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The purpose of this study was to analyse journalists’ routines and decision-making in gathering and publishing death-related visuals. Empirical data were collected by analysing visuals published in two cases: the death of a teen, and a person who had a mental illness. We conducted eight in-depth interviews with people involved in publishing the visuals. The data showed no guidelines in the newsroom of how journalists should act when covering sensitive topics. Although producing or publishing the visuals depended on various beliefs and professional norms of people involved, the reporter as the last link in the chain had to take responsibility for the visuals. Yet, reporters usually did not get to choose how the visuals were produced. The lack of instructions and internal agreements led to relying on routines that did not consider the ethical aspects of covering sensitive topics.

This article investigates how service companies might engage frontline employees in transforming a market vision into a new service routine. This is a major challenge given the separation between t...

This study aims to propose a model to study organizational routines as a generative system based on time and innovation. Routines are intrinsically related to resources orchestration processes, learning, know-how accumulation and organizational expertise. Over time, combined with innovations, in-process, or via technological artifacts, routines may contribute to diversifying the portfolio of outputs able to add value to a company result. The study follows a qualitative approach, with an applied nature, and was made through multiple case studies. Data collection was through semi-structured interviews and was beaconed by protocol subject to peers validation. The main contribution is the model which is proposed to understand routines as a generative system able to diversify the outputs or organizational actions enhancing the results arisen from innovations. Results have confirmed the relation between routines and resources orchestrations process, incorporation and development of innovations, and organizational learning. RESUMO Este artigo visa propor um modelo para estudar rotinas organizacionais como sistemas generativos com base no tempo e na inovação. As rotinas estão intrinsecamente relacionadas ao processo de orquestração de recursos, aprendizagem e acúmulo de know-how e expertise organizacionais. Ao longo do tempo, combinadas com inovações em processo ou via artefatos tecnológicos, rotinas podem contribuir para diversificar o portfólio de outputs capazes de adicionar valor ao resultado de uma empresa. A pesquisa parte de uma abordagem qualitativa, natureza aplicada e foi realizada por meio de estudo de casos múltiplos. A coleta de dados deu-se por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e foi balizada por protocolo sujeito à validação de face. A principal contribuição consiste no modelo proposto para compreender as rotinas como um sistema generativo capaz de diversificar os outputs da ação organizacional potencializando os resultados advindos de inovações. Os resultados confirmam a relação das rotinas com o processo de orquestração de recursos, incorporação e desenvolvimento de inovações e aprendizagem organizacional.

Adoption of certain behavioral and social routines that organize and structure the home environment may help families navigate the challenges presented by the COVID-19 pandemic. The current cross-sectional study aimed to assess family routines prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic and examine associations with individual and family well-being. Using a national sample, 300 caregivers of children ages 6-18 were surveyed using Amazon Mechanical Turk platform during the first three months of COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Caregivers reported on family demographics, COVID-19-related stress, engagement in family routines (prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic), stress mindset, self-efficacy, and family resiliency. Overall, families reported engaging in fewer routines during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to prior to the pandemic. COVID-19-related stress was highest in low-income families, families of healthcare workers, and among caregivers who had experienced the COVID-19 virus. Moreover, COVID-19-related stress was negatively related to self-efficacy, positively related to an enhancing stress mindset, and negatively related to family resilience. Engagement in family routines buffered relations between COVID-19-related stress and family resilience, such that COVID-19-related stress was not associated with lower family resilience among families that engaged in high levels of family routines. Results suggest that family routines were challenging to maintain in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, but were associated with better individual and family well-being during this period of acute health, economic, and social stress., Highlights Families reported engaging in fewer routines during the COVID-19 pandemic, when compared to prior to the pandemic.Families reported significant reductions in child bedtime routines and screen time limitations during the COVID-19 pandemic, when compared to prior to the pandemic.Engagement in family routines buffered the impact of stress on family resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study aims to identify the role of routines in the technological learning of the interaction between the Federal University of Santa Catarina and Petrobras. A field research was carried out, through interviews with researchers and director from UFSC and managers from PETROBRAS. The data were transmitted through a content analysis, based on categories linked to the roles of the routines. The creation of routines such as team composition, task division by specialty, periodic group meetings and meetings with the company led to the generation of learning by searching and by interacting, both at the University and in the company.

Efforts to involve consumers in the transition towards sustainable diets often presume a degree of reflexivity on the concepts of health and sustainability in the minds of consumers ‘doing healthy and sustainable food’. Departing from the hypothesis that people with type 2 diabetes have been confronted with a physical health issue which has spurred some reflexivity around food consumption, we study how this reflexivity subsequently relates to sustainability in food practices, through the process of de- and reroutinization of mundane food practices. We take a practice-theoretical approach to compare and contrast reflexivity and performance in food practices, combining in-depth interviews with observations during food shopping and cooking. Our findings illustrate a diversity in the extent to which food practices are disrupted after being diagnosed with diabetes. We conclude that reflexivity is not necessarily inspired only by being diagnosed with a major health issue, but that there are more factors determining whether or not lifestyle changes actually take place, such as experiencing bodily discomforts and broader societal attention to lifestyle change. In terms of sustainability, positive environmental effects could be identified ‘piggybacking’ onto changes in practices that were performed towards a healthier diet, such as diversifying protein intake and eating less processed foods.

PurposeThe purpose of this study had two aims: (1) to extend insight regarding the challenges of implementing standardised work, via care pathways, in a healthcare setting by considering interactions with other operational (i.e. resource sharing, portfolio alignment) and professional (i.e. autonomous expertise) dependencies and (2) to develop novel insights regarding a specific flow mechanism, the stroke nurse practitioner, a form of flow “pilo” or guide.Design/methodology/approachThis was a longitudinal case study of implementing the acute stroke care pathway in a National Health Service hospital in England based on 185 hours of non-participant observations and 68 semi-structured interviews. Archival documents were also analysed.FindingsThe combined flow, operational and professional dependency lens extends operations management understanding of the challenge of implementing standardised work in healthcare. One observed practice, the process pilot role, may be particularly valuable in dealing with these dependencies but it requires specific design and continuous support, for which the authors provide some initial guidance.Research limitations/implicationsThe research was a single case study and was focussed on a single care pathway. The findings require replication and extension but offer a novel set of insights into the implications of standardised work in healthcare.Originality/valueIn addition to confirming that a multidependency lens adds conceptual and practical insight to the challenges of implementing standardised work in a healthcare setting, the findings and recommendations regarding flow “pilots” are novel. The authors' analysis of this role reveals new insights regarding the need for continued improvisation in standardised work.

As digital technologies such as cloud and edge computing, machine learning, advanced artificial intelligence (AI), and the internet of things (IoT) unfold, traditional industries such as telecoms, media, entertainment, and financial services are being reconfigured and new sectors are emerging. In this new competitive landscape we observe new organizational forms and new business models, including the emergence of platforms and multi-sided markets. This emergence has required a strategic response from incumbent firms, including both well-established firms and some first-generation digital enterprises. With these advances in digital technology, the very nature of strategy is changing. Fundamentally, the use of digital technologies may provide new opportunities for efficiency gains, customer intimacy, and innovation. However, without the right mindset for change, appropriate digital routines, and structural changes, digital transformation efforts will fail. We therefore present a framework for strategizing in this new digital competitive landscape that underscores the importance of the interplay between (1) the cognitive barriers faced by managers when trying to understand this new digital world and envision new digital business models, (2) a need to reconfigure and extend digital routines, and (3) new organizational forms that are better equipped to creating value and gaining competitive advantage. From this framework of essential pillars, we derive four journeys of digital transformation for companies that were formed in the pre-digital economy. We also describe the management roles required by top, middle, and frontline managers, depending on whether the digital migration is evolutionary or transformative and whether the firm is responding to or attempting to shape the ecosystem. Although digital transformation is technically all about technology, the more important issue is how companies make their way through this strange new digital world in which they find themselves. Ultimately digital transformation is as much about strategizing as it is about technology.

Business process management organizes work into several interrelated "units of work", fundamentally conceptualized as a task. The classical concept of a task as a single step executed by a single actor in a single case fails to capture more complex aspects of work that occur in real-life processes. For instance, actors working together or the processing of work in batches, where multiple actors and/or cases meet for a number of steps. Established process mining and modeling techniques lack concepts for dealing with these more complex manifestations of work. We leverage event graphs as a data structure to model behavior along the actor and the case perspective in an integrated model, revealing a variety of fundamentally different types of task executions. We contribute a novel taxonomy and interpretation of these task execution patterns as well as techniques for detecting these in event graphs, complementing recent research in identifying patterns of work and their changes in routine dynamics. Our evaluation on two real-life event logs shows that these non-classical task execution patterns not only exist, but make up for the larger share of events in a process and reveal changes in how actors do their work., Extended report underlying the paper "Classifying and Detecting Task Executions and Routines in Processes using Event Graphs" accepted at the Forum of the 19th International Conference on Business Process Management. 2021

Background Overall outcomes of pediatric rheumatic diseases (RD) have improved due to treatment with biologic agents and methotrexate. For many children, this treatment often entails regular needle injections. Pain and fear of needle injections are common in childhood, but how children and parents handle long-term needle injections at home has not been fully explored. This study aimed to explore how regular needle injections affect children with RD and their parents in their daily living. Methods This explorative qualitative study used individual interviews and focus groups to ensure a comprehensive investigation of the topic. Children aged 6 to 16 years (n = 7) and their parents (n = 8) were interviewed individually 4 to 6 months after the onset of needle injection treatment. The focus groups included children aged 11 to 17 years (n = 9) and parents (n = 8) with a minimum of 6 months of experience with injection treatment. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results The main themes; “challenges,” “motivational factors,” and “routines” captured experiences and strategies that influenced the continuation of needle injections at home. Many children feared the moment immediately before the needle stick, although they had become accustomed to the pain. Most parents felt insecure about handling needle injections and lacked follow-up from healthcare providers. The children’s experience of treatment effects and self-confidence were essential to maintain motivation for further injections. A number of coping strategies helped children focus away from injection related discomfort, often discovered by chance. Facilitating firm routines and shared responsibility within families helped children develop self-confidence during the procedure. Children and parents struggled to find suitable information on the Internet. Conclusions Children and parents experienced long-term needle injections challenging. They used their own limited resources and cooperated within the families to create routines and to introduce coping strategies necessary to manage and keep up with the procedure. Although the injection itself was not experienced very painful, the discomfort, worries and impact on daily life represented far more than a little needle stick, and thus needs more attention from healthcare providers.

When people come together as part of a community, oriented towards a collective activity, over an extended period of time, they develop and maintain different routines for the way they are organized, delegate, and carry out their activities. These routines involve a mixture of artifacts and technologies, and are shaped by key common dimensions such as how regulated an activity is, or whether it must follow a particular order. The routines also becomes inherited by new members of the community who use and develop them in their activity. We propose that similar routines, taking place across different communities, with their technologies and dimensions can be expressed and understood as a pattern. We present four patterns as examples that highlight the ways in which communities carry out routines related to organizing and engaging in their joint activity and discuss how such ways of addressing patterns may support the design of new community technologies.

BOOST; International audience; Despite recent calls for processual analysis of routines creation, little work has been done to investigate the entrepreneurial mechanisms that explain the creation and adoption of new routines. This paper provides a processual contribution to the study of organizational routines by proposing a model for routine creation, based on an analysis of collective entrepreneurial actions. Using an entrepreneurial bricolage lens, we show how agents, during the creation of new routines, develop mechanisms to adapt firm processes, enact external constraints and validate novel practices. Our analysis is based on a three-year collaborative study in a French biotechnology firm. We develop a processual model of routine creation comprising three phases: scanning, performing and adopting. The model provides new insights into the interplay between artefacts and entrepreneurial actions in the creation of new routines.

Professionals from 10 countries are implementing practices from the Routines-Based Model, which has three main components: needs assessment and intervention planning, a consultative approach, and a method for running classrooms. Its hallmark practices are the Routines-Based Interview, support-based visits with families, and a focus on child engagement. Implementers were interested in actual practices for putting philosophy and theory into action in their systems and cultures. We describe implementation challenges and successes and conclude that (a) models have to be adaptable, (b) some principles and practices are indeed universal, (c) we can shape excellent practices for international use, and (d) leadership is vital.

Background One of the main objectives of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) is to enhance collaboration among healthcare professionals. However, our knowledge of how EHRs actually affect collaborative practices is limited. This study examines how an EHR facilitates and constrains collaboration in five outpatient clinics. Methods We conducted an embedded case study at five outpatient clinics of a Dutch hospital that had implemented an organization-wide EHR. Data were collected through interviews with representatives of medical specialties, administration, nursing, and management. Documents were analyzed to contextualize these data. We examined the following collaborative affordances of EHRs: (1) portability, (2) co-located access, (3) shared overviews, (4) mutual awareness, (5) messaging, and (6) orchestrating. Results Our findings demonstrate how an EHR will both facilitate and constrain collaboration among specialties and disciplines. Affordances that were inscribed in the system for collaboration purposes were not fully actualized in the hospital because: (a) The EHR helps health professionals coordinate patient care on an informed basis at any time and in any place but only allows asynchronous patient record use. (b) The comprehensive patient file affords joint clinical decision-making based on shared data, but specialty- and discipline-specific user-interfaces constrain mutual understanding of that data. Moreover, not all relevant information can be easily shared across specialties and outside the hospital. (c) The reduced necessity for face-to-face communication saves time but is experienced as hindering collective responsibility for a smooth workflow. (d) The EHR affords registration at the source and registration of activities through orders, but the heightened administrative burden for physicians and the strict authorization rules on inputting data constrain the flexible, multidisciplinary collaboration. (e) While the EHR affords a complete overview, information overload occurs due to the parallel generation of individually owned notes and the high frequency of asynchronous communication through messages of varying clinical priority. Conclusions For the optimal actualization of EHRs’ collaborative affordances in hospitals, coordinated use of these affordances by health professionals is a prerequisite. Such coordinated use requires organizational, technical, and behavioral adaptations. Suggestions for hospital-wide policies to enhance trust in both the EHR and in its coordinated use for effective collaboration are offered.

Time and again, many organizations and their staff members must respond to unexpected catastrophes like hurricanes (e.g., Katrina), virus pandemics (e.g., COVID-19), or other major emergencies. As a result, some organizations allow their employees to respond to external emergencies by engaging in response actions for a limited time, like in the case of emergency response teams. The latter teams consist of employees that act as emergency response officers who can respond to floods, train crashes, or other emergencies. Emergency response teams constitute an example of so-called latent organizing (LO) in the preparation for and response to any (unpredictable) future emergency. While latent organizing is ubiquitous in a societal and professional sense, it has hardly been studied in the organization design literature. In this paper, we develop a research agenda for studying LO. LO serves to prepare for and respond to emergencies, but otherwise remains largely dormant and inactive. When it is inactive, host organizations use the LO’s human and other resources for their own gainful purposes. Resources for LO are thus organized in a quasi-permanent fashion, one that is rather latent until activated by an emergency. We further develop the construct of latency to explore how effective LO can be designed and facilitated. In addition, we develop a research agenda for future work in this area.

The purpose of this paper is to explain the role that routines play in achieving sustainable organisational ambidexterity in information technology (IT) firms. Our exploratory analysis of four case studies reveals the key importance of routines in setting the context for sustainable ambidexterity. Companies build up contextual ambidexterity through routines derived from normalization of processes, normalization of skills, and normalization of results. The findings of the study show that routines support IT professionals to decide whether to exploit or explore in each particular case. Firstly, the enabling character of explicit routines as a result of the normalisation of work processes and the freedom that IT professionals have when implementing them, allows IT professionals to balance exploitation and exploration. Secondly, companies build up contextual ambidexterity through normalisation of skills. Hence, IT professionals develop embedded implicit routines as a result of training. Thirdly, the findings of the study reveal how routines are settled through the normalisation of results that orientates performance towards satisfying customer demands, as well as supporting professionals in their efforts to balance between exploitation and exploration which is necessary to achieve sustainable ambidexterity in IT firms.

Family business succession is considered inherent to family businesses and represents a critical process that is generally characterised by resistance to change. This study aims to investigate the role of management accounting systems (MASs) in family business succession, in order to understand how changes in MASs during the succession across different family generations can help the succession process itself, facilitating the rise of the new leader, supporting changes, and reducing resistance to them. The research adopts a case study approach, focusing on organizational routines and their changes, at the same time taking into account the socioemotional wealth of the family firm. Evidence from the study shows the strategic role of MAS in managing the succession process, through the implementation of new routines and rules in helping the decision-making process and in achieving the firm’s leadership. Key words: Family business succession, management accounting changes, routines, socioemotional wealth.

A number of studies have analysed how multinational enterprises (MNEs) develop appropriate strategies for managing the institutionally different contexts of various markets. However, we still know rather little about how MNEs manage different institutional pressures when they operate in emerging markets. These markets have a higher level of uncertainty as their values and structures undergo change. This paper investigates the microfoundations and routines that can be part of developing a firm's capability to achieve a legitimate and environmentally sustainable position in emerging markets. We focus upon the microfoundations and routines for managing regulative, normative, and cultural–cognitive pressures. The paper utilizes an extensive qualitative case study approach. It reports a study at corporate and subsidiary levels of 3 Swedish MNEs in the in 4 markets: Brazil, Russia, India and China. The study identifies a set of routines for managing each of the 3 institutional forces and supporting microfoundations at individual, interactive, and structural levels. We are thus able to offer new insights on how the institutional context interacts with MNE strategies and identify more generic routines and microfoundations behind the capability for developing a sustainable market position. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

This paper employs a practice perspective to study and conceptualize supplier-switching processes in business relationships. It is based on case study research of a company in the international marine industry, which intended to switch one of its key suppliers for a new one as a result of cost-cutting strategies and dissatisfaction with the old supplier. The case study describes the process, which ended with the old supplier being only partially switched. The findings show how (partial) switching from one supplier to another happened via three key sub-processes and associated practices, which the involved actors in the case drew upon in the switching process: (1) initiation – a process enabled by legitimizing and search practices; (2) substitution – a process enabled by transfer, translation, and transformation practices; and (3a) stabilization – a process enabled by institutionalizing practices; and (3b) restoration – a process whereby the old supplier is retained as a result of new conditions, this retention being enabled by certain repair practices. By identifying the processes and practices that enable switching to happen, the findings offer an initial conceptualization of supplier-switching processes, which comprises an important and heretofore underexplored aspect of supplier switching. The research highlights the importance of recognizing how relationships embedded in interorganizational routines are produced and reproduced in the switching process through the actions and interactions of the actors involved., Highlights • Conceptualizing supplier-switching processes in business relationships. • A practice perspective. • Case study research. • Supplier-switching entails producing and reproducing interorganizational routines.

Background Nursing practice is a key driver of quality care and can influence newborn health outcomes where nurses are the primary care givers to this highly dependent group. However, in sub-Saharan Africa, nursing work environments are characterized by heavy workloads, insufficient staffing and regular medical emergencies, which compromise the ability of nurses to provide quality care. Task shifting has been promoted as one strategy for making efficient use of human resources and addressing these issues. Aims and objectives We aimed to understand the nature and practice of neonatal nursing in public hospitals in Nairobi so as to determine what prospect there might be for relieving pressure by shifting nurses’ work to others. Methods This paper is based on an 18-month qualitative study of three newborn units of three public hospitals—all located in Nairobi county—using an ethnographic approach. We draw upon a mix of 32 interviews, over 250 h’ observations, field notes and informal conversations. Data were collected from senior nursing experts in newborn nursing, neonatal nurse in-charges, neonatal nurses, nursing students and support staff. Results To cope with difficult work conditions characterized by resource challenges and competing priorities, nurses have developed a ritualized schedule and a form of ‘subconscious triage’. Informal, organic task shifting was already taking place whereby particular nursing tasks were delegated to students, mothers and support staff, often without any structured supervision. Despite this practice, nurses were agnostic about formal institutionalization of task shifting due to concerns around professional boundaries and the practicality of integrating a new cadre into an already stressed health system. Conclusion Our findings revealed a routine template of neonatal nursing work which nurses used to control unpredictability. We found that this model of nursing encouraged delegation of less technical tasks to subordinates, parents and other staff through the process of ‘subconscious triage’. The rich insights we gained from this organic form of task shifting can inform more formal task-shifting projects as they seek to identify tasks most easily delegated, and how best to support and work with busy nurses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12960-019-0352-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background The implementation of new medical interventions into routine care involves healthcare professionals adopting new clinical behaviours and changing existing ones. Whilst theory-based approaches can help understand healthcare professionals’ behaviours, such approaches often focus on a single behaviour and conceptualise its performance in terms of an underlying reflective process. Such approaches fail to consider the impact of non-reflective influences (e.g. habit and automaticity) and how the myriad of competing demands for their time may influence uptake. The current study aimed to apply a dual process theoretical approach to account for reflective and automatic determinants of healthcare professional behaviour while integrating a multiple behaviour approach to understanding the implementation and use of a new self-management tool by healthcare professionals in the context of diabetes care. Methods Following Diabetes UK’s national release of the ‘Information Prescription’ (DUK IP; a self-management tool targeting the management of cholesterol, blood pressure and HbA1c) in January 2015, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 13 healthcare professionals (general practitioners and nurses) who had started to use the DUK IP during consultations to provide self-management advice to people with type 2 diabetes. A theory-based topic guide included pre-specified constructs from a previously developed logic model. We elicited healthcare professionals’ views on reflective processes (outcome expectations, self-efficacy, intention, action and coping planning), automatic processes (habit), and multiple behaviour processes (goal priority, goal conflict and goal facilitation). All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim and all transcripts were independently double coded and analysed using content analysis. Results The majority of healthcare professionals interviewed reported strong intentions to use the DUK IP and having formed a habit of using them after a minimum of one month continuous use. Pop-up cues in the electronic patient records were perceived to facilitate the use of the tool. Factors that conflicted with the use of the DUK IP included existing pathways of providing self-management advice. Conclusion Data suggests that constructs from dual process and multiple behaviour approaches are useful to provide supplemental understanding of the implementation of new self-management tools such as the DUK IP and may help to advance behavioural approaches to implementation science. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12911-019-0744-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

In everyday life, eating follows patterns and occurs in context. We present an approach to discover daily eating routines of a population following a multidimensional representation of eating episodes, using data collected with the Bites'n'Bits smartphone app. Our approach integrates multiple contextual cues provided in-situ (food type, time, location, social context, concurrent activities, and motivations) with probabilistic topic models, which discover representative patterns across these contextual dimensions. We show that this approach, when applied on eating episode data for over 120 people and 1200 days, allows describing the main eating routines of the population in meaningful ways. This approach, resulting from a collaboration between ubiquitous computing and nutrition science, can support interdisciplinary work on contextual analytics for promotion of healthy eating.

PurposeOrganisations must build resilience to be able to deal with disruptions or non-routine events in their supply chains. While learning is implicit in definitions of supply chain resilience (SCRes), there is little understanding of how exactly organisations can adapt their routines to build resilience. The purpose of this study is to address this gap.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is an in-depth qualitative case study based on 28 interviews across five companies, exploring learning to build SCRes.FindingsThis study uncovers six learning mechanisms and their antecedents that foster SCRes. The learning mechanisms identified suggest that through knowledge creation within an organisation and knowledge transfer across the supply chain and broader network of stakeholders, operating routines are built and/or adapted both intentionally and unintentionally during three stages of a supply chain disruption: preparation, response and recovery.Practical implicationsThis study shows how the impact of a supply chain disruption may be reduced by intentional and unintentional learning in all three disruption phases. By being aware of the antecedents of unintentional learning, organisations can more consciously adapt routines. Furthermore, findings highlight the potential value of additional attention to knowledge transfer, particularly in relation to collaborative and vicarious learning across the supply chain and broader network of stakeholders not only in preparation for, but also in response to and recovery from disruptions.Originality/valueThis study contributes novel insights about how learning leads both directly and indirectly to the evolution of operating routines that help an organisation and its supply chains to deal with disruptions. Results detail six specific learning mechanisms for knowledge creation and knowledge transfer and their antecedents for building SCRes. In doing so, this study provides new fine-grained theoretical insights about how SCRes can be improved through all three phases of a disruption. Propositions are developed for theory development.

The possible transformations in the way journalistic contents are being produced, consumed and distributed is the motivation for our graduate degree research. This article has the following objectives: to present our description of a potent audience; to analyze how it has been involved in and what changes it has brought forth in the news production for two reference vehicles, after what has been called WEB 2.0. It also has the relevance of relying on the findings of the participant observation carried out in one of the most important daily newspapers in Barcelona, the lavanguardia.com, and in the diariodepernambuco.com, the online version of the Diario de Pernambuco, the oldest newspaper still in circulation in Latin America. Both newspapers are pioneers in this new reference vehicle-potent audience relationship.

Those researching organizational capabilities have largely accepted that the most fundamental operational capabilities form a hierarchy ranging from the lower-order dynamic functional to higher-order dynamic learning capabilities. Measurability has advantaged the first two types, resulting in numerous operationalized measurement scales. Yet at the strategic level, higher-order capabilities remain unmeasured, thus perpetuating issues of causal ambiguity. This paper responds by developing and presenting a measurement scale of dynamic learning capabilities (DLCs). Using multiple sources of data, we follow a five-step process to propose to measure and then validate a reliable scale consisting of three subscales. These subscales complement and thus extend the existing exploration and exploitation learning subscales. This predictive validity is further supported by relating all our subscales to perceived performance. Employing this dedicated new scale will enhance both the validity of studies on higher-order dynamic capabilities and the understanding of how firms create and use capabilities to drive performance.

The author explores the essence and content of the concept of «institute» in terms of the different approaches of contemporary institutional theory. The author shows the relationship of institutions with cultural, social, legal norms, norms of behavior, routines, and habits. The author offers his own original picture of the institutional architecture of the socio-economic system and proves subsequent research areas of institutional economics.

We investigate how resource orchestration influences performance within the ‘knowledge resource management’ approach by exploiting a novel database on the Italian Serie A top-professional football league spanning from the 1960–61 up to the 1991–92 season. We find that the acquisition of experience via newcomers has a U-shaped non-monotonic relationship with performance. Furthermore, we find that releasing co-specialized employees has a positive moderating role within the relationship between team experience and performance by suggesting that dismissing old routines positively influences the relationship between current routines and team's performance.

This paper examines the strategies and routines adopted by small and medium-sized suppliers to develop capabilities that enable them to engage in upgrading, despite a precarious relational and institutional context. To this end, we investigate the strategic behaviour of two Bangladeshi garment manufacturers. Both started out as small suppliers for multinational enterprises (MNEs) and have eventually grown into micro-multinationals. The firms are involved in ‘tacit promissory contracting’ with their buyers, a specific form of international outsourcing relationship. The study adopts a multiple case study design that involves interviews with managers/owners of the firms. The analysis yields two key findings. Both firms have devised strategies and taken coherent routines involving actions to develop skills and motivation needed to perform appropriate functional activities (i.e. pre-production, production and post-production) as they embarked on different stages of upgrading. Furthermore, firms have designed routines to internalise the challenges originating from their relationships with their buyers and the institutional environment at the time that had the potential to affect their upgrading goals. The paper contributes to IB studies by highlighting how suppliers, even in a precarious context, can control their own strategies and routines, so as to develop capabilities that allow them to gradually redress the power imbalance between themselves and their buyers.

International audience; This article aims to investigate how banks build their dynamic capabilities and deal with corollary rigidities in the era of digital open innovation. Our analysis of two in-depth case studies stresses the challenges that banks face in the era of digitalization. It indicates that banks are transforming themselves deeply in terms of organizational structure, internal processes and interactions, and individual competences; human resistance to change and core rigidities being the most challenging issues to solve. Our results show that people-centered managerial practices -rather than purely technology-centered ones- seem to be highly promising to develop dynamic capabilities within banks. To succeed in developing their innovative capabilities banks have to find the right balance between the external constraints due to the specificity of their activities and the desire and need to innovate in order to satisfy their interconnected clients. To achieve this delicate equilibrium and proceed to the appropriate structural and organizational changes, awareness and collective mindset from banks’ executive management appear certainly as one if not the first determining factor to succeed.

Purpose Analyzing how and what the local multi-utility AIMAG learned through the 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes, the purpose of this paper is to “normalize” the organizational learning (OL) triggered by disasters. Design/methodology/approach Seven managers who experienced the earthquakes were interviewed. The collected data are supplemented by archival materials. The analysis was conducted based on the 4I model (Crossan et al., 1999), using the qualitative data analysis tool “NVivo.” Findings The earthquakes audited AIMAG’s knowledge repositories, revealing its weakness and strength. When the earthquakes struck, individuals intuited the situations based on their previous experience, interpreting the need to respond to the interruptions and begin recovery immediately. The collective interpretation formed the basis for joint actions, which integrated the group learning at the organizational level. The effective cognition and behavior were instituted to the organization, and the new knowledge was absorbed into the organization’s knowledge repositories awaiting the next audit. Originality/value The concept of “learning through disasters” is advocated. By perceiving disasters as a series of interruptions that may have happened before and may re-occur, the learning is connected to organizations’ past and future through knowledge repositories. In addition, by analyzing data based on the multi-level OL model, the learning triggered by disasters was observed to occur throughout the organization at individual, group and organizational levels, in which routines played a critical linking role.

The paper justifies the necessity to transit towards the mobilization model "triple helix" (strategic partnership of science and education organizations, business and government, the public). Innovation as a product of entrepreneurship permeate the system of relations from top to bottom – from more efficient ways of doing home Ho households, and to design mechanisms of state regulation of the economy. However, at the theoretical level, the relationship remains poorly studied in-novations as a function of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship as social phenomenon in the system of institutional relations "business-authorities-society". Modern Russian economy has features of "dual enclave economy" with isolated more productive export-oriented resource sector. Innovative entrepreneurs do not become actors of change because of weak protection of property rights, manipulated state, weak sanctions for rent-seeking. The transition from innovative system "technology push" (fundamental knowledge on demand of state) towards innovation system "market pull" (innovations on demand of business) is complicated within Y-matrix of competitive institutional environment. It could turn out to be more effective to transit to the mobilization model "triple helix" (strategic partnership of science and education organizations, business and government, the public) in compliance with X-matrix of cooperative institutional environment of redistribution. This will allow to create the necessary mechanisms for the exchange of missing codified knowledge (for those who imitate innovations) and tacit knowledge (for pure innovators) in the cross-sectoral technological chains. The design of institutional change in compliance with real needs of participants of innovative processes requires formal analysis of the region economic development type through assessing its key spheres, revealing and modeling prevailing type of entrepreneurship as well as identifying the relationship between development type and entrepreneurship type within institutional environment.

Sleep problems are common for young children especially if they live in adverse home environments. Some studies investigate if young children may also be at a higher risk of sleep problems if they have a specific biological sensitivity to adversity. This paper addresses the research question, does the relations between children’s exposure to family adversities and their sleep problems differ depending on their autonomic nervous system’s sensitivity to challenges? As part of a larger cohort study of Latino, low-income families, we assessed the cross-sectional relations among family demographics (education, marital status), adversities (routines, major life events), and biological sensitivity as measured by autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity associated with parent-rated sleep problems when the children were five years old. Mothers were interviewed in English or Spanish and completed demographic, family, and child measures. The children completed a 15-minute standardized protocol while continuous cardiac measures of the ANS (respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), preejection period (PEP)) were collected during resting and four challenge conditions. Reactivity was defined as the mean of the responses to the four challenge conditions minus the first resting condition. Four ANS profiles, coactivation, coinhibition, reciprocal low RSA and PEP reactivity, and reciprocal high RSA and PEP reactivity, were created by dichotomizing the reactivity scores as high or low reactivity. Logistic regression models showed there were significant main effects for children living in families with fewer daily routines having more sleep problems than for children living in families with daily routines. There were significant interactions for children with low PEP reactivity and for children with the reciprocal, low reactivity profiles who experienced major family life events in predicting children’s sleep problems. Children who had a reciprocal, low reactivity ANS profile had more sleep problems if they also experienced major life events than children who experienced fewer major life events. These findings suggest that children who experience family adversities have different risks for developing sleep problems depending on their biological sensitivity. Interventions are needed for young Latino children that support family routines and reduce the impact of family adversities to help them develop healthy sleep practices.

The author conducted a literature review pertaining to the use of organizational routines, organizational learning, and organizational diversity in an attempt to concisely depict the intersection of these research topics and further expand on these topics’ impact on increasing diversity within higher education institutions (HEIs). A summary of organizational routines defines organizational routines, demonstrates how routines are used within HEIs, and describes how HEIs modify their routines over time in an attempt to improve outcomes. Subsequently, a summary of organizational learning presents an overview of how HEIs learn from their current and past actions, defines single and double loop learning, and elaborates on barriers to learning that may, in fact, stem from attributes of chosen learning techniques. Finally, a summary of organizational diversity elaborates on the myriad of characteristics that should be included within the term “diversity,” describes the dearth of research findings regarding diversity that do not fall within visually noticeable diversity (e.g., skin color, gender), and presents the benefits to productivity that stem from having increased diversity within a HEI. After presenting summaries of the existing literature, the author concludes the review by presenting a list of practical implementations designed to assist HEIs in using routines as a means of improving diversity within HEIs.

The purpose of this paper is to offer an operationalization of an aggregate construct and a decisive contribution to building a dynamic capabilities theory with marketing implications. The authors investigate the influence of dynamic capabilities, specifically routine creation through embedding learning and knowledge, on marketing capabilities and performance in Portugal. The authors examine the direct relationship between dynamic capabilities and marketing capabilities, which is indirectly linked to performance depending on the effectiveness of the resulting new resource configuration.,The authors used four construct dimensions: knowledge creation routines, knowledge transfer processes, marketing capabilities, and firm performance. The study was based on an inter-industry random sample of firms selected from a commercial list. During a nine-month period the authors gathered data from a questionnaire delivered in hand to participating firms and collected through in-depth personal interviews. It was filled out by directors of Portuguese firms who agreed to participate in this study.,Second, the effect of dynamic capabilities on performance can be considered to be substantially indirect. However, the results also show a direct link between knowledge transfer and performance.,Second, the analysis of marketing capabilities from different layers, from strategic to more operational aspects.,Este artigo propoe a operacionalizacao de um construto agregado e oferece um contributo significativo para a definicao de uma teoria de capacidades dinâmicas com implicacoes ao nivel do marketing. Investigou-se a influencia das capacidades dinâmicas, especialmente a criacao de rotinas atraves da implementacao de aprendizagem e de conhecimento, nas capacidades de marketing e no desempenho empresarial, em Portugal. Testou-se a relacao direta entre capacidades dinâmicas e capacidades de marketing, que esta indirectamente ligada ao desempenho empresarial, dependendo da eficacia da configuracao de novos recursos resultante.,Utilizaram-se quatro dimensoes: rotinas de criacao de conhecimento, processos de transferencia de conhecimento, capacidades de marketing, e desempenho empresarial. Este estudo baseou-se numa amostra aleatoria inter-industrial de empresas selecionadas a partir de um cadastro comercial. Durante um periodo de nove meses, recolheram-se dados a partir de um questionario entregue em mao as empresas participantes a partir de um processo de coleta efetuado com base em entrevistas pessoais extensivas a diretores de empresas portuguesas que concordaram em participar neste estudo.,Em segundo lugar, verificou-se que o efeito das capacidades dinâmicas no desempenho empresarial e essencialmente indirecto. Ao mesmo tempo, os resultados demostram tambem uma relacao directa entre a transferencia de conhecimento e o desempenho empresarial.,Segundo, a analise das capacidades de marketing a diferentes niveis, dos mais estrategicos aos mais operacionais.

We live in a world of inexorable change, where the network of economic, political and social processes that form the social and economic system is continually being redesigned. Not only do the cultural bases of the individuals and the cultures of the organizations change, but the organizations also evolve through modification and innovation of their structures, processes and output, in the attempt to loosen the old restraints while setting new objectives and rewriting the programmes for their achievement. Innovating for change represents the natural approach for dealing with such a dynamic environment made of individuals, social systems and organizations.This paper addresses the endogenous underpinnings of innovation, studying organizational routines as they account for a large share of organizational work and as such provide a relevant source for stability and change.Major stream of literature, while applying a practice perspective, focus on the internal dynamic of one organizational routine. It is argued that routines are conceived as constituted of an ostensive and a performativedimension whose mutual constitutive influence is a source of stability andchange, giving rise to variation (innovation from the inner part) or selective retention of the organizational routine. This paper aims to extend the available existing theory, embracing a typical systemic approach, and proposes that innovation involves accounts for stability and change of an organization, as made of more than the sum of the single organizational internal dynamics of routines.Particularly, the paper develops the idea of systems of organizational interconnected routines in order to explore how the participation of the same actor and/or action in the iteration of more than one organizational routine determines an interconnection, and dynamisms, among the respective organizational routines. The provided analysis reveals that actors inside organizations engage in continuous performance (action) and interpretation of actions. We discuss the propagation of an internal dynamic generated in one organizational routine into the iteration of another, interconnected organizational routine. The results highlight the importance of understanding the interconnection of organizational routines for studying and explaining endogenous sources of innovation in organizations. Overall the paper not only intends to create awareness for the explanatory potential involved in the idea of extending the theory of organizational routines from focusing on one organizational routine to considering whole systems of interconnected organizational routines and particularly the dynamics therein, but also to generate novelty in the field of innovation and change management.

The applied cultural analysis work presented in this article was conducted with independent professionals who work in a flexible time-space format – known as telework – for the entertainment, new media, and arts sector in the Los Angeles area. Most participants are associates of the production and post-production boutique “Studio Can” as well as the curatorial new media and arts nonprofit organization “PalMarte.” When working in a flexible time-space format, boundaries between leisure/family life and work at home, or personal and public realms, tend to become blurred. This blurred context involves a web of cultural complexity that exists behind the materialization of boundaries. Through empirical material, this article examines rhythms and mechanisms between flexibility and stability, unveiling a viscous consistency of everyday life. This work helps to better understand the relation between leisure/family life and work at home, as well as stability and change, to rethink these realms and how they relate to each other but also how they transform one another. Although culturally different, these realms are bridged through the material culture that surrounds them. As conveyors, objects (such as a heating pad) and activities culturally transport participants between realms. Research methods combined time-diaries, interviews, observation, visual ethnography, and autoethnography. While applying academic knowledge into a non-academic setting to rethink realms and how they relate and transform each other in a bridged relationship, this work is also an invitation to rethink the relationship between the realms of academia and non-academia.

Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 17 (6), ISSN:1617-4909, ISSN:1617-4917, ISSN:0949-2054

Functional products (FPs) comprises of integrated hardware, software, and a service support system components that are bundled together to offer higher customer value and possibility to generate revenue. However, offering FPs requires forming and managing win-win collaboration with diverse global value-chain organizations. Based on twenty explorative interviews at two Swedish manufacturing companies, we specifically focus on the collaboration between FP provider and its value-chain delivery organizations. Our result shows that such collaborations can lead to win-lose or lose-win situations. Furthermore, we identify six diverse relational challenges which could negatively influence the collaboration between FP providers and their value-chain delivery organizations.

Objective To examine, in a population-based cohort of three-year-old children, the association between self-regulation and exposure to the household routines of regular bedtime, regular mealtime, and limits on watching television/video; and to determine whether self-regulation and these routines predict the risk of obesity at age 11. Methods Analyses included 10 955 children in the nationally-representative UK Millennium Cohort Study. When children were age 3, parents reported whether children had a regular bedtime and mealtime and the amount of television/video watched. Emotional and cognitive self-regulation at age 3 were assessed by parent-report with the Child Social Behaviour Questionnaire. Children’s height and weight were measured at age 11 and obesity was defined using the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria. Results At age 3, 41% of children always had a regular bedtime, 47% always had a regular mealtime, and 23% were limited to ≤1 hour television/video daily. At age 11, 6.2% of children were obese. All three household routines were significantly associated with better emotional self-regulation, but not better cognitive self-regulation. In a multi-variable logistic regression model including emotional and cognitive self-regulation, all routines, and controlling for sociodemographic covariates, a 1 unit difference in emotional self-regulation at age 3 was associated with an OR (95% CI) for obesity of 1.38 (1.11, 1.71) at age 11, and inconsistent bedtimes with an OR (95% CI) for obesity of 1.87 (1.39, 2.51) at age 11. There was no evidence that emotional self-regulation mediated the relationship between regular bedtimes and later obesity. Cognitive self-regulation was not associated with later obesity. Conclusions Three-year-old children who had regular bedtimes, mealtimes, and limits on their television/video time had better emotional self-regulation. Lack of a regular bedtime and poorer emotional self-regulation at age 3 were independent predictors of obesity at age 11.

There seems to be an inherent tension between wiki affordances—open boundaries, unconstrained editing, and transparency—and traditional knowledge management (KM) routines used in firms. The objective of this study is to investigate how users respond to these tensions during adoption of wiki technology at the workplace. The theoretical lens of sociomateriality highlights the manner in which routines and materiality (namely, technology) relate to one another, providing a useful conceptualization for our investigation. In particular, we adopt Leonardi’s theory of human and material imbrication, which stresses the importance of a worker’s past experiences with technology in determining his future adoption decisions. Extending Leonardi’s conceptualization, we suggest that out-of-work experiences are also influential. Namely, we argue that attitudes towards Wikipedia influence one’s response to wiki deployment in the workplace. Using an online survey containing four open-ended questions, we assessed the perceptions of employees towards wiki deployment. Results from our qualitative analysis of 1032 responses reveal five approaches users take in responding to the tensions between wiki affordances and existing KM routines, highlighting the effect of users’ dispositions towards Wikipedia. Our findings inform the sociomateriality literature and shed light on the challenges faced by organizations trying to adopt social media tools.

We provide a critique of the development in organisation studies of the idea of ‘unlearning’ as allegedly imported from the psychology literature by Hedberg and understood to mean the manageable discard of knowledge precedent to and aiding later learning. We re-review the psychology literature and in contrast to Hedberg, find that this definition of unlearning is not empirically warranted. We re-examine a selection of highly cited articles in the organisational literature that claim to have conducted empirical research into the Hedberg model of unlearning. We find none provide evidence of its existence. Typically, under the label ‘unlearning’ evidence is provided of a conventional process of theory-change, the setting aside (not deletion) of an established understanding in favour of new understanding when presented with perceived new facts. In all cases that we examine, clear alternative and less problematic concepts should provide a better conceptual framework for the research, such as learning, theory-change, discard of practice and extinction. It follows that the unlearning literature is not in fact the independent, scholarly and scientific literature that many of its adherents believe it to be. We recommend that for concepts allegedly imported from other disciplines more frequent commissioning of cross-disciplinary reviews may encourage the critical works so obviously lacking in the unlearning literature.

Citizens develop routine spatial enunciations through which they “domesticate” both the intensity of transition and the extension of distance implied by moving across a city and smooth out the frontiers between environments of belonging (e.g. home) and environments of non-belonging (e.g. the streets). Yet urban “accidents” constantly threaten the impermeability of such routine spatial enunciations. Beggars represent, from the point of view of citizens, an instance of such urban “accidents”. The primary goal of urban beggars is to intercept the routine spatial enunciations of citizens, stop them, and convince them to donate part of their money. In order to achieve these goals, beggars develop a series of micro-strategies that can be analyzed as both semiotic practices and urban performances. At the same time, citizens constantly reabsorb these micro-strategies in their routine spatial enunciations, pushing beggars to the elaboration of new strategies, and so on and so forth, in a continuous struggle betwee...