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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) foster communication between participators to yield a more environmentally sound decision for a proposed development. Public participation is an integral element in EIA to ensure a successful EIA. Effective public participation encourages community empowerment, fair and democratic decisions and reduce thus avoid public confrontation and delay. Effective public participation is one of the key pillars to achieve effective EIA. Environmental issues are known to be the negative outcome of a poorly implemented EIA process. This paper discusses seven environmental cases that were produced from ineffective application of EIA such as Bakun Dam, Murum Dam, Baram Dam, bauxite mining in Kuantan, gold mining in Bukit Koman, sturgeon farming in Kuala Tahan and Lynas plant. The seven cases focused on the lack of public participation in the administration of EIA. Public objections and protests were results of ineffective public participations and ineffective EIAs in the chosen cases. Four out of seven cases have made substantive results where the projects stopped or ceased due to the public objections. Meanwhile, the three cases went on till today. Conclusively, these cases has shown that public participation in EIA is a valuable tool which encourages transparent decision-making process and defies corrupted influences.

Guinea is known as a geological scandal due to the importance and diversity of its mineral resources. Experts use superlatives to highlight the country's bauxite potential, regardless of the assessing system. Several geological surveys agree that Guinea contains 33% of the world's known bauxite reserves. There is inconsistency in the way the content of a deposit is defined, and the concepts and definitions are mixed up in different statistical data. As a result, an expert comparing various bauxite deposits must recognise the terms in use and adjust them in his assessment for consistency. The vast bauxite potential presents a serious opportunity for the country to become a forerunner in the bauxite and aluminium industries, as well as to develop red mud valorization opportunities. This article discusses the bauxite potential and the local alumina industry in Guinea, as well as the technologies used to value the resulting red mud. The bauxite and alumina sector is responsible for the largest direct contribution to GDP in Guinea.

It is considered that Ghana has extensive bauxite reserves, which largely have not been developed yet. However, since the Government of Ghana entered into an infrastructure development agreement with China in 2018, attention has increasingly focused on these reserves. The repayments of the resource for infrastructure swap are to be made via the further processing of Ghana’s bauxite. The government is therefore responsible for building an integrated bauxite-aluminium industry within the next few years. At the same time, bauxite mining is leading to local protests and conflicts around Atewa Forest, a possible site for mining. This article explores how the agreement, known as the SinoHydro deal, was constructed, integrating Ghana into the Belt and Road Initiative, and discusses possible ecological and economic risks for Ghana.

Bauxite companies in Jamaica have increasingly begun to feel the ire of the owners of bauxite lands who believe that they have been denied reasonable compensation for the use of their lands by bauxite companies for the purposes of mining bauxite. The Mining Act speaks to the landowner being fairly and reasonably compensated for the damage done to the surface rights of the land during the bauxite mining process. It does not consider how a landowner should be compensated when the bauxite company unlawfully acquires the landowner’s property. Where property has been compulsorily acquired, the landowner must be adequately compensated.

Introduction Retired bauxite mining workers have been at risk for developing lung diseases due to their long-term exposure to inhalation hazards. Smoking is known to decrease pulmonary function and cause lung disease. Smoking cessation may prevent these changes. This study aimed to evaluate whether smoking is associated with pulmonary changes in retired bauxite mining workers. Methods A cross-sectional study involving the database information of 140 retired bauxite mining workers from Brazil evaluated at the Worker’s Health Reference Centre and Social Security National Institute, from July 2015 until June 2016. The workers were divided in 3 groups: smokers (n=47), non-smokers (n=47), and ex-smokers (n=46). The data included: gender, age, spirometric results (normal; altered results including mild, moderate or severe changes), and presence of pulmonary parenchymal alterations in chest x-rays. It was applied the Chi-Squared test with p Results All workers were male with mean age of 62 years-old. In the smokers group, 83% spirometry tests were altered (53% mild, 19% moderate and 11% with severe changes). In this group, 64% had altered chest x-rays. In the non-smokers group, 19% spirometry tests were altered (13% mild and 6% moderate changes). In this group, 13% had altered chest x-rays. In the ex-smokers group, 35% spirometry tests were altered (11% mild, 9% moderate and 15% severe changes). In this group, 30% had altered x-rays. All results were statistically significant, except for the mild changes in the non and ex-smokers groups. Discussion These results demonstrated differences between the smokers and non-smokers groups in regard to spirometric and radiographic alterations. The ex-smokers group had improved results compared to the smokers group in regard to altered spirometric and chest x-rays findings. These data may contribute with strategies to enhance smoking cessation programs within the bauxite mining industry in order to prevent pulmonary changes in mining workers.

This review aims to explore the potential occupational and environmental health hazards on lives of miners and neighbouring communities, in relation to bauxite mining in Malaysia. The mining related environmental issues include air, water and soil pollution due to bauxite dust; its leaching into water sources reduces soil fertility, affects agricultural food produce and aquatic life. Bauxite occupational exposure affects the health of miners, apart from negative health impacts on neighbouring communities; such as frequent respiratory symptoms, and contamination of drinking water. Other potential health effects of bauxite mining include noise-induced hearing loss and mental stress. This review describes the processes of bauxite mining, its components, the residual trace elements, and their impacts on environment and health of exposed workers and communities. It also discusses Malaysian legal requirements and occupational exposure standards for bauxite.

In the perspective of recent bauxite mining in Malaysia, this review aims to identify the potential environmental and health impacts on miners and surrounding communities. The environmental issues of bauxite mining include, air, water and soil pollution due to bauxite dust; leaching of bauxite into water sources resulting in reduced soil fertility as well as affecting agricultural food products and aquatic life. Bauxite occupational exposure affects the health of miners, and has negative consequences on the health of surrounding communities, such as increased respiratory symptoms, contamination of drinking water, other potential health risks from ingestion of bauxite and heavy metals, including noise-induced hearing loss and mental stress. This review discusses the processes of bauxite mining, its constituents and residual trace elements, and their impact on the environment and health of exposed workers and communities. It also explores the Malaysian legal requirements and standards of occupational exposure to bauxite.

This chapter is dedicated to the most important component of the P removal structure: PSMs, which are the component that actually removes the dissolved P. Phosphorus sorption materials are presented in great detail and explained. Many of these materials are by-products from various industries such as drinking water treatment, steel production, acid mine reclamation, energy generation, metal casting, wall board production, and bauxite mining. Other PSMs are manufactured for the sole purpose of removing dissolved P. The chemical and physical properties relevant to P removal structures are discussed in the context of choosing a suitable PSM for the situation, with a general characterization of several PSMs presented. This will include a discussion of the main mechanisms of P removal by PSMs and the implications of those mechanisms on design. Specifically, the influence of retention time and inflow P concentration on P removal by different types of PSMs are discussed in detail. The reader will clearly understand how the retention time and the inflow P concentration can have a dramatic impact on the design of a site-specific P removal structure. The common “paradox of PSMs” is presented: usually PSMs with the greatest ability to adsorb P tend to conduct water poorly (i.e. low hydraulic conductivity), and vice versa. While there are some exceptions to this, the implications of this issue are explained with several solutions provided. In addition to a general guide in choosing a suitable PSM, the chapter concludes with a discussion on safety considerations of PSMs that originate as by-products, and the need to screen some materials for safety. Recommendations and thresholds for PSM safety screening are provided.

Objective:To describe bauxite mining and alumina refining processes and to outline the relevant physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial health risks.Methods:Review article.Results:The most important risks relate to noise, ergonomics, trauma, and caustic soda splashes of the skin/

Suitability evaluation plays an important role in land reclamation because the choice of evaluation methods affects the accuracy and objectivity of the suitability evaluation results. Furthermore, it influences the decision-making related to land reclamation. An improved method, which is called limit comprehensive conditions method, was developed after different suitability evaluation methods were studied. Based on this method, the reclaimed land of the Gaoqiao bauxite mining area was evaluated. The Gaoqiao mining area was divided into seven evaluation units that were evaluated respectively by selecting evaluation factors and establishing grade standards. The results show that the proposed method is more applicable and easier to handle. Moreover, its evaluation results are more scientific compared with the traditional evaluation methods. The improved method can be beneficial to the rapid monitoring and the effective management of reclaimed land in the opencast mine area.

This paper describes a new optimized life-of-mine planning software tool called Bodor (Boddington Optimizer), developed for BHP Billiton’s Boddington Bauxite mine in south Western Australia. Bodor minimizes pre-tax net present cost (capital and operational) over a specified mine life, and is applied to a mine model consisting of bauxite pods pre-designed to a fixed cut-off grade, directly feeding a refinery with bauxite that meets grade and throughput targets in each period over the life-of-mine. Bodor has been very successful in its application to the Boddington mining operation, producing a new life-of-asset mine plan which delivers a significant reduction in net present cost. This value add is achieved primarily through a better timing of ore-body exploitation which optimally trades-off lower haulage costs against some capital costs that are brought forward. A core aspect of Bodor’s utility lies in managing various complex environmental constraints in determining the optimal extraction schedule.

Bauxite is the primary source of raw material for the production of aluminum oxide and aluminum metal. At the current primary aluminum production level, known bauxite reserves will last for hundreds of years. Two to three tonnes of bauxite are required to produce one tonne of alumina and two tonnes of alumina are required to produce one tonne of aluminum metal. Typical bauxites contain from 30%–60% aluminum hydroxides and various levels of iron, silica, and titanium impurities. Approximately 125 million tonnes of bauxite are mined each year from 45 mines located on every continent except Antarctica. The major mining areas are located in the tropics, above and below the equator, as well as in Western Australia, the Caribbean Region, and the Mediterranean. Most bauxite is surface mined, although a few small underground mines remain active. The overburden depth ranges from almost none to several 10s of meters, with the average near five meters. The total land disturbed by bauxite mining each year is estimated to be 2,000–2,500 hectares per year.

Sustainable livelihood projects in the Caribbean have been largely unsuccessful to date, often culminating in a failure to fulfill initial conservation and development objectives. This chapter examines the political ecology of sustainable tourism in the bauxite rich Cockpit Country ofWest Central Jamaica. It concerns the collaboration of government and non-government organizations and people living in forest-fringe communities throughout Cockpit Country working toward sustainable alternatives to bauxite prospecting and mining that stakeholders anticipated would come to fruition in the area. This chapter focuses on the operations of, and concerns raised by, various alternatives to bauxite mining and the implementation of these alternatives throughout Cockpit Country.

In 1990, the International Aluminum Institute began a program to report on the bauxite mining and rehabilitation activities of the worldwide industry. A survey process was initiated and reports were published in 1992, 2000 and 2004. The most recent report includes extensive data on mines representing over 70% of the world’s output of bauxite and includes a more detailed focus on the social and economic as well as the environmental performance of the industry.

This paper describes the sequence of Alcoa’s bauxite mining and restoration operations in Western Australia, commencing with pre-mining surveys and geological exploration through to the preparation and extraction of the bauxite ore, the restoration process, and then monitoring. These methods have changed continually since operations commenced in 1963 as knowledge improved; however, this paper only describes the current procedures.

This study was carried out to determine the water quality assessment in nearby rivers that in bauxite mining area. Water samples were collected at Kuantan River, Riau River, Pinang River and Pandan Rivers. In situ parameters used in this study were Temperature, pH, DO, TDS and BOD. Laboratory parameters analyzed in this study were TSS, Turbidity and COD. WQI was calculated using the formula from DOE 2012. Results showed that One-Way ANOVA test (P < 0.05) for Temperature, DO, Ammonia-Nitrogen, BOD, TSS, Turbidity and COD had significantly different between the rivers while pH and TDS shows not significantly different between the rivers. WQI of Kuantan River, Pandan River, Riau River and Pinang River were 77.141, 77.478, 81.238 and 83.164 respectively. All these rivvers were classified into class II based on INWQS and required conventional treatment for water supply purposes. Keywords: bauxite; water quality index; water quality; Pahang

Em todos os empreendimentos minerários, os custos de transporte têm impacto no lucro líquido da empresa e, por causa disso, merecem estudos econômicos prévios. Assim, nas fases de aquisição ou substituição de frotas de transporte, torna-se de fundamental importância a realização de estudos de viabilidade econômica para se determinar, entre as alternativas existentes no mercado, a melhor combinação pos¬sível de equipamentos de carga e transporte que atendam às demandas de produção com um menor custo. Quando existe mais de uma solução com custo de aquisição e especificações técnicas próximos, de acordo com o ponto de vista do agente decisor, é sugerido a utilização de técnicas de auxílio à tomada de decisão multicritério. No presente trabalho, são mostrados os resultados de um estudo de caso relativo à seleção de caminhões rodoviários para o transporte de minério run of mine (ROM) em uma empresa mineradora de bauxita do Estado de Minas Gerais por meio da metodologia de Auxílio Multicritério à Decisão (AMD). In all mining projects, transportation costs influence net profit, justifying eco¬nomic feasibility studies before transport fleet acquisition or replacement. These stud¬ies can provide the best loading and hauling equipment combination to meet produc¬tion demands at lower costs by evaluating the alternatives available in the market. When there is more than one solution with similar costs and technical specifica¬tions, decision-making technics were considered to be used. Herein is presented the case of selecting hauling trucks used to transport run of mine (ROM) ore at a bauxite mining company, located in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, using the Multi-Criteria Decision Aid methodology (MCDA).

The purpose of this paper is to discuss whether the transnational aluminium corporations currently involved in Jamaica's bauxite/alumina industry are promoting an ecologically sustainable industrial development (ESID). ESID is defined as those patterns of industrialisation that enhance economic and social benefits for present and future generations without impairing basic ecological processes. This discussion will be pursued by comparing actual industrial performance against three proposed conditions that this pattern of industrialisation must satisfy if it is to be deemed ecologically sustainable: (1) It must minimise the degradation of the environment, (2) it must make the most efficient use of man-made and natural capital and (3) it must promote equity. These criteria are applied to two major environmental problems related to bauxite mining and storage of hazardous bauxite waste; rehabilitation of mined out bauxite fields and storage of hazardous bauxite residue. My findings indicate that the current activities of Jamaican bauxite/alumina production to a certain extent can be characterised as ecologically sound, insofar as the biosphere is not severely degraded. This is due to several measures initiated both to prevent environmental degradation as well as enhancing a more efficient use of production inputs. To be deemed ecologically sustainable, however, the industrial activity must also in accordance with the proposed criteria, promote equity. Regardless of extensive corporate initiatives beyond regulatory compliance, a significant share of Jamaica's potentially productive lands remains destroyed and/or occupied. Thus, 1 question whether the present pattern of Jamaican bauxite/alumina production can be characterised as ecologically sustainable.

The ability to cope and to improve their circumstances was no easy feat for persons of African ancestry in colonial Guyana. After enslavement ended in 1838, their lives were exacting, but they used their initiatives and experiences to grapple with and survive socioeconomic hardships. Although they faced a plethora of challenges, formerly enslaved persons sought and found ways to make a living and to provide for the future. Long accustomed to agricultural work, many coastal villagers undertook internal and seasonal migration to the gold and diamond fields from the 1880s. From 1916, many of them worked and settled in bauxite producing areas. In this chapter, the activities of a rural segment of the Guyanese population are analyzed through the prisms of migration and mining. Villagers’ prescience in anticipating beneficial outcomes from investing portions of their mining incomes on targeted projects such as farming and furthering the education of their offspring were reflections of their long range goal of self-reliance. Women were factors in the aspirations and achievements of families as well as the nexus enabling migration and mining.

In the last two decades of the nineteenth century, encouraging output of gold ushered in mining and diversified the mostly agricultural economy of Guyana. In 1882, two years after the enactment of Ordinance #16 of 1880: An Ordinance to make Provision for Gold and Silver Mining, the first gold exports were recorded. Gold output was 250 ounces in 1884, and increased to 32,332 ounces by 1889–1890. Throughout the 1890s, gold production continued. During this period, gold mining companies in operation ranged from the large Essequibo Company with capital totaling $60,000 from 600 shares at $10 per share to the mid-level El Dorado Company with capital of $3,000 from 60 shares sold at $50 each to the smaller Berbice Company with a capital of $400 from 16 shares costing $25 each.1 At first, most of the male-dominated workforce was employed by companies, but by the mid-1890s laws permitting more access to government land were enacted and small-scale independent groups began to finance their own prospecting undertakings. In 1899, the initial law permitting women to participate in gold and diamond mining was enacted. Bauxite mining emerged in the twentieth century2 (See Figure 3.1).

The operations of Rio Tinto Alcan Gove are located on the Gove Peninsula in the north-east part of the Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory, Australia. They consist of bauxite mining and refining which converts bauxite into alumina. Bauxite residue is a byproduct in the Bayer process to extract alumina from bauxite ore. The residue is alkaline and, as such, required to be disposed of and managed in a safe, economical and environmentally friendly manner. Rio Tinto Alcan Gove has gone through a number of changes and has spent tremendous efforts and resources to improve the sustainability of the residue management since the start of the operations. This paper describes the sustainable changes with emphasis on mud thickening in the refinery and mud farming in the residue disposal area.

In Jamaica, the decade 1966–76 saw a period of rapid expansion of the island's primary industry: bauxite mining production and processing.

“Competitiveness” and “competitive advantage” became global phenomena in the last two decades of the 20th century. Individual firms, industries and nations began to assess their global competitiveness as a strategy for survival and growth. Competitiveness at the level of the firm may be defined as the ability of a firm to survive and grow, in the light of competition from other firms. Companies all over the world seek to gain advantage over their competitors because of pressure and challenge. The presence of strong domestic rivals, aggressive local suppliers and demanding customers foster competitive advantage on those companies that meet the challenges through innovation. In this paper, the emphasis is on the competitiveness of national industries with the aluminium industry in Ghana as the focus. Using the “diamond of national advantage” established by Porter (1990), it is found that Ghana’s aluminium industry has a competitive advantage in the aluminium processing sector but has only limited competitive advantage in the bauxite mining and primary aluminium sectors of the industry. It is recommended that the full integration of the aluminium industry through the construction of an alumina refinery be made. The aluminium industry in Ghana holds a considerable potential in contributing to the transformation of the basically agrarian economy into an industrial one. This will enhance the achievement of Ghana’s goal of becoming a middle income country by the year 2015.

The amount of land directly disturbed by mining is a key generic environmental pressure indicator. A novel method based on the measurement of the cumulative net area disturbances using Landsat satellite images and its correlation with the cumulative ore production at the mine site was applied. Weighted disturbance rates (WDRs) were calculated indicating the annual quantity of hectares newly disturbed per million metric tons of ore extracted. Results show that open pit (OP) have a smaller average WDR (5.05 ha/Mt) than underground (UG) mines (11.85 ha/Mt). This is explained by the relation between the annual amounts of new net area disturbed and of ore extracted which is larger for UG than for OP mines due to the annual extraction volume (lower for UG). Overall findings demonstrate that bauxite mining has the highest WDR (7.98 ha/Mt), followed by gold (6.70 ha/Mt), silver (5.53 ha/Mt), copper (4.5 ha/Mt) and iron (4.25 ha/Mt).

Bauxite mining is considered to be one of the most significant reasons behind deforestation in Jamaica. During the last decades, large areas of forest have been cleared on the island due to open pit mining for bauxite. Because private landowners own the bauxite land, the operating mining companies are in many cases forced to bargain with the private landowners to obtain access to the desired land. Several economic theories present solutions to the problem of sustainable resource use. The purpose of this paper is to examine if the Coase theorem can be applied to analyze if the deforestation caused by bauxite mining in Jamaica can be amended towards optimal resource management. The paper concludes that there exist no practical obstacles for bargaining to take place. However, since the market for bauxite mining is not characterized by perfect competition, an efficient allocation of the Jamaican forests according to the Coase theorem is not achieved. Yet we find that the antiquated Coase theorem can help us gain knowledge into some fundamental aspects of the prevailing market conditions surrounding Jamaican bauxite mining. Upprättat; 2004; 20061011 (evan)

NOBODY EXPECTS a red tide of toxic, highly alkaline sludge to come rushing through one’s neighborhood. But that’s exactly what happened on Oct. 4 in Hungary, when a reservoir containing pH-13 waste from bauxite mining burst open, releasing 700,000 m 3 of red mud, as it’s called. The toxic flood killed eight people, burned hundreds of others, and caused one of the country’s biggest environmental disasters to date. A staggering 70 million tons of red mud is produced worldwide every year to extract alumina from bauxite in a process that’s been used for more than 100 years. Researchers have long tried to find ways to recycle or reuse the waste—well before the disaster in Hungary. “There are gigatons of red mud lying around,” says Marcel Schlaf, a chemist at the University of Guelph, in Ontario. “We’d like to do something useful with it.” Potential applications range from incorporating red mud into bricks and roof tiles ...

Situated between the land masses of North and South America, bordered to the West by Central America and to the East by the Atlantic ocean, rests the Caribbean Sea. (See Figure 5.1) The Caribbean washes many islands which have been arranged by the forces of history into 16 nation states and 13 dependencies, possessions, and territories. (Deere, et al, 1990).1 The Caribbean Economic Community (CARICOM), a common market made up of the English-speaking nations of the region, represents the region’s only operating trade arrangement. The membership of CARICOM consists of Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts-Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Trinidad-Tobago.(Worrell, 1987).2 Total population served by CARICOM countries is approximately 5.8 million (1990). Administered as colonies of Great Britain until the 1950s, the islands traded primarily with the U.K. Coinciding with the ending of colonial rule came the development of new economic activity, such as bauxite mining and tourism, which led to a shift in the orientation of economic relations towards the U.S. The CARICOM countries continue to export the traditional agricultural products to the U.K., such as bananas and sugar, but their principal market for the dominant foreign exchange earning sectors — mining, tourism and manufacturing — is the U.S. As a group, CARICOM countries tend to produce a narrow range of commodities for export and import a wide diversity of goods — both finished and intermediate.

Alcoa of Australia Ltd. mines bauxite in the Darling Ranges of south-western Australia. The company must operate within major environmental constraints, associated with competitive land uses, to ensure on-going access to ore reserves. A programme has been designed to manage environmental aspects of mine planning, rehabilitation operations and post-rehabilitation monitoring. This paper describes current pre- and post-mining operational and research programmes. Procedures which minimise land-use conflicts and restore or maintain pre-mining forest functions are outlined.

All production of mineral raw materials necessarily involves interference with the natural environment. National rules and regulations on environmental protection are intended to ensure that prospecting for, and the extraction and processing of, raw materials are conducted with as little damage as possible to the ecosystem. The following article surveys the effects of such measures on the international raw materials economy.

The distribution of the Red-eared Firetail was studied in the northern jarrah forest and nearby areas of south- western Australia. It was shown that, although the species is officially listed on thestate's fauna list as 'rare, or otherwise in need of special protection'. it is much more widely distributed and abundant than was previously thought. There appears to be little conflict between bauxite mining and the conservation of the Red-eared Firetail. Firetails were never observed to inhabit upland and mid-slope areas of forest where almost all mining is carried out. Juvenile birds were observed within 150m of active mine pits. Most of the plants used by Red-eared Firetails are resistant to jarrah dieback Phytophthora cinnamomi, therefore it is unlikely that dieback will have a detrimental effect on the species.

In 1952 the first shipload of bauxite left Jamaica for foreign markets, and two years later the export of alumina began, to introduce a new element into Jamaican economy. The constructive impact of the industries that grew from these beginnings has been felt not only in the mining areas but also throughout the economy and in town and countryside. Some aspects of that impact can be measured in increased educational facilities and in improved public health services supported by government revenues derived from bauxite mining, and in the beginnings of improved agriculture on lands rehabilitated to cropping after termination of bauxite removal but, so far, the number of tenants on lands purchased by two of the companies for mining actually has increased after acquisition. In other spheres it is not yet possible to isolate the repercussions of mining from those associated with other developments. A comprehensive view should be taken of the impact of mining as a rapidly expanding growth sector in Jamai...

The strategic importance of the oil industry to the world economy has been well established.1 By comparison to oil, the aluminium industry is largely unheralded. The struggles of the bauxite cartel have received scant media attention though, as this chapter points out, the industry is of crucial significance to the economies of all the AISs and of several Third World states.

In addition to its forest and water resources, the jarrah forest of the Darling Plateau is richly endowed with minerals. The occurrence of alumina-rich latente, or bauxite, was first reported by Government geologists in 1902 (Simpson 1951). Investigation of the commercial potential of these deposits commenced in 1957 and by 1963 Alcoa of Australia Limited had established a small integrated bauxite mining and a lumina refining operation based on a mine at Jarrahdale. Alcoa expanded rapidly with new mines opening near Dwellingup in 1972 and 1974 and at Willowdale in 1984. Another company, Worsley Alumina Pty. Ltd., also commenced bauxite mining in 1984 near Mt Saddleback. Western Australia now produces more than 20% of the western world’s aluminina.

Summary As the quest for mineral resources becomes more and more challenging and exploration geophysics is actively evolving, the mining industry is in a constant pursuit of more efficient and cost-effective exploration methodologies that would provide a means of overcoming exploration limitations of the past. In this context, an integrated passive seismic survey was designed and launched at the Gerolekas bauxite mining site, in Central Greece, in the scope of checking the potential of passive seismic methodologies as a mining exploration alternative.