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Numerous studies show that insects are efficient in converting organic waste into proteins and fats, which makes them an interesting alternative source of feed. Moreover, since around one-third of global food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted, the production of insect-based meals from food waste is considered a sustainable alternative to other protein sources. This paper introduces a quantitative framework able to analyse the economic implications of developing a large-scale insect-based meal industry worldwide, which would require important regulatory changes. Our calculations, based on findings from the literature, suggest that almost 1.4 billion tonnes of food, that could potentially be used as insect feed, went to waste at the world level in 2018, a figure that is projected to rise to 2 billion tonnes by 2030. Results show that the use of food waste for insect meal and oil production would have important downward price impacts on meals and oils (fish- and plant-based), reducing feed costs and stimulating global aquaculture and livestock production, reducing total land use for agriculture production and lead to a lower dependence on protein imports.

El artículo hace referencia a la necesidad de contribuir con el manejo adecuado de los residuos sólidos que se generan actualmente en la plaza del mercado central del municipio de Chiquimula. El mercado central es uno de los comercios más importantes en el departamento y como cualquier otra actividad, el mercado contribuye a la generación de residuos. El manejo inadecuado de los residuos sólidos es uno de los principales problemas respecto al tema ambiental dado que no se cuentan con las medidas necesarias para mitigar los daños que afectan al bienestar de las personas. Sin duda alguna, las plazas de mercado presentan un carácter más definido aún en cuanto a la composición de los residuos, ya que ahí se concentran en su mayoría las ventas de verduras y frutas lo que implica que gran parte de los residuos sean de origen orgánico. Desde este contexto, la investigación se realizó con el objetivo de caracterizar los residuos que ahí se generan para la identificación de alternativas de manejo de los mismos. Palabras clave: Residuos sólidos, caracterización, manejo de residuos, compostaje, residuos orgánicos.

This case study aims to identify the sources of natural and anthropogenic As and heavy metals (HMs) in biodegradable wastes to develop controls on waste properties for efficient operation of biochemical waste treatment systems and better end product quality. Biodegradable waste from different income levels was sieved into seven size fractions (B-MSW), acid digested and their metal content was determined by ICP-OES. The data on the level and loads of As and HMs in the waste were statistically investigated to identify their sources. Metals' concentrations were well correlated (p phosphate fertilizers (20.3%) > agricultural chemicals (14.2%) > irrigation water (8.1%). The effect of solid fuel residues (11.3%), metals and plastics (7.5%) and Al-Mn alloy cans (6.3%) in mixed collected waste accounts for 25.1% of the total variance. Improvements in regulatory controls for protection of irrigation water quality and restrictions on the use of fertilizers and agrochemicals will reduce HM loads in the B-MSW. In addition, we recommended applying a source-segregated MSW collection to avoid cross-contamination of biodegradable materials to achieve high product quality and reduced emissions.

Land application of organic wastes such as sewage effluent, biosolids, and animal wastes can introduce pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) into soils. Food plants grown in soils receiving organic wastes may take up PPCP contaminants and accumulate them in the edible tissues. The purpose of this review is to summarize the latest findings on root uptake of PPCPs and their transfer in soil–plant systems, aiming to identify potential risks associated with organic waste application in crop production systems. The processes and mechanisms of root uptake of PPCPs and their subsequent transfer in plants are intensively discussed in the present review. Soil properties, PPCP physicochemical properties, and plant species are demonstrated as the most important factors influencing the uptake and transfer of PPCPs in soil–plant systems. The metabolism processes and mechanisms of PPCPs in plant tissues are further elucidated with exemplification of commonly used PPCPs. The estimated daily intake is employed to assess the potential risks of consuming PPCP-containing foods based on their accumulation in edible plant tissues. Two innovative treatment techniques are proposed as cost-effective practices to reduce PPCP transfer into plants from organic wastes. Accumulation of PPCPs in edible plant tissues is governed by the combined processes of their root uptake, translocation, and metabolism in plants. This paper reviews the latest research advances in understanding the transfer of PPCPs in soil–plant systems, proposes mitigation practices to minimize PPCP entry into food chains, and identifies research challenges.

With the rapid increase of the human population and the concomitant increase in freshwater demand, pressure on this natural resource is increasing. One of the approaches used to overcome water scarcity in several parts of the world is desalination of brackish or seawater. Coupling seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) with renewable energy (RE) is an active research area and understanding the environmental impact of these integrations using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is one of the tools available for the selection of sustainable water supply options for remote communities. This study uses LCA to assess the feasibility of integrating a SWRO with a hybrid energy system to meet the water needs in a remote community. The RE is supplied via electricity generated from biogas produced from the anaerobic digestion (AD) of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. A 4500 m3/day SWRO plant was designed using WAVE software to satisfy the water demand of a small/medium town in a remote area in Lebanon. The biogas plant sizing was performed using HOMER Pro and different renewable percentages were tested. Biogas characteristics were taken from an existing organic waste AD plant in Lebanon. Based on the available mass of solid waste, the maximum achievable renewable fraction required to operate the SWRO was found to be 60%; the remaining electrical demand was supplied from the grid. The LCA was performed using Simapro Ph.D. version 9 to quantify the environmental impacts of this integration. IMPACT2002+ impact assessment method was used. Results show that using AD to power desalination is viable from an environmental perspective and achieves significant reductions in many categories when compared to conventional fossil fuels. Furthermore, increasing the renewable fraction in the hybrid energy system results in further reduction in the environmental impact. In particular, a 60% reduction in global warming potential was observed compared to conventional fossil fuels. However, for some categories, the impact increases upon increasing renewable fraction particularly for categories related to toxicity, eutrophication and acidification and this is mainly attributed to digestate application on land, highlighting the need for digestate enhancement. Accordingly, the system can be further improved by increasing the amount of waste collected and transformed and adopting a more site-specific design.

Zwitterionic, cationic, and anionic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are increasingly reported in terrestrial and aquatic environments, but their inputs to agricultural lands are not fully understood. Here, we characterized PFAS in 47 organic waste products (OWP) applied in agricultural fields of France, including historical and recent materials. Overall, 160 PFAS from 42 classes were detected from target screening and homologue-based nontarget screening. Target PFAS were low in agriculture-derived wastes such as pig slurry, poultry manure, or dairy cattle manure (median ∑46PFAS: 0.66 μg/kg dry matter). Higher PFAS levels were reported in urban and industrial wastes, paper mill sludge, sewage sludge, or residual household waste composts (median ∑46PFAS: 220 μg/kg). Historical municipal biosolids and composts (1976–1998) were dominated by perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamido acetic acid (EtFOSAA), and cationic and zwitterionic electrochemical fluorination precursors to PFOS. Contemporaneous urban OWP (2009–2017) were rather dominated by zwitterionic fluorotelomers, which represented on average 55% of ∑160PFAS (max: 97%). The fluorotelomer sulfonamidopropyl betaines (X:2 FTSA-PrB, median: 110 μg/kg, max: 1300 μg/kg) were the emerging class with the highest occurrence and prevalence in contemporary urban OWP. They were also detected as early as 1985. The study informs for the first time that urban sludges and composts can be a significant repository of zwitterionic and cationic PFAS.

Cayenne pepper (Capsium frutescens L.) is a holticulture plant that has many benefits, among others, for consumption, industrial materials and livestock. Efforts to increase chili production through intensification and extensiveness are always accompanied by the use of fertilizers. The potential of organic waste, especially in urban areas with very high dense populations, decomposition of organic waste will produce material rich in elements needed by plants so it is very good to be used as organic fertilizer. This research was conducted in Ujung Padang, Village Ulumahuam, Silangkitang District, South Labuhanbatu Regency, North Sumatra Province in March to May 2019. This study used the method of flat data analysis and used 3 treatments with 10 repeats and was analyzed descriptively. The purpose of this study was to find out the response of LOF household waste in cayenne pepper plant plants (Capsium frutescens L.). From this study showed that the parameters of high and number of plant leaves (cm) with the treatment of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) household waste showed a high response to the treatment of P1 (50 ml LOFHousehold Waste), then P2 (100 ml LOF Household Waste) and lastly P0 (without LOF treatment).Keywords: Cayenne pepper, household waste, liquid organic fertilizer.

Os hospitais são impressionantes geradores de resíduos, inerente à diversidade de atividades que são desenvolvidas dentro destas empresas. Dependendo do tipo de resíduo hospitalar, podemos eleger diferentes alternativas de tratamento e grande aproveitamento para a reciclagem. O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar a relação entre a implementação de um programa de intervenção para o manejo de resíduos e a efetividade produzida com a mudança a partir de sua distribuição adequada. Trata-se de um estudo analítico/explicativo de causa-efeito, com análise estatística descritiva comparando o antes e depois da intervenção por meio da pesagem dos resíduos. Como resultado, verificou-se 13.298,37 kg em na primeira pesagem, referente a um mês de coleta, destes 17% foram classificados como infectantes e 83% como comuns. A partir da implementação do programa de intervenção, foi realizada nova pesagem por trinta dias e o total de resíduos apresentou uma redução de 3,75% (12.799,44 kg) mesmo havendo um número maior de atendimento que no mês da pesagem anterior. Destes 17% permaneceu como infectante, 42% como comum e 41% como reciclável, o que equivale a mais de 5.200 kg de resíduos reaproveitados. As estatísticas foram analisadas através de teste t (p=0.0294), o que comprova a redução. O programa de intervenção obteve alta efetividade, sendo a cozinha o setor com maior potencial para reciclagem, seguida da farmácia. Os resíduos orgânicos foram os mais reaproveitados com base no peso, seguidos por papelão. Os ganhos por meio deste programa são educativos, econômicos, sociais e ambientais. Palavras-chave: Gerenciamento de Resíduos. Reciclagem. Resíduos Hospitalares.

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) treatment is an emerging technology for the valorisation of nutrients from biowaste. Selecting suitable substrates for BSFL treatment is a frequent challenge for researchers and practitioners. We conducted a systematic assessment of BSFL treatment substrates in Nairobi, Kenya to source more substrate for upscaling an existing BSFL treatment facility. The applied approach is universal and considers four criteria: 1) substrate availability and costs, 2) BSFL process performance, 3) product safety, and 4) waste recovery hierarchy. Data were collected from previous waste assessments or semi-structured key informant interviews and sight tours of waste producers. Waste nutritional composition and BSFL process performance metrics were summarised in the “BSFL Substrate Explorer”, an open-access web application that should facilitate the replication of such assessments. We show that most biowaste in Nairobi is currently not available for facility upscaling due to contamination with inorganics and a lack of affordable waste collection services. A mixture of human faeces, animal manure, fruit/vegetable waste, and food waste (with inorganics) should be pursued for upscaling. These wastes tend to have a lower treatment performance, but in contrast to cereal-based byproducts, food industry byproducts, and segregated food waste, there is no conflict with animal feed utilization. The traceability of substrates, source control, and post-harvest processing of larvae are required to ensure feed safety. The criteria presented here ensures the design of BSFL treatment facilities based on realistic performance estimates, the production of safe insect-based products, and environmental benefits of products compared to the status quo., Detritus, 16

Microbial fuel cells are presented as the promise of technology to generate electricity by using organic waste. In this research, molasses waste from Laredo Agroindustrial Company was used as fuel, as well as graphite and zinc electrodes, managing to build low-cost cells. It was possible to generate voltage and current peaks of 0.389 ± 0.021 V and 1.179 ± 0.079 mA, respectively. The cells showed that acid pH levels and conductivity values were around 100 mS/cm during the period of the highest bioelectricity generation. The maximum power density was 3.76 ± 0.62 W/cm2 for a current density of 247.55 mA/cm2, showing a peak voltage of 0.459 ± 0.52 V. The yeasts showed a logarithmic phase up to day 25 reflecting an increase in cell growth. Microbial fuel cells are projected to be the most viable solution for organic waste and clean energy generation problems.

Author(s): Wang, Y; Huntington, T; Scown, CD | Abstract: The dynamics of microbial communities involved in anaerobic digestion of mixed organic waste are notoriously complex and difficult to model, yet successful operation of anaerobic digestion is critical to the goals of diverting high-moisture organic waste from landfills. Machine learning (ML) is ideally suited to capturing complex and nonlinear behavior that cannot be modeled mechanistically. This study uses 8 years of data collected from an industrial-scale anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) operation at a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Oakland, California, combined with a powerful automated ML method, Tree-based Pipeline Optimization Tool, to develop an improved understanding of how different waste inputs and operating conditions impact biogas yield. The model inputs included daily input volumes of 31 waste streams and 5 operating parameters. Because different wastes are broken down at varying rates, the model explored a range of time lags ascribed to each waste input ranging from 0 to 30 days. The results suggest that the waste types (including rendering waste, lactose, poultry waste, and fats, oils, and greases) differ considerably in their impact on biogas yield on both a per-gallon basis and a mass of volatile solids basis, while operating parameters were not good predictors of yield at this facility.

The organic wastes generated from centralized wholesale markets from urban centres are predominantly disposed in dumpsites/landfills. Although anaerobic digestion (AD) of wastes is a promising option for producing bio-fuel, the key barrier is the limitation in the waste conversion efficiency that demands the need for the organic waste pretreatment. Hence, the extrusion pre-treatment of wastes prior to AD of slaughterhouse wastes (ESHW) with mixed vegetable, fruit and flower market wastes (EVMW), from a centralized-wholesale market in an urban area, was studied in batch and continuous AD processes. Batch experiments were carried out in mono- and co-digestion modes of extruded wastes. The results of the batch study revealed maximum specific methane yield of 354.9 mLN/g oDM during anaerobic co-digestion of extruded slaughterhouse wastes with mixed vegetable, fruit and flower market wastes in 1:3 proportion (ESHW/EVMW). Based on these results, lab-scale continuous reactor study (15 L) at varying organic loading rates (OLR) was carried out and the maximum biogas yield of 618.5 mLN/g oDM with a methane content of 62.6% and energy potential of 12.2 MJ/kg DM was obtained for extruded wastes at an OLR of 2.5 g oDM/L/d (E) when compared with non-extruded wastes that showed biogas potential of 503.7 mLN/g oDM (with energy potential of 10.2 MJ/kg DM). The outcome of the study revealed that extrusion pretreatment along with anaerobic co-digestion resulted in an increase in the biogas production therein showing enhancement in green energy production during anaerobic co-treatment of centralized wholesale market and slaughterhouse wastes in urban centres.

Global population growth and accelerated urbanisation have resulted in massive amounts of fossil fuel use and waste production. Because of its high energy content, pure nature, and fuel quality, hydrogen fuel is a viable option to fossil fuels. Biohydrogen from agricultural waste, in particular, piques concern because it generates hydrogen while still disposing of waste. This review conducted a bibliometric analysis of biohydrogen production from organic waste to trace the research trends and hotspots based on the literature in the Web of Science (WOS) database from 1970 to 2020. The present review article also focuses on highlighting various processes for converting organic waste into hydrogen, raw materials for biohydrogen production, and catalysts that could distil the latest perceptions that could shed light on a route advancing for successful catalyst design. It also seems that some intentions have been paid on studying waste materials such as pure polysaccharides, disaccharides, and monosaccharides. Among all the catalysts used, non-noble and low-cost active metals over reduced graphene oxide (rGO) support can significantly affect the activity of fermentative hydrogen production from organic waste materials. However, researches focusing on developing anaerobic membrane bioreactors for these technologies are still needed.

Nowadays, climate change attribution and improper management of waste has a great attention. So, it's necessary to use best environmental practices (BEP) concept in the waste management especially organic type. The most affordable technology which belongs to biotechnology application is black soldier fly larvae (BSFL). So, the ability to use it as bio-recycling machine of fruit wastes, should be studied. Quantitatively colorimetric analyses of the harvested BSFL fed on fruit waste and were done with respect to control case in this study. The results revealed the significantly increase in biomolecules concentration especially free amino acids with +2.6 x-fold in the fruit waste input with respect to control input materials of BSF colony. Besides, the elevation levels of antioxidants enzymes. So that, these results emphasized the contribution of involving BSFL in converting non-valued input material into high valued products which have promising levels of antioxidants and essential biomolecules in an eco-friendly way. This research will be a willing step for getting the recognizing of investors, policy makers, and social entrepreneurs to achieve sustainability and circular economy concept through BSF technology.

Recycling of organic waste is not only vital to emerging countries but developed countries too. Presently, a worldwide energy catastrophe is being noticed because of colossal energy requests and constrained capital. Non-sustainable energy sources are draining, and sustainable energy sources are not appropriately being used. There is a prompt backup course of action quest for energy generation. Microbial fuel cells (MFC) innovation, which utilizes micro-organisms to convert the synthetic energy of organic compounds into power, is viewed as a potential alternative option. A promising adaptation of MFC is a plant microbial fuel cell (P-MFC) that implements adistinctive plant-microorganism rhizospheric relationship to transform solar energy into bioelectricity. P-MFC technology is a holistic approach involving various interrelated fields. The system comprises of two structure types; biocontrol and bioprocess structures. Up to 70% of organic matter produced by plants during photosynthesis winds up in the soil as dead root material. The micro-organisms on and around the surface of the roots oxidize these carbon-based exudates, discharge CO2, protons, and electrons. The rhizodeposition at the soil alliance combined with productive designing drives this rhizospheric relationship and eventually contributes towards genuine applications. Thus, this review emphasizes majorly on three criteria; Components and building viewpoints engaged with structuring an effective setup, the efficiency of P-MFC in power generation, and lastly the sustainability of P-MFC.

Hydrogen derived from biomass feedstock (biohydrogen) can play a significant role in Germany’s hydrogen economy. However, the bioenergy potential and environmental benefits of biohydrogen production are still largely unknown. Additionally, there are no uniform evaluation methods present for these emerging technologies. Therefore, this paper presents a methodological approach for the evaluation of bioenergy potentials and the attainable environmental impacts of these processes in terms of their carbon footprints. A procedure for determining bioenergy potentials is presented, which provides information on the amount of usable energy after conversion when applied. Therefore, it elaborates a four-step methodical conduct, dealing with available waste materials, uncertainties of early-stage processes, and calculation aspects. The bioenergy to be generated can result in carbon emission savings by substituting fossil energy carriers as well as in negative emissions by applying biohydrogen production with carbon capture and storage (HyBECCS). Hence, a procedure for determining the negative emissions potential is also presented. Moreover, the developed approach can also serve as a guideline for decision makers in research, industry, and politics and might also serve as a basis for further investigations such as implementation strategies or quantification of the benefits of biohydrogen production from organic waste material in Germany.

Waste is a material that is no longer used so that it is then thrown away. All community activities generate waste, so the volume of waste continues to increase. The community is responsible for processing waste so that it does not have a negative impact on the environment. Waste is one of the factors that play a role in flooding in Samarinda. Household waste in the form of vegetable and fruit peels can be processed into compost. Compost improves soil structure by increasing the organic matter content of the soil and will increase the soil's ability to retain soil water content. The process of making compost is quite easy and can be done independently on a household scale. The training on the use of household waste into compost was addressed to residents of RT.6 RW.2 Jalan Jelawat, Sidodamai, Samarinda Ilir District. This activity aims to provide training on household organic waste management to the people, so that it is not wasted and keeps the environment clean. The expected long-term impacts are the reduction in the volume of municipal waste, reducing the frequency of floods, and improving the community's economy, through the production of compost and agricultural products. The training was held on May 29, 2021 by STIKSAM lecturers and students, and was attended by members of PKK RT.06. The training was conducted using lecture and demonstrated methods. The trainees are interested in making compost and will use compost for ornamental plants and vegetables planted in their yards.

Composting of food processing waste was analyzed as a biological process and an engineered system. The goal is to establish fundamental principles and design criteria that would aid its adoption as waste management practice. Characteristics of the inflow, reactor, and outflow were evaluated. Success of the bioreactor was found to be largely dependent on microbial community structure, physical properties of biodegradable waste (BW), aeration, heat transfer, and time required for maturation. Static piles were the primary focus of this article for cost and energy efficiency.

Problems related to waste, waste processing, to environmental pollution will become a big problem if not handled properly. These problems can be solved with economical solutions such as the utilization of household organic waste into compost. This program aims to help the community to be able to produce compost from household organic waste in Tamansuruh Village, which is one of the villages in Glagah District, Banyuwangi Regency. Where the problems faced by the villagers are the lack of information and limited knowledge about new innovations in making compost. The process used in this composting is anaerobically assisted by a simple composter. To achieve this goal, the method used is preparation in the form of observation of problems, implementation in the form of socialization, training, and direct practice, and evaluation. The result of this activity is in the form of compost derived from household organic waste made by residents and for the residents themselves. Making compost is also able to increase the innovation power of residents in managing household organic waste and increase productivity in the field of agriculture.

Littered cigarette butts (CBs) are a form of poorly biodegradable waste. Attempts have been made to prevent the pollution caused by the waste through the recycling of CBs in construction materials. A novel method involving the encapsulation of CBs with paraffin wax and bitumen was developed, which investigated its use in hot-dense asphalt concrete with promising results. The objective of this study was to carry out a comprehensive leachate analysis to examine the effectiveness and efficiency of the encapsulation method for the prevention of heavy metal leachates from CBs and to investigate the physical properties of wax and bitumen encapsulated CBs. The leachate analysis was conducted using the Australian Bottle Leaching Procedure (ABLP) for pH values 2.9, 5.0, and 9.2. The leaching behavior of encapsulated CBs was insignificant compared to fresh CBs due to the immobilization of metals after being encapsulated in bitumen and wax. The findings suggest that the variance in pH influences the behavior of the metal concentration leached. Generally, pH 2.9 resulted in the highest metal contamination for all sample types, followed by pH 5.0 and pH 9.2. The water absorption decreased significantly from 383% for fresh CBs to 4% and 5% for bitumen and wax encapsulated CBs. Micro-X-ray CT imaging was used to study and analyze the porosity and pore structure of CBs, and a substantial decrease in porosity from 66% to 0.5% was determined when CBs were encapsulated with bitumen.

Treatment of biodegradable waste using the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is an emerging waste treatment technology attracting entrepreneurial activities around the globe, mainly because the larvae grown on the waste have the potential to become starting material for several commercial products such as animal feed, biodiesel, chitin as a biopolymer, and soil fertilizer. Insect-based waste treatment technology offers a financially viable solution for the solid waste problem mitigation, which otherwise has been an arduous task for many parts of the globe, especially for the developing nations. Although considered a better alternative than other well-established technologies such as composting or anaerobic digestion, the technology is still in its infancy. The researchers and entrepreneurs who wish to gain an insight into and develop the BSFL-based waste processing technology further, require to have a holistic understanding of the various ways in which the performance of BSFL technology can be enhanced and its scaling-up can be formulated to solve the waste management problems in community- and city-level. This review article is a collection of state-of-the-art knowledge on various aspects related to the technology development for full-scale utilization for commercialization purposes, such as the artificial rearing techniques of BSF, waste stabilization performances of the BSFL at different environmental conditions, and the effects of micronutrients and associated microorganism communities.

Organic waste has high COD and BOD content, so it is dangerous if disposed of directly into the environment. Organic waste processing, such as waste from livestock manure and liquid tofu waste, requires a process that can reduce COD and BOD levels as well as produce valuable products. Anaerobic digestion method is the proper process to convert complex compounds in waste into simpler compounds with methanogenic bacteria into a renewable energy product, namely biogas. On the other hand, the anaerobic digestion process can reduce COD and BOD levels in the biogas formation process. This study uses raw materials such as cow manure and chicken manure, and liquid tofu waste. The variables that produced the largest biogas were those with a ratio of 70% cow dung, 15% chicken manure, and 15% tofu liquid waste with a total of 3,251.5 mL. Then, the COD and BOD levels decreased significantly with more than 98% COD removal, and more than 95% BOD removal in all variables at the end of the anaerobic digestion process.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a traditional process that not only manages different sources of organic waste but also generates renewable energy (biomethane) at the same time. However, AD relies on the cooperation of certain microbial communities and is, therefore, vulnerable to process disturbances that may affect biogas production and methane yield. In this context, process monitoring has been receiving attention as a strategy for achieving a stable process and ensuring a high yield of biogas. This review was undertaken to address the recent progress related to contemporary techniques deployed for real-time monitoring of the AD process at different scales. It also points out the necessity of choosing appropriate early-warning indicators and proper monitoring biosystems to achieve accurate information on the bioprocess. Nonetheless, the implementation of online monitoring techniques has been restricted due to its high-cost, which limits its industrial application. On this premise of rigid cost control, further studies are required to make AD real-time monitoring more technically and economically sustainable.

Challenging with environmental problems and health due to non-biodegradable plastic wastes, Abomey-Calavi university heads have banned the use of any Non-biodegradable Plastic Food Packagings (NPFP) on all campuses. This study aimed to verify the effective implementation of this decision and assess the microbiological quality of ecological primary food packagings used in Abomey-Calavi campus. To achieve the objectives, a survey based on a questionnaire was submitted to actors in this policy (students, teachers, administrative officers and vendors). Microbiological quality evaluation of primary food packagings used consisted of counting the total mesophilic flora, total and thermo-tolerant coliforms, yeasts and molds through the basic laboratory methods. The results showed that 94,4% of Abomey-Calavi campus peoples are aware of the memo banning NPFP use within the university. They recognize that enormous risks of public health and ecosystem degradation are associated with the use of NPFP. Unfortunately, these pachagings continue to be used even though the trend is downward. The communication on ecological packagings benefits by university authorities remains insufficient. Also, some primary food packagings heavily used in this campus contains pathogenic microorganisms (thermotolerant coliforms and mycotoxinogenic molds) that can cause gastroenteritis and other food poisonings. People frequenting Abomey-Calavi campus remain permanently exposed to the risks associated with NPFP use. These packagings, especially that from food use constitutes potential and permanent sources of insalubrity, food poisoning, foodborne infection and intoxication. Key words: Plastic, packaging, microbiological quality, environmental pollution, health risk, food poisoning, foodborne infection.

The city of Padang produces approximately 600 tons of waste daily, which includes the categories of recyclable and non-recyclable waste. However, the percentage of waste that can be recycled is only about 17% and the rest must be heaped into end landfill every day. The category of recycled waste is counted as much as 65% is organic waste that is made into compost and 35% is both plastic and paper waste that is processed into other products. Maggot, which is the larva of the Black Soldier Fly, is an organic matter-decomposing agent that has better decomposition capabilities than other organisms. Maggot has biomass with high protein and fat content. Maggot farming is the most appropriate effort needed by the community today, because in addition to processing daily organic waste, it will also produce feed for livestock such as chicken, duck, fish, and bird. The farming process only requires simple technology and low cost, but is able to reduce the earth's waste load. The Andalas University community service team provided training on maggot farming to process organic waste from community households. The training was carried out using the Hybrid method, which is a combination of offline and online techniques with the same goal. The activity began with counseling on theoretical explanations, followed by both the farming practices and further program assisting. It hopes that the activity will be improved by other trainings such as Maggot’s processing into more valuable products, so that it can be packaged in such a way as to be marketed to the target purchasers.

The waste processing and renewable energy are being the issues in the industrial 4.0 era. Kitchen and organic trash in the rural areas will become a disaster if there is no solutions. On the other hand, kitchen and organic waste have a positive side, that they can be converted into biogas which can be converted into electricity. On the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation Number 27 of 2014, supports the development of biogas and will buy electricity from the biogas conversion. The potential for biogas that obtained by the organic trash per 1000 people is 7619.8 liters of biogas, it meas that the energy contained is still abundant and the production can still be increased if processed with a modern digester system. This research produces a tool in the form of a portable digester that named GenBIoT (IoT-based Biogas Generator) which can be used by the public to produce biogas that used by home industries or general factories. This research used the research method that similar to System Development Life Cycle (SDLC), this tool is built with several stages starting from planning analysis, designing, functional testing, data analysis and reporting of the results or implementing this tool that can be used as an alternative, as a cheap and easy source energy. This tool is based on the Internet of Things so that this tool can be monitored regarding gas pressure in the reactor, biogas volume and it will detect if there is a biogas leak so it will displayed on the system. To produce the maximum biogas composition, 50% of cow dung is required, 40% of kitchen trash and 10% of water with a ratio of 5: 4: 1 so it will produce 40 kg of biogas with a volume of methane gas (VGM) 0.11 m3 of biogas for cow dung. and 0.04 m3. The third experiment becomes the basis of future biogas production with energy produced from biogas per day of 716.39 Wh

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:46:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-08-01 This study proposed action scenarios for urban solid waste management in six municipalities in the Corumbataí River Basin. The operating scenarios were designed for organic waste treatment and for the shared disposal of urban solid waste. Six municipalities were studied, five of which had less than 30,000 inhabitants (Analandia, Charqueada, Corumbatai, Ipeuna, and Santa Gertrudes). In addition, Rio Claro had 199,000 inhabitants. Thus, the transport and transshipment stages, general infrastructure, and final disposal in landfills were analyzed. Further, the three scenarios for organic waste treatment were conducted separately. The items and the cost of implementation were estimated for decentralized composting, centralized composting, and biomethanization of waste with electricity recovery. The biomethanization scenario included the commercialization of electricity, so it generated revenues that decreased costs. This cost reduction was especially notable in the last years of the project when the goals of diversion of organic waste through selective collection were higher. The results suggested that the investigated scenarios could improve organic waste treatment and that the biomethanization scenario with electricity generation presented lower average costs per inhabitant than the centralized and decentralized composting scenarios. Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Av. 24A, 1515 Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Department of Humanities in Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University, Karlovo námestí 40 Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Av. 24A, 1515

This study aims to uncover the meaning of green accounting in the regulation of the prohibition of the use of plastic materials in Bali. The research method used is a qualitative method with a phenomenological interpretive paradigm that emphasizes an in-depth understanding of the content of green accounting in government rules. The phenomenon is that after the ban on the use of plastic materials, the amount of waste in the final disposal container is increasing, so it is necessary to examine the cause and the implementation of existing regulations. The analysis knife in this research is the ideology of the Tri Hita Karana concept from Bali. The results of this study reveal that first, the concept of green accounting which is a manifestation of corporate social responsibility can be synergized with government regulations based on Tri Hita Karana to reduce the amount of plastic waste. Second, the amount of plastic waste in landfills is dominated by organic waste originating from former religious ceremonial facilities from three regencies in Bali. Third, the regulation of the use of plastic materials in Bali is very effective and has a positive impact on society. Fourth, is the implementation of green accounting has a very significant impact on the amount of waste if all entrepreneurs, especially hotels apply it and have the same goal, namely environmental preservation.Keywords: green accounting, tri hita karana, corporate social responsibility, environmentJEL Classifications: K32, Q56; L65; L51DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10087

Replacing natural gas with the environmentally sustainable biogas is a promising way to reduce the usage of fossil fuels and promote organic waste utilization. Micro gas turbine (MGT), as a common power supply machine, is capable of adopting biogas as the fuel. Given the different intrinsic components between natural gas and biogas, combustion performance of biogas in MGT was studied in this work. The effects of fuel composition and excess air coefficient on combustion performance were analyzed through three-dimensional numerical simulation of the MGT combustor. RNG k-e turbulent model, eddy-dissipation/finite rate model, and eight-step reaction mechanism were adopted in the simulation. The results showed that when the CO2 percentage in biogas increases, the NO and CO emissions decreases. However, the fuel rate and pressure drop of combustion chamber increases to maintain constant thermal input. The overall high velocity also increases the requirement for materials of combustion chamber. Furthermore, the average temperature of whole combustor decreases when the excess air coefficient increases. Accordingly, the CO2 mole fraction in biogas should be controlled below 30% and the optimal range of the excess air coefficient is 2–2.5 for the MGT.

This article analyzes the gross potential of local hydrocarbon waste and biomass using the example of the Republic of Uzbekistan with the aim of producing bioenergy. To calculate the raw material potential, we used official and reference data on the production and consumption of fuel, fertilizers and the formation of organic waste, the accumulation of municipal solid waste (MSW), the amount of saline land where halophytic plantations can be created, which can be considered as biomass. Based on the collected data, mathematical operations and calculations of the potential of biogas technology were performed. A block diagram has been developed that describes the steps of a Geo Information Systems (GIS) map. GIS maps have been created that give a visual representation of the spatial distribution of the gross potential of various types of waste in the regions of the republic and can serve as a tool in planning the distribution of biogas technology.

Brazil is a significant producer of agricultural and agro-industrial waste, which can be used to recover valuable resources, such as struvite, hydroxyapatite, methane gas, hydrogen gas, and carboxylic acids, to mitigate the environmental impacts of the agro-industrial sector, add economic value to organic waste, and promote the sustainability of natural resources. Thus, this work's objective was to compile and analyze data on the composition, physical-chemical characterization, and volumetric production of six agricultural and agro-industrial wastewaters (AWWs) from activities of paramount importance in Brazilian agribusiness and to report studies on resource recovery from those liquid wastes. The literature review was carried out by analyzing scientific works obtained by searching for keywords in different databases. It was concluded that swine wastewaters (SWs), slaughterhouse wastewaters (SHWs), and dairy wastewaters (DWs) are the most promising for struvite recovery. DWs also stand out for the recovery of hydroxyapatite. SWs and brewery wastewaters (BWs) are commonly used for prospecting for algae or bacterial biomass and their derivative products. All AWWs analyzed are considered promising for biogas, methane and hydrogen, while the most soluble AWWs are more valuable for carboxylic acid production.

Global waste production is pegging at unforeseen heights and alarming for its sustainable management. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can play an unequivocal role and warrants better information dissemination to larger masses in a short span of time. Therefore, for developing a need-based and effective mobile app, a study was conducted in Ludhiana district of Punjab on a randomly selected sample of 80 dairy farmers. The need was assessed and content was prioritized through the gap in knowledge, practices and opinion among the respondents for management of organic waste. Based on results, ‘IVRI-Waste Management Guide’ (WMG) App was designed and developed by ICAR-IVRI and ICAR-IASRI, to impart information and knowledge to various stakeholders about organic waste management. The assessment of the app was done in terms of knowledge enhancement regarding organic waste management, perceived utility of the app and problems in accessing the app and results showed excellent utility with a significant increase in knowledge of respondents and very less difficulty in accessibility. After 1 year, again the impact was assessed from the active users of the app and results with remarkable utilization pattern was observed. The study proved mobile apps to be highly efficient media for information dissemination.

In 2018 and 2019 the City of Boston (Massachusetts, USA) conducted zero waste and carbon neutral planning efforts. Here we present the results of an accompanying analysis of the impacts of zero waste strategies on greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions associated with waste treatment. Emissions analysis in the waste sector is complicated by the contribution of significant indirect impacts that can exhibit temporal and spatial heterogeneity. For example, lifecycle GHG analysis of waste-to-energy combustion grants credits for the emissions avoided due to electricity generated from organic waste (biogenic carbon) that displaces electricity generation that could be carbon-emitting. As electricity grids decarbonize, this credit approaches zero. Long-term emissions planning needs to account for such dynamics to realistically assess the GHG mitigation potential associated with alternative waste management strategies. Here, we seek to capture these dynamics in a forward-looking analysis of waste sector emissions under a zero-waste strategy for the City of Boston. Using publicly available data sets such as EPA’s Waste Reduction Model (WARM), we show that the implementation of zero waste strategies reduces the combustion of plastics and biomass in waste-to-energy (WtE) combustion facilities and associated GHG emissions. While WtE has been considered less-carbon intensive than other forms of waste treatment and fossil-based electricity generation, our analysis shows that more renewables will eventually eliminate the perceived GHG benefits associated with waste-to-energy combustion. While our approach provides policymakers with an understanding of the impacts of decisions in a dynamic context, we also identify common knowledge gaps in conducting forward-looking waste-GHG assessments.

Most people still underestimate organic waste, so this waste always ends up in the Landfill. How to process organic waste into compost has been widely informed. However, community participation in self-managing organic waste has still not increased. Therefore, this community service activity aims to provide knowledge about household organic waste processing. The methods used in this program include lectures and discussions, demonstrations, and pre-post tests for evaluation. This program was carried out on November 30, 2019, with participants' targets, namely parents and teachers of Permata Hatiku School. This program was carried out on November 30, 2019, with participants' targets, namely parents and teachers of Permata Hatiku School. The various composting methods presented in the lectures include the composter bin method, Takamura, bio-pore, and jugangan (holes) in the ground. In addition, it also explained the basic principles of composting and how to make a bio-starter. The demonstration was carried out by practicing how to make a natural bio-starter known as local microorganisms (MOL) from rotten fruits. Composting was demonstrated by using the composter bin method with kitchen waste. The participant well-received the program materials. An increase in the post-test score marks it compared to the pre-test score.

The present research demonstrates the design and development of a dual-compartment water purification proto-plant for microbial degradation of organic waste using microbial fuel cell technology and adsorptive removal of inorganic pollutants present in sewage water using highly crystalline chitosan grafted polyaniline (CHIT-g-PANI) and rice husk derived adsorbent. The materials were characterized by UV–Vis, infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and relevant standard methods. The observed results revealed the highly crystalline, biocompatible, porous nature of CHIT-g-PANI as electrode materials for effective microbial degradation of organic wastes of sewage water for generating electricity and water purification. Thus, observed parameters were power density of 6.496 w/m2, sustainable usability for 20 days, and removal of organic waste by 97% from sewage water. Furthermore, the above partially treated water was passed through an adsorption chamber filled with rice husk-derived adsorbents, which removes the 84.5% inorganic impurities of its original concentrations.

Presently, Malaysia is fostering growth in the green energy sector in order to reduce its carbon emissions and contribute in the fight against global warming. Renewable Energy (RE) such as solar cell could no longer be considered as a green technology because at the end of their lifecycle, they become non- biodegradable waste which in turn constitutes pollution and contributes to global warming. Thus, the aim of this research is to study a self-sustaining solar module produced by upcycling solar cells from non- biodegradable waste. Several solar cells from electronic devices were reused in this study. The results obtained show that a combination of 4V, 3V and 2V reused solar cells produced 10.20V and 47.9mW of power. This indicates that the proposed upcycled solar module is feasible and has the potential to aid in the promotion of clean and renewable energy use in order to attain the desired sustainable development goals.Keywords: solar module, self-sustaining, solar cell, non-degradable waste

At present, the development and optimization of methods to eliminate the consequences of soil contamination with hydrocarbons is gaining increasing economic and social importance; it is the basis for sustainable development of the oil industry. Within the frames of the scientific research, a review of literature was carried out in the sphere of utilization of organic wastes from the food industry in reclamation of oil-contaminated soils; an experimental study of efficiency of the use of wastes from the brewing industry in the process of bioremediation of oil-contaminated soils was conducted and phytotoxicity of these wastes was determined. Experimental research was conducted at different initial concentrations of oil in the soil, which allowed to establish the optimal range of oil pollution level at which the efficiency of brewing waste use is the highest. Thus, at low concentrations (1000-2000 mg/kg), the dynamics of oil concentration decrease in the soil remained preserved throughout the whole duration of the experiment, and the efficiency of oil destruction in the soil exceeded 98%, which confirmed the overall efficiency of application of brewing waste for reclamation of oil-contaminated soils.

This study introduces a developed, movable, and pilot-scale microwave drying equipment with an automatic control system for the treatment of solid organic waste. Based on a previous study, the structure of the reactor and the arrangement of the magnetron were improved to make the material absorb microwave energy more uniformly and efficiently. The equipment added the auxiliary hot plate and air extraction system, which effectively solved the influence of the occurrence condensate water in the microwave irradiation room on the drying efficiency and energy consumption. The microwave drying behavior of the existing constant-power mode was compared with the improved constant-temperature mode. The experimental results showed that the latter mode could effectively solve the partial overheating of the material caused by uneven heating. The constant-temperature mode was more advantageous in product quality, safety, and selectivity. The advantages and disadvantages of the equipment were analyzed by comparing it with the other existing pilot-scale microwave drying equipment. The proposed system showed good performance. Thus, the newly developed mobile microwave drying system has great potential for practical application.

The program of development and application of appropriate technology to recycle waste is executed by SMEs Bank Sampah (Waste Bank) Bumi Hijau Cemerlang Desa Suradita Tanggerang. The team was established since 2015. The management of this waste bank foundation is always energetic and productive so as they are competent to collect 200 kg inorganic waste (plastic and paper) in one week. On the other side, they did recycling liquid fertilizer from organic waste by using the used composter. This action is performed by realizing the fact that household waste matter gets heaped and malignant towards environment. The are problems faced by the team. Providing learning assistance in the form of appropriate technology tools and how to use them. In order to ensure the successful of this program, evaluation is carried out in every step of the program’s development.

Larvae of the black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens can be reared in large quantities on organic wastes. The larvae are harvested at the prepupal stage and used as feed for poultry and aquaculture. BSF farms in Nigeria make use of a combination of chicken feed and organic waste in the rearing processes. Chicken feed and organic waste can contain varying levels of heavy metals, which may accumulate in the larvae. The aim of this study was to determine bioaccumulation of heavy metals, cadmium chromium, copper, lead, and zinc, in prepupae cultured on chicken mash and various types of organic wastes (food waste, brewery waste, and fruit waste). Bioaccumulation of a particular heavy metal occurs when the concentration of the metal is higher in the harvested prepupae than in the feed substrates (Factor > 1). The results of the study showed that bioaccumulation was more likely to occur in brewery waste than in the other substrates, while bioaccumulation factors greater than one were reported for three of the five heavy metals (copper, lead and chromium). All heavy metal concentrations reported in the study were below the safe limits for use in animal feeds. The use of organic waste rather than chicken mash for rearing BSF larvae should be considered in Nigeria. However, there must be quality control measures in place to ensure that the larvae’s propensity for accumulating heavy metals are contained.

The concerns about climate change, energy security and price fluctuation of fossil fuels are driving the growing interest in the development and utilization of renewable energy as a transportation fuel. In this aspect, the utilization of organic household waste for the production of biogas avoids the environmental impact of landfills. The further upgrading and utilization of biogas as a vehicle fuel avoids the environmental impact of fossil fuels. This paper presents the life cycle assessment of two utilization pathways of biogas produced from co-digestion of organic household waste, grease trap removal sludge and ley crops grown by local farmers. Specifically, this study assessed and compared the environmental impact of the production and utilization of bio-methane and biogas-based electricity as a vehicle fuel for public transport buses in Vasteras, Sweden. The system boundary for biogas production covered seven main steps: cultivation, harvesting and transport of ley crops, collection and transport of waste, pre-treatment and co-digestion of the substrate. The system boundary for bio-methane was further extended to account for the upgrading process and tailpipe emissions from combustion of bio-methane in the buses. In the case of biogas-based electricity, the system boundary was further extended to account for the combustion of biogas in the CHP unit and further utilization of electricity in the electric bus. The evaluation of the production routes showed that the methane losses and high energy consumption for both biogas production and upgrading process dominated the environmental impact of bio-methane production. However, the emissions from the CHP unit were solely responsible for the environmental impact of biogas-based electricity production. The functional unit identified for this study is 1 vehicle km travelled (VKT) of the bio-methane fuelled bus and electric bus. The global warming potential of the electric buses was 0.11 kg CO2-eq/VKT compared to 0.26 kg CO2-eq/VKT for the bio-methane buses. The electric buses could also reduce about half of the acidification and eutrophication impacts associated with the bio-methane fuelled buses. The lower fuel efficiency and high tailpipe emissions decreased the environmental advantages of the bio-methane buses. Eventually, this study ensures the biogas utilization which is environmentally sound and compares favourably with the alternative options.

The availability of fossil fuels is a major factor that determines the economy of a country. However, possible exhaustion of fossil fuel deposits as well as increased pollution, and other adverse effects on the environment has prompted us to search for alternative fuels. This resulted in the development of hythane, a blend of hydrogen with methane, at concentrations of 10%–30%. The breakdown of organic substrates using sequential dark fermentation (DF) and anaerobic digestion (AD) leads to biohythane production. The quality and quantity of biohythane can be improved by altering the following aspects: selection, development, and/or genetic engineering of suitable microbial consortium; the use of cheap, appropriate substrates; improved design of bioreactors; and the implementation of two-stage fermentation system. This review focusses on the mechanism of biohythane production and the different aspects involved in increasing both its production rate and quality. A comparative study has also been done to demonstrate the superiority of biohythane over other biofuels.

Bio-based solutions are expected to ensure technological circularity in priority areas such as agriculture, biotechnology, ecology, green industry or energy. Although Poland, unlike the other EU member states, has not yet adopted a precise political strategy to promote bioeconomy, it has taken several actions to enable smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. This goal can be achieved by developing selected bioeconomy-related areas such as the biogas industry together with novel technologies implemented to optimize treatment of municipal sewage and management of organic solid waste. Here, the relatively strong status of the Polish biogas sector is presented. The widely used practice of sewage sludge biomethanation has led to construction of numerous complex installations combining biological wastewater treatment plants with anaerobic digesters. Based on physico-chemical processing of biostabilized sludges, a novel method for efficient granulated soil fertilizer production is elaborated, in line with the concept of circular economy and the notion of "waste-to-product". It is also shown that anaerobic fermentation of sewage sludges can be optimized by co-digestion with properly selected co-substrates to increase bioprocess yield and improve the resultant digestate fertilizer quality. The problem of post-fermentation eutrophic sludge liquors, environmentally hazardous waste effluents requiring proper treatment prior to discharge or field application, is addressed. Attempts to optimize biological treatment of digestate liquors with complex microbial consortia are presented. The Polish innovations described show that the "zero waste" path in circular bioeconomy may bring advantageous results in terms of transformation of waste materials into commercial, added-value products together with recovery of water resources.

A doença causada pelo Coronavírus SARS-CoV-2 foi declarada como pandemia pela OMS e uma das medidas mais eficazes é o isolamento social, tendo grande importância o saneamento. Assim, objetivou-se realizar a composição gravimétrica dos resíduos sólidos, bem como estimar a quantidade de vazão de esgoto e a geração per capta, em época de pandemia em uma residência de Três Corações – MG. Para a caracterização quantitativa separou-se os resíduos em 7 categorias, que foram pesados separadamente todos os dias, para diagnosticar a porcentagem em peso, com o auxílio de uma balança doméstica. Para a quantificação da geração de esgoto, foram observados os hábitos em atividades domésticas e higiene pessoal. As atividades foram quantificadas pelo método volumétrico por um recipiente de 5 litros. Estimou-se o valor total de consumo de água e como coeficiente de Retorno de 80% estimou-se a vazão de esgoto gerada. Foi realizado a vazão per capta de esgoto na residência. Os hábitos domiciliares foram afetados pela pandemia, influenciando em uma maior geração de resíduos, no qual foram observadas no final de semana, sendo a maior quantidade para os resíduos orgânicos (67%), 28% de recicláveis e 5% de rejeito e quantidade diária de 465g por dia, abaixo da média nacional. As maiores vazões foram observadas para a bacia sanitária. A constância de atividades durante a pandemia e a mudança de hábitos representou 87%. A geração per capta de efluentes gerados foi de 87,14L abaixo da geração dos últimos 12 meses, refletindo a mudança de hábitos dos indivíduos na residência.

Mechanization is a depollution activity, because it provides an energetic and ecological response to the problem of organic waste treatment. Through burning, biogas from mechanization reduces gas pollution from fermentation by a factor of 20. This study aims to better understand the influence of the seasons on the emitted biogas in the landfill of the city Mohammedia. The composition of the biogas that naturally emanates from the landfill has been continuously analyzed by our intelligent system, from different wells drilled in recent and old waste repositories. During the rainy season, the average production of methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen and nitrogen are currently 56%, 32%, and 1%, respectively, compared to 51%, 31%, and 0.8%, respectively, for old waste. Hazards levels, potential fire, and explosion risks associated with biogas are lower than those of natural gases in most cases. For this reason a system is proposed to measure and monitor the biogas production of the landfill site remotely. Measurement results carried out at various sites of the landfill in the city of Mohammedia by the system show that the biogas contents present dangers and sanitary risks which are of another order.