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The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between lumbar lordosis and severe menstrual pain and bleeding for the improvement of the health status in women. This was a quasi-experimental study where the effects of a training program, (based on correctional and therapeutic exercises, on primary dysmenorrhoea and menstrual bleeding in women with hyper-lordosis) was determined. The severity of menstrual pain was evaluated by use of a questionnaire. There was a significant incidence of neurological pain, which was not reduced in the control group (who had no exercise). There was a significant relationship between the severity of menstrual pain and hyper-lordosis. In the intervention group, there was a significant decrease in the severity of menstrual pain following 12 weeks of exercise. Hyper-lordosis can be improved by performing corrective exercises and strengthening the abdominal muscles.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? Exercise is positively associated with changes in the menstrual cycle and has beneficial effects on menstruation. What do the results of this study add? This research determines the relationship between lumbar lordosis and severe menstrual pain and the association of severe menstrual bleeding, in order to take effective corrective actions to improve women’s health. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Hyper-lordosis can be improved by corrective exercises and strengthening of the abdominal muscles.

Over the years, the efficacy of assisted reproductive technologies has significantly improved. Infertility-associated problems like tubal obstruction, severe male-factor infertility, severe endometriosis and ovulatory dysfunction have entailed the need for in vitro fertilization (IVF). Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is the insertion of a single and viable spermatozoon into the oocyte, thereby circumventing the penetration of the oocyte membranes and aiding gamete fusion process. The use of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) are the most commonly practiced therapeutic measures. However, owing to the report-based outcomes, the success rate is still inconclusive. Besides, there are reports on low pregnancy rates after ICSI, using round spermatids from men, in the absence of elongated spermatids in testes. The use of elongated and round spermatids in ICSI procedures has raised some reasonable doubts regarding the safety of this treatment. In this review, we will give a comprehensive discussion on the role of IVF/ICSI for the treatment of infertility, based on the current researches.

Background: Cervical cancer affects women in the time that they are critical to economic and social stability. Objective: The aim of this narrative review to assess the socio-economic consequences of cervical cancer. Methods: In this review, Pubmed, Scopus, ISI web of science, Conferences databases and Iranian databases were searched. In order to search related articles, researchers used the following terms: “Uterine cervical neoplasms” OR ‘cervical cancer”; Costs and cost analysis; costs of illness, burden, socioeconomic. After the primary search, some records were obtained from 1960 to 2018. After studying titles, abstracts, and in some cases the full texts, 48 relevant articles were included in this research. Results: Hospitalization costs were the highest direct costs. However, total social costs are higher than health and medical costs. There is a dramatic increase in direct costs with the increase in age and stage of the disease. The costs are less for people aged 75 and up and for stage 4 because of less invasive treatment received by older women and the limited choice of treatment in advanced stages. The costs for persons who were screened 6 months to 5 years before diagnosis were lower. Conclusion: The burden of the disease is high. Early detection of cancer can save lives and reduce health care costs. Studies evaluating the costs associated with cervical cancer as well as virusrelated diseases in developing countries, calculating indirect costs and the impact of the disease on family members, relatives, and especially the spouse of the affected women are recommended.

Introduction Infertility is mediated by several changes system‐wide. These changes are likely to cause other systems‐related pathologies, such as changes in systemic immune response, particularly inflammatory response can lead to cardiovascular diseases and breast cancer. Methods These morbidities can exist immediately or years after the diagnosis of infertility. Therefore, understanding the mechanism is important to move toward therapeutic interventions. Results Several extragonadal pathologies are reported due to infertility, as well as, how these might also contribute to reproductive disabilities. Detailed evidence are still not present that can give stronger result. Conclusion This review highlights some of the most frequent comorbidities that are seen in infertile women, hence requiring a need for complete clinical screening and care, as well as diagnosis and treatment in early stages., Several extragonadal pathologies are reported due to infertility, as well as how these might also contribute to reproductive disabilities. Women presenting subfertility or infertility need to be screened for abovementioned disorder. Adaptions in lifestyle might subsidize these effects.

Introduction: One of the identified causes of infertility has been related to the inability to regulate immunological tolerance of the maternal immune system against the developing fetus, thereby inhibiting the process of implantation. Various immune cells have been identified to contribute to the concept of un-regulated immunological tolerance, such as mast cells (MCs) and natural killer cells (NK). There are available evidences that MC play a role in the pathogenesis of infertility diseases like endometriosis and NK in specific infertility disease. Objective: Presently, there are studies to formulate and develop immunosuppressive drugs in order to suppress or inhibit the process of immune rejection caused by maternal immune cells. In addition, there have been reports regarding the use of steroids for the treatment of miscarriage that can inhibit the activity of most immune cells. Conclusion: This review is to give a comprehensive mini-review on the role of immune cells, especially mast cells and NK cells in developing novel infertility treatment.

Genital herpes is one of the sexually transmitted diseases that is reported with a greater incidence of primary and secondary recurrence. In this study, olive leaf extract was used for its antiviral properties to treat the infection. The randomized‐clinical trials using such a therapeutic approach are required in this field.

Infertility is defined as inability to conceive pregnancy after one year or more of unprotected sex, among the women at the risk of conceiving pregnancy. In addition, to age-factor, it is known to be associated with pathological and genetic conditions that contribute to its early onset. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, fibroids and blockade in fallopian tubes are certain common pathological causes of female infertility. Researches are focused to eradicate primary cause of infertility in order to achieve healthy fertile ground for fertilization. Depending on the cause, therapeutic options include, medicines (chemical, herbal and Chinese), hormonal stimulation, surgery, assistive reproductive technology and tissue engineering. To the extent of research, biotechnology has played significant role to answer the problem. This review discusses advancements in these therapeutic fields, in order to treat women-associated infertility.

Objectives Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder associated with pregnancy and is the leading cause of both maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Recent reports suggest that free radical-induced endothelial cell injury might be an etiologic factor in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. The aim of this study was to determine the protective effects of vitamins C and E for the prevention of preeclampsia. Methods This clinical trial was conducted in the year 2018 in the clinical centers of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences. One hundred and sixty nulliparous women aged 18–38 years without any risk factors for preeclampsia were divided into two groups. The first group received a 400-IU/day dose of vitamin E orally and a 1000-mg/day dose of vitamin C with iron tablets during 20–24 weeks of pregnancy, while the control group received only iron tablets. Finally, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and frequency distribution tables. Results The incidence of preeclampsia in the control group was 17.5% and in the intervention group was 5%, which was significantly different. The mean systolic pressures before and after intervention were 99.43 ± 7.8 and 12.44 ± 19.1, respectively, in the control group, and 99.3 ± 8.3 and 106.12 ± 13.25, respectively, in the intervention group (P Conclusion The results of this study show that vitamins C and E have protective effects against preeclampsia by alleviating the overall blood pressure.

Stem cells are a population of undifferentiated cells that originated from embryonic and fetal stages of development. Stem cells possess the potency to produce cells that ultimately form different tissues and organs. They are considered as potential alternative novel therapeutic agents for patients suffering from infertility due to their unlimited source and high differentiation potency. There are several studies that have shown that different types of stem cells (mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic, endometrial, and ovarian stem cells) can be differentiated into both spermatozoa and oocytes in vitro, proving their potential clinical use in management and cure of infertility issues. Furthermore, mouse model studies have shown that ovarian stem cells, when cultured in vitro, can differentiate into a mature oocyte; however, there are still a lot of debates and complications attached to this concept. In addition, this is yet to be established using human ovarian stem cells, but, if established, would be a novel fertility preservation and treatment technique for women with infertility-related complications. This review gives comprehensive details of the available clinical application of stem cells in infertility treatment.

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the ability to differentiate into several cell lineages and self-renew. Through a spontaneous process, ESCs can differentiate into germ cells of various stages, partly due to their self-renewal ability and their microenvironment culture. Human and mouse ESC differentiation into putative primordial germ cells (PGCs) has been demonstrated by several studies; in fact, derivation of functional mouse male gametes has also been reported. However, the exact underlying mechanisms are yet to be understood properly, and as such clinical applications of ESC-derived PGC remains controversial. Nonetheless, this technique can still serve as a potential treatment option for infertility. This review centers on the available reports on the possible application of ESC for infertility treatment.

Background and Objectives: The Quercus (oak) fruit and especially the internal layer of the fruit (jaft) is rich in tannin (polyphenolic compound) and due to its astringent effects on the smooth muscles, we decided to evaluate this effect of extract of Oak Gall for vaginal tightening and rejuvenation in women with vaginal relaxation. Methods: This double blind clinical trial was performed on women with vaginal relaxation at Asali Hospital in Khorramabad from May to October 2012 and was candidate for colporrhaphy due to different types of pelvic organ prolapse. Sampling method was done on nonprobability basis according to the number of patients referred to clinic. Using blocked random allocation method, the participants were divided into 4 groups of 30 patients (three intervention group and one control group) who were age-matched. Then, an extract of Oak Gall in specified concentrations (10 - 15 and 20 grams in 1.5%, 2% and 2.5% jells) were administered to each intervention group. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed with Chi-square, Pearson, Fisher’s exact test and ANOVA using SPSS software version 19. Results: A total of 120 patients entered into the study with mean age of 36 ± 5.4 years. The evaluation of mean scores showed that sense of sexual satisfaction and orgasm, sense of vaginal tightness during intercourse, sense of vaginal lubrication and loss of vaginal dryness was significantly improved in patients in intervention group. Also other parameters including urinary incontinence, sense of vaginal mass exit, lack of orgasm, sense of air outflow during intercourse, sense of calmness after sex and loss of libido were significantly reduced in the group of patients who received jell 2.5% compared to other groups (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Our findings show that using topical jell of Oak Gall not only is associated with contracting effects, but also improves vaginal lubrication and reduces its dryness. Regarding the lack of previous studies in this field and considering some limitations of this study, we suggest that Oak Gall to be used for management of women with vaginal relaxation.

Introduction. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of fetal sex on serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and testosterone in normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies. Materials and Methods. This is a cross-sectional study and 139 women with singleton pregnancies in the third trimester were studied. Seventy-one pregnancies were uncomplicated; among those were 35 male and 36 female fetuses. Sixty-eight pregnancies were complicated by preeclampsia; among those were 35 male and 33 female fetuses. Human chorionic gonadotropin and total testosterone were measured in maternal peripheral blood. Data analyzed by SPSS software. Results. In male-bearing pregnancies, maternal hCG and testosterone serum levels were significantly higher in preeclamptic than normotensive mothers ( 𝑃 < 0 . 0 0 1 and 𝑃 < 0 . 0 0 1 , resp.) in female-bearing pregnancies testosterone levels were significantly higher in preeclamptic than normotensive mothers ( 𝑃 < 0 . 0 0 1 ). Total testosterone levels were significantly higher in pregnancies with either gender and significantly higher in mlae-bearing than in female-bearing pregnancies. Conclusion. According to our results, there is a correlation between maternal serum hCG and testosterone levels and preeclampsia. Therefore these tests can be used as routine during 30–38 weeks of gestation. High maternal serum concentrations of these markers can predict preeclampsia.

Background: Preterm birth is the leading cause of neonatal mortality and a major public health concern. This study aimed to determine factors influencing preterm labor in women referring to hospitals in Khorramabad in 2009-10. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 524 mothers (262 subjects in each group) referring to hospitals in Khorramabad (west of Iran) in 2009-10, selected through consecutive sampling. A questionnaire was completed through interviews for each newborn after being examined. Collected data, were analyzed by using the logistic regression and odds ratios and a significant level of 5%. The logistic regression model sensitivity in detecting cases of preterm labor was 86%. Results: The frequency of preterm labor in mothers under 20 was 5.83 times higher than that in mothers in the age range of 20-35 (CI=2.99, 11.37, and P < 0.001). The odds ratios for preterm birth were highest for multiple pregnancies and preterm delivery in mothers with a history of obstetric complications as preterm delivery, low birth weight, stillbirth and abortion is seen more than that in other mothers. Conclusion: These findings will be useful for medical staff and public health workers in attempting to identification and management of risk factors and unfavorable social environment and provide early intervention to reduce the risk of preterm delivery.