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Executive dysfunction is a consequence of type 2 diabetes mellitus decreasing the quality of life of the patients. Currently, its prevalence is still scarce. Early detection of this executive dysfunction is beneficial in improving the clinical outcomes of the patients. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of executive dysfunction among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Mataram. This case-control study involving 106 subjects divided into two groups, type 2 diabetes subjects (n=53) and healthy subjects (n=53) in outpatient setting. The data collected from both groups were age, gender, years of education, TMT-B score, and executive function status. The data collected only from type 2 diabetes mellitus group were age, gender, years of education, duration of diabetes, treatments, smoking, hypertension, coronary heart disease, body mass index, and dyslipidemia. There was significant difference in the frequency of executive dysfunction between type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthy subject groups (p0.05). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated executive dysfunction was 49.1%. Gender was the only characteristics associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated executive dysfunction (OR=0.25; 95%CI=0.07-0.88, p0.05). There was a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated cognitive impairment and it was associated with female gender.

Latar belakang: Penyakit Arteri Perifer (PAP) adalah penyumbatan pembuluh darah secara parsial hingga total pada pembuluh darah terutama di kaki. Nilai Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) merupakan alat untuk skrining dan diagnosis. Homosistein yang berlebihan di dalam tubuh merupakan faktor risiko dari PAP. Defisiensi asam folat, vitamin B6, dan vitamin B12 menganggu metabolisme homosistein dan meningkatkan risiko PAP secara tidak langsung. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang yang dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Islam Siti Hajar Kota Mataram. Jumlah sampel penelitian adalah 52 yang merupakan pasien penyakit arteri perifer dengan nilai ABI

Gangguan kognitif merupakan salah satu komplikasi penting dari diabetes melitus tipe 2. Gangguan kognitif terkait diabetes melitus tipe 2 tersebut memiliki spektrum yang cukup luas, mulai dari gangguan kognitif ringan sampai dengan demensia. Kerentanan penderita diabetes melitus tipe 2 untuk mengalami gangguan kognitif turut ditentukan oleh status cognitive reserve dari penderitanya tersebut. Cognitive reserve yang baik dari seorang penderita diabetes melitus tipe 2 akan memberikan proteksi penderita tersebut dari terjadinya gangguan kognitif. Komponen-komponen cognitive reserve, antara lain pendidikan, pekerjaan, hobi, aktivitas sosial dan fisik memberikan efek proteksi melalui mekanisme neural reserve dan neural compensation yang mampu menginduksi proses neurogenesis, produksi neurotropik, dan regulasi neurotransmiter. Pemahaman mengenai efek neuroprotektif dari komponen-komponen cognitive reserve sangat penting dalam menentukan strategi tatalaksana gangguan kognitif pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2, sedemikian rupa sehingga penderitanya masih mampu melakukan aktivitas fungsional sehari-hari dengan baik.

Background: Post-ischemic stroke cognitive decline is significantly affecting the quality of life of its survivors. Its prevalence was about 7.5-72% which was mostly determined by the existing of vascular risk factors and cognitive reserve of the subjects. Level of education is one of determinants of cognitive reserve, a factor that affect the susceptibility of subjects to cognitive decline after experiencing ischemic stroke-related neuronal damage. Since level of education is protective for cognitive function, the intervention on it can reduce the occurrence of cognitive decline. Objective: To investigate the relationship between level of education and cognitive status among hospital-based ischemic stroke survivors. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved post-ischemic stroke outpatients in two hospitals. The data collected in this study were demographic data, including level of education, and clinical data as well. The level of education was categorized into ≥12 years and

Diabetes mellitus is currently becoming a major public health problem in the world. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus globally in 2019 is estimated at 9.3% and will increase to 10.9% in 2040. Peripheral artery disease is one of the important complications of diabetes mellitus. Patients with diabetes mellitus accompanied by peripheral artery disease have high morbidity and. Therefore, early detection of peripheral artery disease in diabetic patients is important. This event is carried out with the aim of early detection of peripheral artery disease in diabetes mellitus sufferers in Mataram. A total of 183 diabetes mellitus patients at the Siti Hajar Hospital, Mataram, were participated in this event, with an average age of 57 years and 67.8% of them were women. Most of the patients (75.4%) had poor blood glucose control. Of these, 26.8% of patients had peripheral artery disease. Patients and/or caregivers showed high enthusiasm during the education regarding the detection results of the peripheral artery disease. This event was very useful in increasing the knowledge of diabetic patients, especially in terms of blood sugar control, prevention, and management of peripheral artery disease.

Breast cancer is one of the main women's health problem in the world, including Indonesia. Efforts to control this disease can be increased through education to the women community about the breast examination method named SADARI. This is simple but effective method to be used as a primary breast cancer prevention strategy. This method aims to find breast abnormalities routinely checked every month in women aged 18 and above. Therefore, educational efforts regarding the SADARI method for female high school students are expected to increase their knowledge about this method. The educational effort was carried out by disseminating information about SADARI method using poster media on female high school students in Mataram City. Pre-test and post-test are used to to evaluate the increase of their knowledge about the SADARI method. About 40 participants from SMAN 2, SMAN 3, SMAN 4, and SMAN 7 Mataram have participated in this dissemination activities of SADARI education method. There was an increase in student knowledge in the four high schools based on differences in the total mean pre-test and post-test scores (56 vs 82, p=0,000) as well as the average differences in each of the high schools, namely 58 vs 88 (SMAN 2); 50 vs 82 (SMAN 3); 52 vs 78 (SMAN 4); 64 vs 80 (SMAN 7). As many as 80% of students (32) experienced an increase in knowledge, and 20% did not show an increase in knowledge. This shows that this dedication activity can significantly increase students' knowledge about SADARI methods.

Cardiovascular disease is the major causes of death in the world. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are the important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus is higher in the elderly population. Promotive and preventive efforts for the occurrence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus are the important strategies for preventing cardiovascular disease in elderly population. This was a social activity program developingthe preventive strategy against cardiovascular disease and improving of the quality of life of the elderly. This activity program was attended by 66 elderly participants routinely participated in the Panti Sosial Tresna Werdha Puspa Karma, Mataram. This program were consisted of counseling and healthy heart gymnasticsregularly every week for 3 months. The parameters taken in this event are height, body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and serum fasting blood glucose (GDP) levels at the beginning and end of the programin order to assess the success of this program in reducingthe risk of suffered from cardiovascular disease. There were significant differences in the mean of body weight, BMI, abdominal circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and serum GDP levels between the the beginning and end of the programs (p

Patients with peripheral arterial disease have a higher risk of death compared to normal populations. There are several relatively new risk factors significantly increase the vulnerability to suffering from peripheral arterial disease, one of which is homocysteine. Studies investigating the role of serum homocysteine level as a biomarker of the severity of peripheral arterial disease based on an ankle-brachial index (ABI) in the different populations were still limited and it was never been studied in Mataram. This was a cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the correlation between serum homocysteine level and ABI in 77 peripheral artery disease (PAD) outpatients in Siti Hajar Hospital, Mataram. The diagnosis of PAD was based on ABI

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a kind of sleep disorders which is associated with cognitive impairment, either independently or by its strong association with metabolic syndrome. OSA affected attention and executive functions. Since the diagnosis of OSA had limitation, the assessment of OSA risk level by using STOP-BANG Questionnaire instrument in common population is important. This was a cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the effect of OSA risk level determined based on STOP-BANG Questionnaire score to attention and executive functions in 82 subjects. The demographic and clinical characteristics data obtained were age, gender, level of education, hypertension, body mass index (BMI), neck circumference, OSA risk level, and attention and executive functions. Attention function was assessed by using Forward Digit Span and Trailmaking Test A (TMT-A) instruments, while executive function was assessed by using Backward Digit Span and Verbal Fluency Test instruments. The demographic and clinical characteristics data showed significant higher proportion of male gender, large neck circumference, and hypertension in high risk OSA group. The OSA risk level significantly impaired the executive function but did not impaired attention function.

Background: Epilepsy is one of the causing factors of cognitive impairment which affects the patient’s quality of life. The most critical risk factor for cognitive impairment in epilepsy patients is the onset of seizure. Performing detection of cognitive impairment in those patients is crucial. Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a validated instrument for the detection of cognitive impairment in epilepsy patients. Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the effect of the onset of seizure on CDT score in epilepsy patients. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study involving 64 epilepsy patients of Mutiara Sukma Mental Hospital, West Nusa Tenggara, who met the inclusion but not exclusion criteria. The clinical and demographic characteristics data collected in this study were age, gender, type of seizure, etiology, length of education, duration of treatment, and antiepileptic drugs (AED). Cognitive function evaluation has been done by using the CDT instrument. Analysis of the effect of the beginning of seizure on CDT score was carried out by observing the influence of the clinical and demographic characteristics data. Results: There was a significant difference between the onset of seizure on CDT score (p0.05). Conclusion: The onset of the seizure in epilepsy patients affect CDT score. This effect might be attributed to etiology and age of epilepsy patients.

Background. Stroke is the third cause of death worldwide. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke with high prevalence. Obesity is one of ischemic stroke risk factor, but its correlation with higher ischemic stroke risk remains unclear. Studies about correlation of waist hip ratio (WHR) and ischemic stroke risk is still contradictive. Objective. This study was aimed to explore the correlation between WHR and ischemic stroke probability. Methods. This was a descriptive analytic study using cross sectional design. The population of this study was resident in Sekarbela Mataram aged 55-84 years old. This study was conducted 63 participants. They were interviewed and received a measurement of WHR and ischemic stroke probability. The ischemic stroke probability was assessed by using assessment of Framingham stroke risk score. Data were analyzed by using Pearson correlation. Results. Among 63 participants, 51 (81%) were abdominal obesity and 12 (19%) were normal based on WHR measurement. Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was no correlation between WHR and ischemic stroke probability (p = 0,11). Conclusion. There was no correlation between WHR and ischemic stroke probability of population in Sekarbela Mataram

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), a member of the phospholipase A2 superfamily, is an enzyme that hydrolyses phospholipids, is found in blood circulation as a sign of inflammation, and takes a role in atherogenesis. There is an epidemiologic relation between increased Lp-PLA2 levels and coronary heart disease. Lp-PLA2 is an enzyme that is produced by macrophages and takes a role as an independent predictor of a coronary event. A genetic variant of Val279Phe on the Lp-PLA2 gene has been reported with various results in Japan, China, Korea, and Caucasian populations. This study aims to analyse the influence of the Val279Phe genetic variant on acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at Saiful Anwar Hospital, Indonesia. This study was conducted on 151 patients (111 AMI patients and 40 non-AMI patients). The genetic variant of Val279Phe was identified through a genotyping method. There were no significant differences in age, total cholesterol level, LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) level, and family history data between AMI and non-AMI patients. However, AMI patients had low HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), triglyceride levels, dyslipidaemia, and hypertension risk factors compared to non-AMI patients. The frequency of the GG genotype (279Val) was dominant in both AMI and non-AMI groups. Further analysis suggested that the GG genotype has a 2.9 times greater risk of AMI compared to the GT/TT genotype (279Phe). This study concluded that the Val279Phe genetic variant undoubtedly influenced AMI risk, which is a warrant for further development of early detection and improving strategy to prevent AMI in patients.

Acute limb ischemia was defined as sudden decrease in limb perfusion of less than 14 days duration, resulting in variable ischaemic clinical manifestation and potential risk of limb loss. We reported a case female 64 years old with sudden onset of right leg pain in last 3 days with history of hipertension, Diabetes Mellitus and heart failure. From physical examination of lower extremity was found pulselessness, pallor, paresthesi, poikilothermia, paralysis, and pain at the level of A. Poplitea dextra. Diagnosis was confirmed with Duplex Ultrasonography. From arteriography we found thrombus with subtotal occlusion at proximal a. Femoralis dextra and diffuse stenosis at the distal. Operation was not carried out as the request of the patient and it was decided to performed Catheter-directed Thrombolysis. In evaluation there was flow improvement at a. Femoralis dextra but it did not reach peripheral perfussion due to reperfussion injury.