knowledge/advice, having regular contact (preferably face to face) and being able to demonstrate independence. Finally, we identify five steps to repair trust: (i) Do not become defensive, be honest that a mistake has occurred, (ii) identify, and explain, why the mistake occurred, (iii) implement measures to ensure that the mistake does not happen again, (iv) correct the mistake (e.g. by providing updated knowledge/advice), and (v) give the trust re-building process time, and ensure ongoing face to face contact throughout that time. In presenting these insights from ICES, this study seeks to provide practical and implementable strategies that can be used by environmental scientists and/or research institutions to help them foster trust with decision-makers, enable improved knowledge exchange and build capacity for evidence-informed decision-making processes.

This paper is the second of a two-part series that provides essential context for any serious study of alternative risk premium (ARP) strategies. Practitioners uniformly emphasize the academic lineage of ARP strategies, regularly citing seminal papers. However, a single, comprehensive review of the copious research underpinning the category does not exist. This paper provides a comprehensive review of ARP’s academic roots, explaining that it sits at the confluence of decades of research on empirical anomalies, hedge fund replication, multi-factor models, and data snooping.

Interest in learning has grown well beyond class-based interactions between teachers and students. The value of higher learning keeps growing, spurring the need for education innovation and reform. To this end, this paper introduces the ‘smarter learning’ initiative, spotlights reforms required to achieve underpinning ‘next-generation’ forms of assessment, and articulates feasible steps ahead. The argument driving this paper is that learning is becoming more valuable, that improving learning hinges on assessment reform, and that such innovation will yield major productivity advances for higher education and broader communities.

Quantifying the impacts of water consumption on available water resources forms one of the core indicators of many life cycle assessments (LCAs). Methods for measuring this impact have been under development for over a decade, with the Available Water Remaining (AWARE) method being the current consensus approach. Available characterisation factors rely on global databases, which are built from potentially inappropriate information. This analysis aims to develop AWARE factors specific to Australian basins using the most recent meteorological data and water consumption statistics available. Australian cotton cropping is used as a case study in the application of the newly developed characterisation factors, and a cotton-specific characterisation factor is developed. The analysis involved the compilation of meteorological data quantifying water run-off and statistical data on domestic, industrial and agricultural water consumption. A geographical information system (GIS) software was used to map the information at the Australian basin level. The information was used to develop a set of monthly and annual characterisation factors for each basin and at the country level, using the AWARE method. All underpinning information is available in a public repository. A cotton-specific AWARE factor was calculated based on land cropped and average irrigation requirements over the past 10 years. Comparing the data collected for this analysis with the data underpinning the current AWARE factors revealed some significant disparities. Using up-to-date statistics suggests that irrigation water requirements are 72% lower than the value currently used in AWARE, and that the characterisation factor for Australia should be up to 35% lower than currently reported. Basin definition was reviewed to align with the Life Cycle Inventory work conducted in Australia as part of AusLCI, so that characterisation factors correspond to the elementary flows defined in the Australian database of inventories. The new breakdown provides more granularity in the Murray-Darling division, where two-thirds of Australian irrigation water is consumed. Using the updated data to develop a factor for cotton shows a 20% reduction against using the current factors. The use of up-to-date water availability and consumption data for Australia would increase the robustness of the current AWARE impact assessment method for the region. All collected information was compiled to be easily updated for future iteration. The factors could be integrated in the global database of AWARE factors, though there may be inherent complexities in this process due to the variations in the geographical definitions of basins.

This study explores how corporate citizenship challenges the notion of corporate centricity underpinning the corporate marketing discipline. Theoretically, the argument is developed with reference to the concept of corporate citizenship and cultural branding theories. Methodologically, the study applies a discourse analysis to Instagram posts and comments associated with Bodyformuk’s cultural brand campaign #bloodnormal as an illustrative case of corporate citizenship. By focusing on the interplay between the micro-processes of individual consumers’ brand interactions and macro-level cultural discourses, the study shows that a) users hold active agency in rearticulating the corporately conveyed cultural discourses and, hence, claims of corporate citizenship; and b) the brand actively uses these user-driven counter discourses as source material for continuously rematerializing corporate citizenship. The study contributes to the corporate marketing literature by highlighting the challenges of corporate centricity when the brand becomes part of a politized discourse and enacts corporate citizenship.

Landscape restoration refers to the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. It has become an important theme of recent scientific and policy work. Despite the myriads positive impacts of restoration practices in developing countries, there are also numbers of socio-economic, technical, as well as governance limitations that need to be addressed innovatively. This research synthesizes the top-ten limitations that indicate inadequacy of the existing water resources management practices to enhance ecosystem sustainability potential. In parallel, the research advocates and demonstrates the pressing need of ecohydrology as a scientific paradigm. The identified limitations comprise: (1) underutilized role of dual regulation between ‘biota and hydrology’; (2) the significant size of scarce productive lands that are forced to be out of production due to sizes of the physical land management technologies; (3) tendencies to over-engineer the environment; (4) less focus on water and nutrient cycle regulation; (5) tendency of considering the biological measures as a mere stabilizers of the physical measures instead of its opportunity for dual regulation (which is one of the ecohydrologic principles); (6) failure to target multiple ecosystem services as outcomes; (7) failure to provide immediate benefits to the farmers; (8) recommending passive restoration of extremely degraded landscapes which actually need ecologically assisted; (9) the need of climate-smartness of landscape restoration practices; and (10) tendency to be sectoral instead of systemically operating. The research also demonstrated that ecohydrologic strategy can address these gaps through its low-cost and high-impact practices.

IntroductionParents of a child with cancer want to be involved in making treatment decisions for their child. Underpinning and informing these decisions are parents’ individual values and preferences. Parents of a child who has a poor prognosis cancer and who subsequently dies can experience decisional regret. To support parents, and potentially reduce decisional regret, identifying the values and preferences of parents who are making these treatment decisions may enhance the support that can be provided by healthcare professionals. An increased understanding will support future work in this area and identify research gaps that could strengthen support strategies in clinical practice. The aim of this scoping review is to explore parent values and preferences underpinning treatment decision making when their child is receiving cancer-directed therapy for a poor prognosis cancer.Methods and analysisThe Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review methodology will be followed. An initial database search of CINHAL and MEDLINE will be conducted to analyse the keywords using subject headings and Medical Subject Headings terms. Articles will be initially screened on title and abstract. The reference and citation lists of the full-text articles to be included will be searched using Web of Science. Articles will be independently reviewed by two reviewers and any discrepancies discussed with a third reviewer. Data extracted will be presented in tabular, diagrams and descriptive summaries.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for this scoping review. This review will inform further research with parents to understand their values and preferences when making repeated treatment decisions when their child has a poor prognosis cancer. All outputs will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.This scoping review is registered on the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/n7j9f).

Introduction As the scope and nature of practice evolves in an ever-changing health and social care landscape, it is imperative the profession continues to expand the evidence base underpinning interventions. The Royal College of Occupational Therapists partnered with the James Lind Alliance to bring together people with lived experience, occupational therapists and other people working in the health and care sector to identify contemporary research priorities for the profession in the United Kingdom. Method The JLA’s well-established methodology was adopted. An opening consultation survey gathered unanswered questions. Analysis of responses and evidence checking preceded an initial prioritisation survey. The final prioritisation workshop drew on nominal group technique. Findings 927 respondents submitted 2193 questions. Those within the project’s scope were captured in 66 overarching summary questions using thematic analysis. These were initially ranked by 1140 respondents. 18 questions comprising the 10 most highly ranked by people with lived experience and by those with professional experience were considered by 19 participants in the final workshop. Together, they reached consensus on the Top 10 priorities. Conclusion These research priorities provide a contemporary framework influencing and guiding future research, ensuring it addresses the issues of greatest importance to people accessing and delivering services.

Temajuk village is one of the leading tourist attractions in West Kalimantan. It bridges Indonesia and Malaysia. With its rich culture and breathtaking scenery, Temajuk village is indispensably for promoting tourism in West Kalimantan. This study examines the participants’ perception of the tour guide training held in Temajuk Village. The training involved English lessons since the international tourists also visited Temajuk village through Telok Melano, Indonesia. Employing qualitative study, using interview and observation, this study establishes the reasons and expectations underpinning the respondents in joining the training. The responses are presented into the perceived benefits from the participants’ point of view, tour guide training and English language learning, and participants’ expectation. It is advised that this kind of training, especially in the border area can be held to since it is fruitful and prominent.

The objective of this paper is to assess and outline both the value and inefficiencies of Building Information Modelling (BIM) within Construction Infrastructure projects, and to provide a comparative and conclusive analysis via the underpinning academic literature and industrial reporting respectively. Further, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with a range of industry experts to add greater evidence at the application and execution stage, leading onto the proposal of a framework solution to gain advantage due to the implementation of BIM and counter some of the outlined inefficiencies and issues raised. The aims and objectives of the research study were to develop a methodology that brings to the forefront issues with the adoption of BIM, and to propose a framework in order to provide clarity on resolving these issues to gain an advantage. The methodology consists of four parts which are: 1) Undertaking a systematic literature review of academic and a critical review of industrial literature 2) Analysing, contesting and supporting literature by undertaking a data collection exercise with a range of industry experts who are delivering construction projects and in particular infrastructure via BIM 3) Providing a comparative analysis between data collection, academic and industrial literature in a holistic format 4) Proposing a framework focused on countering the disadvantages and inefficiencies in the adoption of BIM. There is also evidence of a disconnect due to both the overwhelming nature of BIM (acronyms, competing standards and technology) in that people are unsure what to implement and when, with a lack of objective focus on what the goals and advantages at a project level. The research concludes with a comparative synthesis of results and by outlining a framework solution focused on applying objective focus as part of the application process and requirements, supporting goal attainment and appropriate/agreed measurements of BIM.

Higher education sector has been significantly adapting to the new situation created by the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite students are often referred to, students are rarely at the centre of the concerns being raised. The research aim is to compare students’ views on digital higher education in light of COVID-19 underpinning the identification of issues in digital higher education in light of COVID-19. The research implies theoretical and empirical methods. The exploratory empirical study was carried out. Semi-structured interviews serves as the data collection method. Content analysis was applied to the obtained data for data processing. The theoretical analysis allows finding that digital environment in higher education is not limited by only a technical aspect of its organisation. Digital environment also implies students’ health, financial and economic situation, etc. The empirical findings contribute to the conclusion that digital higher education in light of COVID-19 is negatively evaluated by students. The most common issues faced by students are identified. The research question is newly formulated. Directions of further research are proposed. The novelty of the paper is presented by the identified issues in digital higher education in light of COVID-19.

National-level climate actions will be vital in achieving global temperature goals in the coming decades. Near-term (2025–2030) plans are laid out in Nationally Determined Contributions; the next step is the submission of long-term strategies for 2050. At present, national scenarios underpinning long-term strategies are poorly coordinated and incompatible across countries, preventing assessment of individual nations’ climate policies. Here we present a systematic and standardized, yet flexible, scenario framework varying 2050 emissions to build long-term national energy and climate mitigation scenarios. Applying the framework to six major Asian countries reveals individual challenges in energy system transformation and investment needs in comparable scenarios. This framework could be a starting point for comprehensive assessments as input to the Global Stocktake over the coming years., 世界各国の2050年の温室効果ガス削減目標を分析するための国際的な研究フレームワークの提案. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2021-05-28., Pathways to global climate targets. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2021-06-01.

We argue why interpretability should have primacy alongside empiricism for several reasons: first, if machine learning (ML) models are beginning to render some of the high-risk healthcare decisions instead of clinicians, these models pose a novel medicolegal and ethical frontier that is incompletely addressed by current methods of appraising medical interventions like pharmacological therapies; second, a number of judicial precedents underpinning medical liability and negligence are compromised when ‘autonomous’ ML recommendations are considered to be en par with human instruction in specific contexts; third, explainable algorithms may be more amenable to the ascertainment and minimisation of biases, with repercussions for racial equity as well as scientific reproducibility and generalisability. We conclude with some reasons for the ineludible importance of interpretability, such as the establishment of trust, in overcoming perhaps the most difficult challenge ML will face in a high-stakes environment like healthcare: professional and public acceptance.

This paper begs an ontological question about the nature of health and challenges some underpinning assumptions in western healthcare. In its analysis, the structure of health, in its various statuses, is framed as a complex adaptive system made up of dynamically interacting subsystems that include the physiological, psychological, spiritual, social, cultural, and more, realms. Furthermore, openness in complex systems such as health, is necessary for the exchange of energy, information, and resources. Yet, within healthcare much effort is invested in constraining systems’ behaviours, whether they be systems of knowledge, states of health, models of care, and more. This paper draws on the complexity sciences and Levinasian philosophy to explicate the essential role of system openness in individual and population health, and the viability of healthcare systems. It highlights holism to be ‘not whole-ism’, and system openness to be, not just a reality, but a critical feature of viability. Hence requisite openness is advocated as essential to efficacious and ethical healthcare practice and strategy, and vital for good quality health.

Vegetation classification systems form a base for conservation management and the ecological exploration of the patterns and drivers of species’ distributions. A standardised system crossing administrative and geographical boundaries is widely recognised as most useful for broad-scale management. The Queensland Government, recognising this, uses the Regional Ecosystem (RE) classification system and accompanying mapping as a state-wide standardised vegetation classification system. This system informs legislation and policy at local, state and national levels, underpinning decisions that have wide-ranging implications for biodiversity and people’s livelihoods. It therefore needs to be robust from a scientific and legal perspective. The current approach in the RE system for identifying vegetation communities relies on expert-based class definition procedures. This is in contrast to best practice, which is based on quantitative procedures. This paper discusses the RE system in a global context and outlines the updated approach that incorporates quantitative class definition procedures, synthesises the research behind the updated approach and discusses its implications and implementation.

Addressing the cultural drivers of domestic and family violence (DFV) has become a core policy priority for governments across Australia. Over the last five years, the Queensland Government has taken a particularly strong stance on the issue through its Domestic and Family Violence Prevention Strategy 2016–2026. This strategy identifies the Queensland Government's leading aim of changing the community culture that drives DFV. Although there is significant evidence to support this aim, there is equally important evidence suggesting that public policies often contain problematic assumptions and ideologies that limit their ability to achieve their aims. This article presents a critical discourse analysis of Queensland's Domestic and Family Violence Prevention Strategy 2016–2026 and related policy documents to examine the assumptions and ideologies underpinning Queensland's policy and their potential to impact on policy outcomes. The findings broadly identify three areas of concern, namely an assumed link between attitudes and behaviours; a disproportionate focus on general community members compared to DFV perpetrators; and an implicit reinforcement of the gender hierarchy. The article concludes with a discussion of the broader implications of these findings for future policy development in Australia.

This research study contributes to understandings of partnership approaches through an evaluation of a number of student-staff research partnership projects that took place across one higher education institution. Drawing on data from semi-structured interviews with both the staff and students involved in the twenty research projects, our data were analysed to surface the underpinning values that informed the partnership process. As a result, this article offers an opportunity to evaluate partnership projects in context, as well as to explore how partnership may serve as a disruptive force in higher education. We conclude with a consideration of how investigating the ways in which students and staff conceptualise student-staff partnership can be valuable, and with recommendations for others considering similar partnership projects.

The paper aims to explore sustainability from both the external and internal perspectives underpinning the implementation of the empirical study within an English for Academic Purposes course at a Master level in the COVID-19 pandemic. The research is based on the methodology of the development of the system of the external and internal perspectives. The exploratory type of the case study was employed. The interpretive paradigm was used in the research. The observation was conducted on the 23rd August 2020. The sample was composed of the 10 international students of the Master programme “Information and Electrical Engineering” at Hochschule Wismar, Germany. The theoretical research defines the external and internal sustainability. The empirical finding is that the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the organizational aspect of the English for Academic Purposes course (timetable, classroom arrangements, group work organization). Another finding is that the implemented English for Academic Purposes course is partially sustainable and requires its dynamic equilibrium and localized robustness to be adjusted. Implications for higher education aimed at increasing both the external and internal sustainability in education imply the implementation of the combination of evaluation, namely external evaluation, mutual evaluation, and self-evaluation, jointly carried out by all the process participants.

Sport scientists could benefit from knowing about the processes underpinning machine learning (ML) and its practical applications, as it has substantial implications for our field. ML has already h...

An important challenge in building explainable artificially intelligent (AI) systems is designing interpretable explanations. AI models often use low-level data features which may be hard for humans to interpret. Recent research suggests that situating machine decisions in abstract, human understandable concepts can help. However, it is challenging to determine the right level of conceptual mapping. In this research, we explore granularity (of data features) and context (of data instances) as dimensions underpinning conceptual mappings. Based on these measures, we explore strategies for designing explanations in classification models. We introduce an end-to-end concept elicitation pipeline that supports gathering high-level concepts for a given data set. Through crowd-sourced experiments, we examine how providing conceptual information shapes the effectiveness of explanations, finding that a balance between coarse and fine-grained explanations help users better estimate model predictions. We organize our findings into systematic themes that can inform design considerations for future systems.

The results of the technical state geomonitoring of a five-storey building erected on the driven prismatic piles are presented. The cause of the excessive foundation base deformations is the piles tips inability to reach the design depth, which leads to a significant reduction of their load-bearing capacity. The structural-technological solution of strengthening the foundation with piles as a part of a strip grillage by laying a cast-in-place reinforced concrete slab under existing grillages is improved. The reinforcement consists of cast-in-place reinforced concrete L-shaped beams arranged under the grillage and linked by transverse reinforced concrete beams and, on the top, - by a 200 mm thick cast-in-place slab. So obtained ribbed reinforcement slab is based on fine alluvial sand of medium density. Its ribs are directed to the bottom. This design effectively redistributes the stress from uneven base deformations and has considerable rigidity at the minimum volume of groundworks. The features of a new analytical model of the "deformed building - driven prismatic piles as a part of a strip grillage - soil base with a weak underlying layer" system before and after underpinning the existing foundation grillage by the cast-in-place reinforced concrete slab and the results of this system stress-strain state (SSS) modeling by the finite element method (FEM) for assessing the system components combined operation are presented. The calculation by the FEM in the spatial (3D) scheme, taking into account the joint work of aboveground and underground structures, the pile foundation and soil base under it is performed. When assessing the building SSS, the foundations soil base was conditionally replaced by appropriate elastic coefficients. The new empirical data on the SSS change in the "deformed building - driven prismatic piles as a part of a strip grillage - soil base with a weak underlying layer" system resulting from the existing foundation grillage underpinning by the cast-in-place reinforced concrete slab are published. The results of the project execution (without the house residents resettlement) are presented.

Jurisdiction clauses commonly feature in high-value international contracts. Recently, these clauses are also increasingly utilised in international trust instruments. At common law, a contentious issue vis-à-vis exclusive jurisdiction clauses in trust deeds has been whether they should be upheld in the same way as their contractual equivalents. In obiter remarks in Crociani v Crociani, in 2014, the Privy Council stated that these clauses should be afforded less weight in trusts than in contracts. However, as this paper seeks to demonstrate, the reasoning underpinning the treatment of exclusive jurisdiction clauses in trust deeds in this manner is questionable. The paper's key contention is that exclusive jurisdiction clauses in trust deeds should be enforced in the same way as those in contracts. Accordingly, an exclusive jurisdiction clause in a trust instrument should be upheld, unless the claimant can establish a strong cause why the matter should be litigated elsewhere.

This paper presents a unique school-based programme that harnesses the benefits of both trauma-informed practice (TIP) and outdoor environments to support children’s social and emotional wellbeing throughout the pandemic and beyond In the opening sections of the paper, we discuss the extant literature and conceptual underpinning of TIP and outdoor learning, and highlight why both are needed, particularly in the context of Covid-19 We then chart the design of a six-week outdoor trauma-informed programme, devised to support children’s emotional regulation and overall sense of wellbeing The programme activities are aligned to the Northern Ireland curriculum, and are tailored to make use of the outdoor spaces available in the first author’s place of work – a primary school in South Belfast We conclude the paper by highlighting the importance of trauma-informed curriculum and pedagogical innovations and note future directions for trauma-informed schools Whilst there are many generic guidelines on trauma-informed care in schools, this paper makes a distinct contribution to the field;firstly by demonstrating how teachers can use their craft – teaching – as a component of TIP;and secondly by infusing trauma-informed principles within outdoor learning environments [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Irish Educational Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )

This paper is drawn from a research carried out on the suitability of Kenya’s education in relation to her national goal of developing of skilled human resource. The inquiry followed a revelation that individuals left schools and colleges either incompetent or poorly skilled, a situation that undermined both individual and national development. The research took a philosophical approach, and employed majorly the conceptual analysis method wherein various seminal education policies, reports and other relevant documents were reflected upon. Further, the phenomenological method was employed via brief semi-structured interviews on sampled teachers and students, basically to establish their conception of education – ostensibly its meaning and purpose, all which determined practice. A common finding had it that the philosophy underpinning Kenyan education was hazy. Consequently, individuals pursued idiosyncratic educational practices, as dictated by their individual understanding of education, consequently failing to achieve expected educational outcomes. The inquiry recommended formulation of a sound, shared philosophy upon which all educational thoughts and experiences would be hinged.

The exploration of Fourth Industrial Revolution is not simply about the understanding the transformation of systems around us, but it is also about the opportunity to understand, discuss, and guide how these technologies will shape our future. Underpinning the success of process automation and optimization is the need for logistics companies to map out how they currently operate and systematically break down complexity. Local logistics networks are still struggling to keep up with demand and are constrained by various operational challenges such as high costs, low efficiency, and a lack of integrated intermodal transport networks. Here, digitalization becomes key to increasing efficiency and transparency. Having less physical technology along with less hands‐on information technology staff in‐house has been driving the need for logistics providers to be brought into the cloud‐powered workplace.

Demographic change has triggered policy debates and responses across Europe. The need of keeping workers in employment longer is a consequence that requires rethinking new solutions for working conditions and career paths helping workers to retain their physical and mental health – as well as motivation and productivity – throughout an extended working life. Eurofound has titled the broad goal set out by this statement as ‘making work sustainable over the life course’. Identifying and analysing the factors and actions underpinning sustainable work throughout working life has been a research priority for Eurofound since 2013. In this article, the Eurofound reference framework of sustainable work is introduced and its components are discussed. In a first step, the rather expansive concept of sustainable work was illuminated by a framework that explains our approach and that has been used as reference point for a range of Eurofound research projects examining different aspects of sustainable work. Section 2 presents sustainable work outcome indicators on the societal and the individual level and provides some reflections of how those can be used jointly to map overall beneficial work environments for sustainable work. Section 3 investigates contextual factors such as infrastructures, workplace practices and job quality. The specific role of motivation is highlighted in section 4 based on empirical analysis. The paper closes with some conclusions and a policy outlook.

Evidence informed approaches to health professions education can ensure accountability to learners and society in providing meaningful and effective education and helping resource strained systems via streamlined and cost-efficient practices. Knowledge translation and implementation science are two areas of study originally developed in clinical medicine in response to concerns that health care practices were incongruent with the scientific evidence. Two decades of research have led to important advances in our understanding of the nature and magnitude of research-practice gaps, the factors that support or impede adoption of evidence in clinical decision-making, and in the design and evaluation of theory driven interventions to reduce gaps. This paper borrows concepts from knowledge translation and implementation science to further our thinking about how health professions education can ‘truly’ be evidence informed. The article is organised in four sections: a discussion of the impetus for the evidence informed health professions education movement; a description of the origins of knowledge translation and implementation science; a discussion on how knowledge translation and implementation science can be leveraged to advance the evidence informed health professions education agenda; and suggestions for future discussion and research. An example is used to illustrate the application of the underpinning principles of knowledge translation and implementation science. The authors suggest a theory driven, staged and systematic approach that integrates knowledge translation principles and processes and involves key stakeholders interested in promoting the application of educational research of evidence.

Micropiles (MP) are widely used for underpinning existing buildings that are being vertically extended. They can be preloaded after installation, whereby partial loads are transferred from existing...

One of the main ways of economic development is technological innovation development. The support provided by the government and the policies adopted for technology developments are important issues in the context of technology and innovation policymaking. On the other hand, the structural issues in some countries, especially in Iran, as well as the conflict of interests and ethical problems, are of crucial importance in large-scale technology development projects. The present paper addresses governmental policies and support and the underpinning parameters given the points mentioned about the economic and technological development of Iran. In this study, we first interviewed some experts, and the results were employed as inputs of the quantitative model. The important parameters influencing the determination of governmental support and policy type were also addressed. The long-term behavior of the public and private sectors as two key players were analyzed by the evolutionary game theory and their strategies were solved by replicative dynamic equations. Finally, a numerical study was conducted for a real case in Iran to better understand the features of the game model in real conditions. The results of the case study show that the main approach of the government should be legal monitoring although the minimum incentive policies and supports should also be in place. The sensitivity analysis of some major parameters reveals that the main factor in project implementation is to consider the income and costs of the private sector. The governmental policy should be based on preparing incentive mechanisms at an appropriate level and then precise legal monitoring, which will lead to technology development with the cooperation of the parties, minimum ethical problems, and the minimization of the impact of structural problems, including sanctions.

The E-Commerce Directive laid the foundation of the EU legal framework for digital services. Since its adoption in 2000, the legal framework has remained largely unchanged, while the digital economy has undergone a profound transformation. The digital economy is today becoming a platform economy. Rules and legal solutions underpinning the Directive effectively accommodate the structural, operational, and behavioural features of a preliminary stage to the platform economy. Thus, the cornerstone of the EU digital services legal framework now requires a thorough revision. Despite its merits, noticeable limitations on facing new challenges surface. The aim of this Paper is to highlight those legal issues that call for attention in the Digital Services Act package.

This paper is derived from a study of the mission statements of a sample of 100 United Kingdom social enterprises. The purpose of the research was to reveal what insight such organisational artefac...

International audience; Although there is a broad agreement on the importance of scientific knowledge for the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals, high levels of uncertainty and debate about what counts as knowledge challenge the use of research for political decision-making. Hence, the question arises, which strategies of scientific knowledge integration are adopted by science-based actor-networks that seek to enhance evidence in sustainability governance. In this article, I study the Sustainable Development Solution Network (SDSN) engaged in different institutional settings and policy fields. With a qualitative document analysis, I compare the overall structure, objectives, thematic focus, formal knowledge processes, and outputs of 22 national sub-networks of the global SDSN in order to elucidate how these initiatives integrate contested sustainability knowledge underpinning the implementation of the 2030 Agenda. My findings suggest that most SDSNs adopt solution-oriented knowledge integration strategies but also that networks in countries with better overall SDG performance tend to adopt assessment-oriented and learning-oriented strategies. In reflecting on these results in the context of the current literature on knowledge integration in sustainability governance, I argue that science–policy interfaces are shaped by the intentional and dynamic interactions of actors within their institutional setting and policy environment, and propose pathways for further research.

In the UK, successive governments have prioritised the use of sport for developmental purposes, a range of broader community matters, and as a purposeful tool to help at-risk youth. However, given the accepted wisdom underpinning the continued investment in sports projects that reflect ideas centred on youth and community development, it is not unsurprising that a number of authors (for instance, Coalter, 2007; Griffiths and Armour, 2011) question the validity and true nature of using sport in this context. This is especially so when some research indicates that it may well be the schemes, people, or ancillary benefits within projects that are the primary factor in any appreciable change in pro-social behaviours, rather than sport per se (Sandford, Armour, and Duncombe, 2008). This study used interviews with eight experienced community sport development officers, coaches, and project organisers in the south of the UK. The findings revealed that sport and social intervention projects could develop participants’ self-esteem, resilience, and aspirations, and that sport was seen as a helpful tool to help facilitate this. However, the findings also emphasised that any meaningful changes in behaviour were also subject, and subordinate to, the importance of developing positive coach-participant relationships. The implications are discussed within the paper.

The Ministry of Education is funding a significant building programme for primary and secondary classrooms across Aotearoa, New Zealand. In New Zealand there is an expectation that new or refurbished classrooms will be innovative, modern or flexible learning environments. This paper reports findings from a critical policy analysis of the discourse within Ministry of Education documents focusing on the design of learning environments published 2010–2019. Using a ‘what’s the problem’ approach (Bacchi in Women, policy and politics: the construction of policy problems, Sage, London, 1999), we examine the representation of the ‘problems’ which the policy documents relating to modern learning environments intend to address. We use an eight-stage process of analysis of these documents in order to identify policy priorities, ideologies, assumptions and potential outcomes in order to see how these are used to justify authority and action. This analysis revealed two larger ‘problems’ and a number of subthemes underpinning these documents. We suggest that the construction of these problems has conflated many aspects of both space and teaching and learning and relied on unquestioned assumptions about ‘modern’ learning and collaborative teaching. We conclude by considering the implications of this policy direction for New Zealand’s education system.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore and unbundle the complex processes underpinning development of alliance capabilities, particularly in the context of emerging country multinational enterprises. More specifically, this paper focuses on how firms internalize and translate knowledge generated from experiences gained by participating in international collaborations.Design/methodology/approachThe authors adopt an exploratory case study approach to undertake in-depth processual analysis of alliance capability development in an Indian biopharmaceutical company. The authors focused their analysis on the initial four international alliances the company formed and identified key elements pertaining to alliance capabilities that the company internalized and those that it could not, as this was key in understanding alliance capability.FindingsThe research shows that based on experiences from previous alliances, the Indian organization was able to overhaul its negotiation and governance designing processes and practices as well as made robust changes to its internal communication and coordination practices. Interestingly, the company organization, however, did not make any significant changes to its processes and practices regarding partner selection.Practical implicationsThe results from our study can be used by managers to develop processes and practices when it comes to developing alliance capabilities.Originality/valueThe paper is novel, as it addresses two specific gaps in the nascent alliance capability literature. First, it provides insights on how different constituent elements/aspects of alliance capability actually develop and integrate within the organizational system over time, and in the process, the paper identifies that some aspects are better internalized as compared to other aspects. Second, by focusing the attention on an Indian biopharmaceutical company, the authors attempt to address a gap in alliance capability development research, which has been neglected in emerging country multinational entities.