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Business model innovation faces multiple tests of legitimacy. Most extant research in this area has been conducted from institutional and strategic perspectives while paying insufficient attention to the perspective of evaluators. Based on the institutionalization of China's online car-hailing industry from 2012 to 2018, this paper analyzes the legitimacy judgment of the stakeholders from the perspective of evaluator categorization and explores the legitimation mechanism of business model innovation. It finds that evaluators judge the legitimacy of business models based on category cognition. Therefore, to achieve the bridging, spillover, and accumulation effects of legitimacy, the legitimation strategy of online car-hailing platforms should dynamically adapt to different evaluators, judgment models, and categorization standards. Ultimately, as quantitative changes lead to qualitative changes, the legitimation of innovative business models is achieved in this way. In this process, stakeholders categorize and evaluate online car-hailing based on prototypes and value goals, and establish a two-way interactive mechanism, which is from behavior guided by cognition to cognition given feedback by behavior. This paper combines the legitimacy judgment with category theory to explain how individual cognition drives the emergence of new categories and identifies a series of legitimacy strategies based on categorization, thus providing theoretical support and practical inspiration for exploring the legitimation of business model innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing electric vehicle (EV) energy storage technology is a strategic position from which the automotive industry can achieve low-carbon growth, thereby promoting the green transformation of the energy industry in China. This paper will reveal the opportunities, challenges, and strategies in relation to developing EV energy storage. First, this paper clarifies the strategic value and potential of developing EV energy storage under the carbon neutrality goal. Second, this paper demonstrates strategic opportunities and challenges during the development. Third, this paper proposes methods for creating a good market environment and business models. Finally, this paper suggests that relevant policies and regulations should be formulated and charts the course of technology development. The results show that EV energy storage technology has potential in terms of technology, the scale of development, and the user economy. The proposal of the carbon neutrality goal, the increasing market share of EVs, lower-cost and higher-efficiency batteries, etc., have all further accelerated the development of EV energy storage. The EV energy storage field should focus on developing battery technology, make advancements toward delivering longer cycle lives and improving the safety and availability of battery materials, and ramp up the R&D efforts with respect to developing vehicle-to-grid (V2G) management technologies. Simultaneously, it is necessary to create a business ecosystem centered on V2G operating platforms, constituting a process to which various players can contribute and achieve mutually beneficial results. It is also essential to formulate top-level strategic plans across industries and organizations, develop an electricity-trading mechanism as soon as possible, and promote the implementation of technical standards related to EV energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) is an important potential technical way for coal power plants to achieve near-zero carbon emissions with the current energy structure in China being dominated by coal. However, CCUS is still at the early demonstration stage, and there are many uncertainties in the business model and policy incentives that the traditional method can no longer handle. At the same time, few studies have analyzed these issues. Taking coal-fired power plants as the research object, we adopt the system dynamics method (SD) to compare the economic feasibility, stability, and CO2 emission reduction effect of the CCUS in the vertical integration model and the CCUS operator model. Furthermore, this paper also studies the effect of different incentive policies on CCUS. Results show the following: (1) Both models are economically viable. From the stability perspective, the CCUS operator model is superior to the vertical integration model. (2) In terms of the effect of individual policies, the government's preference for subsidies to the coal-fired power plant can significantly reduce CO2 emissions. Increasing the additional government subsidy and carbon tax can accelerate the CCUS system into a relatively stable state, but beyond a certain range, the marginal CO2 capture rate, marginal CO2 emission reduction rate, and marginal profit rate of each department will be significantly reduced. The storage enterprise highly depends on the government subsidy. Low government subsidy allocation, low additional government subsidy, and a low carbon tax will lead to continuous negative profits for the storage enterprise, making the CCUS system unsustainable. (3) The impact of combination policies on CCUS is not simply the sum of the effects of individual policies. Each policy has a counteracting or reinforcing effect on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the promotion of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals and the construction of renewable-dominated electric power systems, renewable energy will become the main power source of power systems in China. How to ensure the accommodation of renewable energy will also be the core issue in the future development process of renewable-dominated electric power systems. In this context, shared energy storage (SES), a novel business model combined with energy storage technologies and the sharing economy, has the potential to play an important role in renewable energy accommodation scenarios. This paper systematically organizes the application prospect, development status and key technologies of SES in the renewable energy accommodation scenario in the context of China, providing helpful references for the promotion of the business model. Firstly, a typical SES framework for renewable energy accommodation is described, and three basic forms of SES in this scenario are presented. Moreover, the application prospect of SES in the renewable energy accommodation scenario is quantitatively analyzed based on the renewable energy generation planning under the carbon peaking goal and the current guarantee mechanism of renewable energy accommodation. Furthermore, the rules for energy storage systems that provide the peak-regulation ancillary service in typical regions and provincial administrative regions in China are summarized, and the development status of SES in the renewable energy accommodation scenario is analyzed, combined with the actual market data. Finally, the key technologies to promote the further development of SES for renewable energy accommodation are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the deepening of electricity market reform in China, the competition in the electricity retail market becomes increasingly intense. Electricity retailers (ERs) need to explore new business models to enhance their competitiveness in the retail market. Meanwhile, with the improvement of industrial production and people's living standards, more and more nonlinear electrical equipment have been put into use, leading to severe harmonic pollution problems. Harmonic pollution causes loss of electricity, resulting in the economic loss of customers, especially for large industrial customers. In the above contexts, this paper proposes a novel business model that incorporates harmonic control as a value-added service into electricity retail contracts for utility-owned ERs. Both utility-owned ERs and customers can benefit from the designed business model. For customers, it helps them to improve the power quality while saving the electricity cost. For ERs, it helps them to cultivate the customer loyalty and improve the customer satisfaction. A case study is performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed business model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how to promote business model innovation through intraindustry search and extraindustry search with the assistance of fit dynamic capabilities (internal coordination capability and stakeholder engagement capability). Based on evolutional learning and business model literatures, six hypotheses are proposed and examined with data from 204 firms in China. The results show that intraindustry search has an inverted U-shaped effect on business model innovation, whereas extraindustry search has a positive effect. Internal coordination capability strengthens the effect of intraindustry search but weakens that of extraindustry search. Stakeholder engagement capability strengthens the effect of extraindustry search but weakens that of intraindustry search. Our findings enrich the business model literature by identifying different roles of intraindustry search and extraindustry search as the antecedents of business model innovation and their fitness with different types of dynamic capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports an interview-based study that considers market driving and market-driven activities within the disaggregated components of the business model. The empirical study is of IKEA in China over a 10 year period. Market orientation is considered as a position on a continuum rather than as binary positions. The components of the business model are developed from the Osterwalder and Pigneur structure. Over the study period, the balance between driven and driving orientations within components of the business model changed in multiple ways. This article's contribution is the illustration of disaggregating the market orientations of driven or driving activities and associating these with the particular components of the business model and so studying what happens to the driven-driving balance over time. The approach has wider applicability for attempts to understand the dynamics of international retailing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores Technology Business Incubators (TBIs) and their chosen Business Incubation Models. The business models of TBIs have been largely ignored or seen as explained through stratification classifications (e.g. university incubator, virtual incubator etc.). Taking a qualitative approach, five next generation TBIs clustered in the Zhongguancun region of Beijing, the 'Chinese Silicon Valley', are analyzed. Framed in the resource-based view this work contributes to the literature through the exploration of: (1) The strategies implemented by next generation TBIs in China (2) The business models of these incubators (3) The fit between each incubator's business model and their respective strategy. Ultimately this study disentangles how the varying availability of resources and incubatees' ability to absorb these resources guide incubator strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving green dynamic capability is an important business strategy to enhance enterprises' competitive advantage. This study proposes a theoretical framework that considers the business model and green production to analyze how green dynamic capability can be fostered by enterprises. In this study, 202 managers of Chinese construction enterprises were questionnaire surveyed, and partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to test hypotheses. Results show that: (a) the business model is positively related to green dynamic capability, so enterprises need to adjust business model to balance economic benefits and environmental responsibility; and (b) green production directly and indirectly affect green dynamic capability through a positive mediating role of the business model. This study extends the current literature on dynamic capability by investigating the relationship between the business model, green production, and green dynamic capability. This study also provides guidance for enterprises to enhance green dynamic capability and promote sustainable development. Highlights: This paper proposes a theoretical framework that takes into account business models and green production to analyze how to cultivate and enhance enterprises' green dynamic capability. Takes China as an example to empirically analyze the impact of business model and green production on the green dynamic capability of enterprises, and eventually lay a theoretical guidance for enterprises to achieve green development goals. Good business model is positively correlated with green dynamic capability. The higher the level of green production, the stronger the positive relationship between business model and green dynamic capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the traditional two-sided market theory and the characteristics of P2P lending platforms, this paper proposes a two-stage game model to analyse different business models, especially profit models of P2P lending platforms. With the purpose of showing the continuous operating condition and developing direction of P2P lending platforms under the financial environment in China, this paper takes China's new policies about P2P into consideration, takes account of impact of policy and finds the following results: 1) under the scenario in which P2P platform charges "subscription fee + transaction fee" or "subscription fee only", network externalities reduces the P2P platforms' profit when lenders are multihoming; 2) adopting the profit model of "subscription fee + transaction fee" makes a higher profit than the profit model of "subscription fee only"; 3) the prohibition in existing policies of P2P lending platforms on principal guaranteed model will protect the interests of lenders. Finally, this paper puts forward policy suggestions of the P2P lending platforms in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the '13th Five-Year Plan period' (2016-2020), one of the main targets for China's energy strategy is to develop a new generation of power system, integrating high shares of renewable energy sources. This implies that the technology industrialisation of microgrid powered by distributed generation of renewable energy is becoming crucial. This paper carries out a comprehensive study of the status and challenges of developing microgrid, based on case studies of demonstration projects of microgrid in China during different developmental stages. The focus is on the effects of government policies, technical innovations and changes in the business model of electricity market on the promotion of microgrid in China and the reformation of electricity market in China. The ultimate target for the reformation of power system in China is to finish the transformation from a linear business model of centralised power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic Poverty Alleviation (PVPA) projects, which utilize the subsidies and income from PV power to alleviate poverty in rural areas, are part of a comprehensive energy policy innovation in China. It is expected that the projects will deploy at least 10 GW PV and benefit more than two million poor households in total by 2020. To achieve this goal, specific supporting policies and novel business models are necessary. In the present paper, the current status and existing supporting policies are introduced to give an overview of PVPA projects. Then representative business models in PV projects are summarized and compared to provide a reference for PVPA projects. Obstacles, such as subsidy delays, insufficient infrastructure, low quality of PV equipment, and inflexible profit allocation mechanism may reduce the revenue from PV operation and increase the costs of PV deployment. Therefore, this paper also proposes corresponding recommendations for policy makers considering the existing challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tackling climate change crises needs intelligent manufacturing and effective business models. This paper uses the adaptive structuration theory (AST) and configuration perspective to investigate the effects of digital infrastructure, digital orientation, top management team heterogeneity, servitization, government support, and customer demand uncertainty on the business model of intelligent manufacturing enterprises in China. The fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was employed to analyze the data. The study found that there were five configurations of business model formation, which classified business models into five types: executive-led enhanced, digital leadership-enhanced, adaptive, extended, and complex business models. There was an intrinsic relationship between the five models with respect to the dimensions of digitalization and servitization. Further analysis revealed that executive-led, digital leadership-enhanced, and adaptive business models were positively associated with enterprise performance. The paper discusses the potential implications of these findings. • There are five formation pathways of the business model. • An interrelated relationship among the models regarding the digitalization and servitization • Business models influenced by digitization make enterprises more sensitive to climate change. • Enhanced and adaptive business models are associated with enterprise performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The success of sharing economy (SE) platforms has made it attractive for many firms to adopt this business model. However, the inherent weaknesses of these platforms, such as their unstandardized service quality, the burden of maintenance on resource owners and the threat of multi-homing, have become increasingly apparent. Previous prescriptions for addressing these weaknesses, however, are limited because they do not account for factors such as compliance costs and information asymmetry, and tend to solve the problem on only one side of the platform at the expense of the others. By exploring the strategies deployed and actions undertaken across the development of Xbed, a successful accommodation-sharing platform in China, this study aims to explore an alternative solution that would overcome the aforementioned weaknesses without the corresponding compromises. Design/methodology/approach: The authors conducted a case study consisting of secondary data and interviews with 15 informants who were representatives of Xbed's top management, organizational IT functions and its various business units. Findings: The authors identified three inherent weaknesses that may be found in SE business models and how these weaknesses can be overcome without compromising other stakeholders through an auxiliary platform. The authors also discuss the advantages, characteristics, deployment and nature of auxiliary platforms. Originality/value: This model contributes an in-depth view of establishing and nurturing auxiliary platforms to complement a primary SE platform. Owners and managers of SE platforms may use our model as the basis of guidelines for optimizing their platforms' development, thereby extending the benefits of SE to more stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The vertical integration model is the CCUS business model with the most development potential in china. • Different incentive policies will cause different changes in the CCUS system. • In all scenarios, the combination of extra electricity quota and carbon trading price has the greatest impact on the project's income, the simultaneous increase of electricity price subsidy and carbon tax has more technical advantages than other policy combinations, and also has the best performance in terms of emission reduction benefits. Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is currently the most potential cutting-edge emission reduction technology in China to achieve the vision of carbon neutrality. The industrialization of CCUS faces multiple challenges such as high cost, technical security and public acceptance, but the lack of mature business model and corresponding incentive policies is the main restrictive factor affecting the industrialization of CCUS technology. Therefore, exploring a feasible CCUS business model and formulating relevant incentive policies are of great significance for promoting the commercial deployment of CCUS and achieving the national carbon neutrality goal. Focusing on coal-fired power plants, this paper uses the system dynamics method to compare and analyze two different CCUS business models from the perspectives of economy, technical feasibility and emission reduction benefits, and evaluate the system operation effects under different incentive policy scenarios. The research results show that the vertical integration model is the most potential CCUS business model in China at present, and different incentive policies will cause different changes in the CCUS system. Based on the research conclusions, this paper puts forward suggestions such as formulating differentiated power generation quota subsidy policies and actively developing the carbon emission trading market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of the e-book publishing industry in China and its changing business models. As the conventional publishing industry has continued to contract, digitization is becoming increasingly popular. Although China is an influential developing country undergoing rapid change, a dearth of research on its digital publishing industry exists at the present time. This article therefore explores two main research questions: (1) What are the recent trends and business models of digital publishing in China? (2) How might we evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of such business models? To this end, multiple case studies are employed, as is the paradigm of structure-conduct-performance (SCP). It is proposed that Content plus App and Content plus Device are the basic business models for Chinese digital content producers and distributors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on sustainable business models and climate change is the focus of this article, which examines the industry, business and sustainability which has attracted a lot of attention. Because of this, we are investigating the effects of implementing business sustainability capabilities using a multiple-case methodology. An original report on China's small- and medium-sized businesses provided the data for this study that examined the theoretical and empirical relationships between financial literacy, innovation and environmental conservation. We devised a conceptual model to demonstrate the impact of corporate sustainability skills and competencies on climate change. Endogeneity concerns connected to financial literacy, innovation and ecological sustainability necessitate the employment of an instrumental variable for climate change. After adjusting for individual and firm characteristics, we found that financial literacy may substantially impact a company's sustainable business model. The findings suggest that financial literacy may boost company innovations by relieving financial restrictions and enhancing corporate governance, both of which contribute to the development of sustainable businesses that assist in increasing climate change mitigation efforts. On the other hand, innovation has a more significant influence on low-leverage companies. There was also a lot of talk about climate change, greenhouse gas emissions and climate change in the business context. This research, therefore, sheds light on how business sustainability capabilities and competencies might improve a company's environmental performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is well under way. Meanwhile, a deglobalization trend is growing, and major-countries’ competition is intensifying. In this context, there has come a debate on whether technological innovation (“key & core technology”) or business model innovation (“soft model”) should be prioritized in development. Key & core technology and soft model differ in terms of driving forces, goal orientation, nature of knowledge, imitability, and return cycles. They both are interdependent, mutually reinforcing, and evolve together. Business models are an important form of technological innovation, and technological innovation drives business model innovation, while business models support, guide, promote, and incubate technological innovation. In the field of digital economy, business model innovation occurs more frequent, intense, widespread, and disruptive, but it also brings forth new challenges. In addressing these challenges for both business model innovation and technological innovation, China should follow the principles of “guidance without participation, inclusion with regulation” and “encouragement without compulsion.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based upon a recent review of the relevant literature in both English and Chinese, this paper assess the current state of and future prospects for digital publishing in China. It addresses developments both in the context of ongoing technological and organizational change and with regard to the wider social and cultural dimensions. Embodying a simulated SWOT exercise it considers the current and likely future state of digital publishing in China through the eyes of western publishers seeking to do business in that country. Digital publishing in China is still in its infancy, while perhaps remaining more opaque to western observers than was expected. Issues around ownership, industry structure, operating platforms, stakeholders, piracy and intellectual property remain critical. Perhaps more than anything, and certainly much more than in the West, the issue of culture, not only in terms of national values and perspectives but also in terms of how things are done, remains a potent influence on business relationships with foreigners. In the West this continues to feed perceptions of legal and commercial uncertainties, risks to intellectual capital and obstacles to the production and distribution of knowledge and ideas. Whatever the perceived downside to such phenomena however, China is still regarded as a major growth market for western publishers. It concludes that whereas there are many opportunities for both parties, and that both can learn from each other, the learning curve is likely to be much steeper on the western side, owing to the significance of the social and cultural dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract To promote the renewable energy development and reduce the power grid safety risk, promoting the power local consumption generated by distributed photovoltaic energy has received increasing attentions. Moreover, with the power market development, integrating the power market trading with distributed photovoltaic energy is a trend in China. Aiming to these targets, the paper designs a business model integrating investment and consulting services into distributed photovoltaic energy system. First, to encourage the market trading and promote the power local consumption, the double layer power sale platform is designed consisting of both B to B and B to C platforms. And a discount power sale price for local consumption is carried out. In the power platform, power contracts with a punishment for power gap are signed before the power consumption. Second, the consulting services are cited to reduce the power gap caused by power market trading, consisting of power output, power load and annual new installed capacity prediction. Third, considering the local users' power demand increase brought by the discount power sale price, a dynamic investment is integrated in the business model. Moreover, the simulation model and a comparative analysis model of stakeholders' benefits of new business model is constructed. Finally, an empirical analysis is conducted. The results show that the new model not only can promote energy local consumption, improve environment quality, ensure power grid safety, but also increase distributed energy investors' benefits, and reduce users' electricity expenses and government subsidies. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • The dynamic increment investment model of distributed generation is designed. • The simulation model of new distributed generation business model is set up. • Based on the consulting services, the investment mode and sale mode are combined. • The interactive consultation service module between supply and demand is designed. • The stakeholders' benefits under the new business model is calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The rapid growth of Internet usage has enabled many new online communities to develop. A particularly interesting phenomenon that has arisen through Internet communities is the virtual world (VW) style of online game. This paper identifies the challenges that developers of VWs will face in their efforts to find viable business models. This is a single case study of China as an exploratory project to determine the issues surrounding business models for virtual world developers and users. The paper discusses the feedback effects between broadband adoption and online games as well as issues such as culture, history, Waigua, private servers, virtual property trade, developer control, governance, and regulation. In spite of the profitability of major Chinese VW operators, close observation of the Chinese case suggests that even the most successful VW operators are still in the early stages of their business model development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Technological recombinant innovation (TRI) has been regarded as an important part of technological innovation in the construction industry. However, the pattern of how TRI affects the performance of construction firms is still unclear. Building upon architectural innovation, this study identifies the exploratory and exploitative TRIs and explores the mediating mechanism of business models, by which TRIs influence a firm's performance. Using text mining, panel data analysis of 107 China-listed construction firms was conducted to analyze the relationships. The results show that the positive relationship between exploratory TRI and firm performance is weakened by novelty-centered business model, while the negative effect of exploitative TRI on firm performance is strengthened through its mediation. This research enriches the literature on the relationship between technological innovation and firm performance by highlighting the important role of TRIs in predicting firm performance and differentiating mediating mechanisms for the two types of business models. In addition, the application of text mining to quantitatively evaluate the types of business model from the annual reports of listed construction firms, provides a new quantitative evaluation method for the research of business models. This study discusses the necessity of recombinant innovation as the source of technological innovation for construction firms, and provides guidance for construction firms in regards to their technological innovation approaches. Firms should focus on exploratory recombinant innovation, actively incorporating external technological components and exploring the new combinations of internal technological components. In terms of exploitative technology recombination, the reuse of existing technology combination may lead to knowledge solidification, which leads to the continuous decline of firm performance. Therefore, firms should pay attention to the balance and interaction of exploitation and exploration. Additionally, since the negative mediating effect of the novelty-centered business model has on the relationship between technological recombinant innovation and firm performance, firms should be mindful about the business model they employ. Adopting novelty-centered business model can be risky for construction firms that are in slow clockspeed industries. Instead, the best way for construction firms to keep thriving is by focusing on their efficiency-centered business model which can help them remain stable by protecting existing resources and competitive actions to maintain a competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates whether small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) under family influence (FI) can achieve business model innovation (BMI) through dynamic capabilities (DCs) as promoted by prior research. Overall, 259 small and medium-sized family firms in Southeastern China were examined and analysed using the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) method. The findings showed a direct negative link between FI-DCs (sensing, seizing, and transforming capabilities), sensing capabilities—value capture, transforming capabilities—value proposition/value creation, and a positive link between seizing capabilities—value creation. Additionally, the negative moderation effect of environment dynamism was found between sensing capabilities—value capture, seizing capabilities—value creation, and transforming capabilities—value proposition. This research provides various new insights for practitioners and researchers in small and medium-sized family firms to achieve BMI through DCs. It develops an empirical, multi-dimensional hypothetical model from a micro perspective that includes the moderating role of the influencing relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to answer the question of how business models (BMs) maintain stability while coping with environmental uncertainties. This study proposes a dynamic co-evolution of knowledge management and business model transformation based on a comparative analysis of the focal firms' BMs and their main partners in two e-commerce ecosystems in China. Design/methodology/approach: The open data of listed companies regarding the introduction of emerging topics on the transformation tendency of BMs in the post-COVID-19 business world is qualitatively analysed. The theoretical foundation is based on a critical review of the literature. Findings: Three aspects of the co-evolution between knowledge management and business model transformation are introduced. These three aspects are as follows: knowledge integration helps with multi-system business integration and decision-making collaborations; knowledge sharing helps to enhance cognitive ability and network value based on businesses; and the creation of new knowledge helps enrich the knowledge base and promote the transformation of BMs. Research limitations/implications: Solely attributing a firm's ability to cope with environmental uncertainties to its business model weakens the importance of its knowledge management. This study argues that the co-evolution between knowledge management and business model transformation also plays a key role in a firm's response to issues post-COVID-19. Originality/value: This study calls for the development of a normative theory of co-evolution between knowledge management and business model transformation, implying uncharted territories of knowledge management based on interaction with business model designs in e-business ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: Xiaolingtong (XLT), a new type of mobile phone system based on PHS technology for wireless access of fixed-line telephone networks, has grown very rapidly in China. However, there are many doubts about the future of XLT once 3G (the third generation of mobile communication) is finally employed. This paper proposes a theoretical framework to assess and compare XLT and 3G from four perspectives: technology, market demand, business models and government policy. It concludes that XLT and 3G will coexist with existing 2G/2.5G mobile communication networks for a considerable period of time. With service collaboration and integration, the coexistence of both of these technologies can enhance China''s mobile communication infrastructure and support the growth of mobile commerce. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to connect disruptive innovation and sharing economy by exploring the underlying mechanisms of how a disruptive innovation–based business project creates, delivers and captures value in sharing economy through analyzing the case of bike sharing in China. Design/methodology/approach: An elaborate case study is used to unfold the process as well as the underlying mechanism and relationships among disruptive innovation, business model, bike-sharing business and value creation in sharing economy. Findings: Bike sharing case fits well in disruptive innovation theory. Its low price and great convenience have led to rapid development in China. However, failures to improve their products and services and build an effective business model which can create, deliver and capture value have caused the failure of many bike-sharing companies. Other factors such as strategic decision-making, internal management problems, external conflicts as well as uncivilized consumer behaviors have also inhibited the sustainable development of bike-sharing companies. Originality/value: The theoretical contributions of this study include the following: to explore how a disruptive innovation–based business creates, delivers and captures value successfully in sharing economy. This study contributes to both research and practice on disruptive innovation and sharing economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the firm's business model-network relationship in two regional innovation systems of China and the USA. A longitudinal analysis was used for this research. Four cases of high-tech enterprises from Zhongguancun (China) and Silicon Valley (USA) were investigated, focusing on how a business model and its ties with the stakeholders in the network interact and evolve over time. Applying Granovetter's network theory, we show that the companies' business model's development depends on the strength of network ties that differ between the two geographical regions. Results reveal that the influence of stakeholders' ties on the business model can vary depending on the regional context. It also shows the network impact value proposition, value capture, and value creation and delivery. • Strength of network ties affects the firms' business model. • The influence of ties on business model depends on regional innovation system. • Business model-network relationship changes and evolves through business lifecycle. • Compared to Chinese firms, American firms experience pivots on their early stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the deepening of power market reform, distributed power generation is gaining momentum. This paper tests the distributed photovoltaic (DPV) economy under different business models by taking three provinces to stand for typical resource zones. The Internal return rate (IRR) is used to measure the economy, while the improved levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is used to model the generation cost. Three business modes, namely pure producer (all generation sold to the grid), prosumer (self-use and the rest sold to the grid), and peer-to-peer trade (P2P, all generation traded via the grid) are studied. Results show that peer-to-peer trade is more profitable and is a win-win solution to both DPV owner and electricity consumers. However, peer-to-peer trade is possible only when power grid's role is properly defined in China's power sector reform. Electricity trading mechanism should be improved to facilitate peer-to-peer trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sharing economy gives rise to numerous new business models. A prominent novel one relates to coworking-spaces, where independent individuals and teams share spaces and amenities and engage in social interaction and information exchange. Yet the business models of such spaces are not well known. Our qualitative study identifies four types of business models design of coworking-spaces in China, where coworking-spaces have sharply increased in number and importance. We find four types of coworking-space business model configurations: efficiency-centered business model, user-centered business model, development-centered business model, and platform-centered business model, which exceed the prior conceptualization of business model themes. Especially, the platform-centered business model relates to innovation policy in China, facilitating mini-spatial innovation ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By applying an ambidexterity perspective to the business model context, this study examines the effects of efficiency and novelty – two conflicting business model design themes – on technological innovation performance and the relationship between these themes as it relates to enhancing technological innovation performance. From an analysis of data on 173 Chinese manufacturing firms, it is found that both efficiency and novelty themes are positively related to technological innovation performance; the combined dimension (CD) of business model ambidexterity (the interaction between efficiency and novelty themes) is positively related to technological innovation performance; and the balance dimension (BD) of business model ambidexterity (the balance between efficiency and novelty themes) positively moderates the relationship between CD and technological innovation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although cross-channel retailing has become a game changer for retailers, few previous studies have looked at the problems from the inherently holistic perspective of a business model approach. Using a single case study but multiple data collection methods, including interviews, observations, and document analysis, on the biggest Chinese retailer in consumer electronic appliances, the present study examines how different aspects of the business model changed after the retailer launched its cross-channel strategy. The results identify the major changes on three fronts: redefinition of target clients, a new proposition for shopping value, and redesign of the value chain. Findings suggest that a retailer shifting toward the cross-channel strategy will follow the stage-of-adoption model, which may be in five stages, and that the physical store as a hub linking different channels will become the source of value creation. To facilitate the strategic shift, retailers should optimize rather than merge their activities across channels, reinforce the strengths of the physical store, develop co-creation value with stakeholders, and revamp their organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses four news organizations and their online services based in Beijing to identify newsroom convergence models in China. It finds that there is a gulf between central-level and local news sites' convergence efforts. At the macro level are policy barriers such as TV licensing, licensing to distribute news on the Web and the issuance of press cards. At the meso level, the websites have five main revenue streams: state subsidy, advertising, wireless value-added services, sales of data and website construction. State subsidy is only available to key state news sites like Xinhuanet and Peoplesnet. These central-level sites can afford to experiment with multiplatform and multimedia services as well as original products and services. By contrast, local news sites struggle to stay in the market and their strategies focus on providing local news and information while forging strategic partnerships with big businesses to sustain their advertising platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawn from extensive document analysis and interviews with stakeholders, this socio-technical study examines the shaping powers of the subsystems (technology, policy/government, and market/industry) of China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting (CMMB). After the Beijing Olympics, the first commercialized mobile TV expanded its infrastructure and business operations faster than other 3G and mobile TV broadcasting, covering 346 cities by November 2010. The findings show that CMMB, which is the leader in Chinese mobile TV development, is policy/government-driven and technologically ready. However, multiple technological standards and discrepancies between regulatory bodies slowed down its initial rollout. In the market/industry subsystem, content/services scarcity, undesirable pricing schemes, and low brand awareness are the inhibitors that curbed CMMB's diffusion. However, its strategic collaboration with China Mobile allowed it to quickly increase its user base and sale of CMMB-enabled handsets. Moreover, the socio-technical approach is a useful framework to investigate the forces that shape emerging technological trajectory holistically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The international visibility of Chinese animation is insignificant. However, its production has evolved since the 1920s, growing from the making of animated films based on hand-drawing and traditional crafts to producing television and new media-centred animations. With the government's increasing concern about the development of the cultural and creative industries, animation policies are being made actively and dramatically reshaping this industry at both national and local levels. This article proposes an analytic framework synthesizing or combining the three dimensions of media, geography and policy to examine the historical development and geographical performance of Chinese animation. It explains how the power of media as the broadcasting platform of animation, domestic and international production factors, and cultural policy highlighting a national style of animation have constructed the reality of the business model, the visual aesthetics and the dynamics of production locations of Chinese animation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]