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Summary Sustainable food production is a key to solve complicated and intertwined issues of overpopulation, climate change, environment and sustainability. Microorganisms, which have been routinely consumed as a part of fermented foods and more recently as probiotic dietary supplements, can be repurposed for our food to present a sustainable solution to current food production system. This paper begins with three snapshots of our future life with microbial foods. Next, the importance, possible forms, and raw materials (i.e. microorganisms and their carbon and energy sources) of microbial foods are discussed. In addition, the production strategies, further applications and current limitations of microbial foods are discussed., Microorganisms will be a valuable and sustainable food resource of the future. Edible/non‐edible biomass, waste, carbon dioxide, and renewable energy will be consumed by food microbes to produce microbial foods. Beyond their application as food resources, food microbes will be exploited for animal feed, fertilizer, probiotics, live‐cell medicine, environmental remediation, and valuable chemical production.

The residents of Egypt have been facing a large number of health issues. A significant level of overpopulation and pollution activate health problems in Egypt. The public health insurance system is providing low-quality medical care to the majority of their customers. In the present study, Geographic Information System (GIS) has been used to assess the accessibility to health facilities in Egypt by incorporating the spatial and remote sensing datasets. The network analyst tools were applied to the road network, and health facilities to find the accessibility, and the spatial overlay analysis were performed to mask the residential areas and population count. To analyze the accessibility, by walk and by a vehicle as the means of transport within a time interval of 10–60 min were assessed. The results showed that 337 clinics and 233 hospitals were attending 99 million people out of which the unserved people were 78 million. It was found that 79% and 23% of the population by walk and by vehicle to clinics, and 75% and 16% of the population by walk and by vehicle to the hospitals were unserved. The success of the health sector is very important for the development of the social, cultural, and economical sectors of a country. The study is very helpful for health planners and policymakers.

This paper explores how governments may efficiently inform the public about an epidemic to induce compliance with their confinement measures. Using an information design framework, we find the government has an incentive to either downplay or exaggerate the severity of the epidemic if it heavily prioritizes the economy over population health or vice versa. Importantly, we find that the level of economic inequality in the population has an effect on these distortions. The more unequal the disease’s economic impact on the population, the less the government exaggerates and the more it downplays the severity of the epidemic. When the government weighs the economy and population health sufficiently equally, however, the government should always be fully transparent about the severity of the epidemic. This paper was accepted by Stefan Scholtes, healthcare management.

Cairo faces many problems such as overpopulation and environmental pollution due to the lack of green spaces in it, with the lack of empty spaces suitable for cultivation. In view of the large spread of the existing residential buildings in central Cairo, a study was conducted on the feasibility of greening the existing roofs of residential buildings with one unity to retrofit the roofs of these buildings and make use of them from an environmental, economic and architectural point of view. El Obour residential buildings were chosen as an example of a populated group of buildings under the one association of the Union of Owners in order to ease the application of roof greening to them. In case of working on existing buildings, the type used in roof greening must be studied in terms of loads and the appropriate installation method for these roofs.

In this article, we gathered information from postgraduate theses and scientific articles published in several databases using inclusion criteria that had been made in Latin America, in countries with similar economic conditions, and also in the USA to present a point of comparison. The objective of this review is to broaden the readers' understanding of the causes of the increasing numbers of stray dogs and the reasons why people abandon pets in the streets, specifically in Latin America. It also discusses adoption and responsible ownership, identifies what failed in promoting positive human-dog interaction, and suggests strategies to address this problem. It concludes that adoption alone is not an effective solution but that it is necessary to offer education and awareness programs for owners, organize sterilization campaigns, and develop and apply – with the corresponding authorities – measures to ensure animal welfare that will provide benefits for society and improve animal quality of life. The role of veterinarians is fundamental in education and in disseminating the necessary information to orient people before they acquire a pet and prevent animal abandonment to resolve this problem.

Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) is well-established in many countries and increasingly considered to be the most effective and humane way to manage feral and stray cat populations. Nonetheless, it confronts major challenges everywhere it is practiced. Although Switzerland has an impressive TNR system carried out mainly by private, non-profit organizations and individual citizens, the management of feline overpopulation could be strengthened by improvements on a number of fronts, including legal and governance changes, education and modifications in mentality, and operational adjustments such as data management and analysis. TNR faces a number of common challenges worldwide, and given that it is still relatively young, lessons from one country can be valuable for another. Because little has been written about TNR in Switzerland, this article seeks to fill this gap by providing a preliminary analysis of the case through the prism of existing analytical work done on TNR in other countries. El método Captura-Esterilización-Suelta (CES) está implementado en muchos países y está cada vez más considerado como la forma más eficaz y ética de gestionar las colonias de gatos callejeros y ferales. Sin embargo, todavía se enfrenta a grandes desafíos en aquellos lugares donde se practica. Aunque en Suiza se lleva a cabo un impresionante método CES por parte de la ciudadanía y de organizaciones privadas sin ánimo de lucro, dicha gestión de la sobrepoblación felina podría mejorarse con diversas modificaciones legales y políticas, educacionales y de concienciación, además de ajustes como la gestión y el análisis de los datos existentes. El método CES enfrenta una serie de desafíos comunes en todo el mundo y, dado que aún es relativamente joven, las acciones de ciertos países pueden ser ejemplo para otros. Debido a las escasas publicaciones sobre el método CES en Suiza, este artículo pretende proporcionar un análisis preliminar de la situación a través del análisis ya existente sobre el mismo en otros países.

The global emergence of the recently discovered COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2) has already shown its devastating effects on almost the entire world by causing huge numbers of death cases and rupturing the whole economy as well as social communication. South Asia, a region that comprises mostly of least developed and developing countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) with overpopulation, illiteracy, poverty, lack of awareness, lack of hygiene, inadequate health care facilities, is still struggling to fight against this virus and facing the consequences with over 8.5 million confirmed cases including 130,636 deaths till the 20th October. Prompt and proper protective measures, good health care systems, and conscious people are the keys to reducing the severe impacts of this pandemic situation, and most of the countries in this region lack all of this. Considering this, it will not be a surprise if the pandemic takes its full shape in these countries and recent evidence also suggest that the situation is already on its way to reach the peak. However, the pandemic nature in South Asia also demonstrates that strict measures by the government and co-operation from the people can protect a country from the impacts of the virus, whereas lack of these can lead to the next heat point. This review demonstrates and compares the impact of COVID-19 in the mass population of South Asia which could support the government and scientific community to take proper protective measures against this global pandemic and better prepare the community for future challenges. Moreover, good health care systems, public health infrastructure, and up to date information on COVID-19 outbreaks in this region will help to combat this pandemic and create more sustainable and resilient healthy societies in South Asia. Bioresearch Commu. 7(1): 973-981, 2021 (January)

Reflecting on the many debates over the years on changing urbanization processes, on the towns and cities of yesterday, today, and tomorrow, the main challenge will be listening to lessons of wisdom from the past and adapting these to our future professional work. When Chief Seattle said that the Earth does not belong to us, we belong to the Earth, he called for more humility and respect so as to plan for the needs of today and tomorrow, and not for the greed of a few. The doomsday scenarios of overpopulation only make sense if we continue to exploit our planet the way we do today, as if we have an infinite reservoir of resources. Already back in the 1960s, Barbara Ward, John F. C. Turner, and particularly Kenneth Boulding taught me to rethink our whole perception of Spaceship Earth. I have seen many towns and cities grow as if resources were limitless; I myself have seen and worked on efforts to focus on spatial quality, respecting nature whenever possible for a growing number of people, recognizing resources as being precious and scarce, and yet guaranteeing equitable access to a good quality of urban life. Such objectives are not evident, when models in education, schools of thought, professional planners, and greedy developers are often geared towards the contrary: the higher the skyscrapers, the better; the more egotripping by architects, the more the rich like it; the more people are stimulated to consume, the better the world will be. Such narrow visions will no longer help. At several global urban planning and developments events (1976, 1992, 1996, 2016, etc.), new ideas and agendas have been put forward. Whether the present Covid-19 crisis may induce a more rapid change in vision and practice is still too early to confirm, but luckily, several towns and cities, and a few visionary planners and decision makers are showing some promising examples.

Deforestation leads to habitat loss while preservation and conservation of the natural forest increase biological diversity. Multiple factors have been reported to be responsible for deforestation and habitat loss, which could either be of human or natural origin.Natural causes of deforestation could be as a result of forest fires, droughts, exotic animals, floods, overpopulation of foreign animals and climate change. That notwithstanding, human activities are among the principal causes of global deforestation and habitat loss with agricultural expansion, cattle breeding, timber extraction, mining,oil extraction, dam construction and infrastructure development as some examples of these human influences. This study identifies agricultural activities and urbanization as the chief causes of human induced deforestation and habitat loss on a large scale. The simple and more practicable approach to curb the already alarming effects of deforestation and habitat loss is through environmental education of everyone still surviving on our planet.Environmental education is the key to reversing continuous and deliberate human actions through the protection of every natural forest and afforestation where necessary.

Summary Global food security is largely affected by factors such as environmental (e.g. drought, flooding), social (e.g. gender inequality), socio‐economic (e.g. overpopulation, poverty) and health (e.g. diseases). In response, extensive public and private investment in agricultural research has focused on increasing yields of staple food crops and developing new traits for crop improvement. New breeding techniques pioneered by genome editing have gained substantial traction within the last decade, revolutionizing the plant breeding field. Both industry and academia have been investing and working to optimize the potentials of gene editing and to bring derived crops to market. The spectrum of cutting‐edge genome editing tools along with their technical differences has led to a growing international regulatory, ethical and societal divide. This article is a summary of a multi‐year survey project exploring how experts view the risks of new breeding techniques, including genome editing and their related regulatory requirements. Surveyed experts opine that emerging biotechnologies offer great promise to address social and climate challenges, yet they admit that the market growth of genome‐edited crops will be limited by an ambiguous regulatory environment shaped by societal uncertainty.

With this issue, the Indonesia Journal of Applied Environmental Studies (InJAST) enters its second year, having been first published in April 2020 just as the Covid-19 pandemic was spreading globally. In the first two issues, InJAST published 13 articles, which were the results of research and ideas from academia, researchers from the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) and members of conservation NGOs. Within its first year, the InJAST website has been visited by around 1,500 visitors from 50+ countries. Although the majority were from Indonesia, 30% were from across Europe, Asia, the Americas, and Africa, and included the USA, UK, Australia, and India.One of InJAST's missions is to provide a vehicle for academia (students and lecturers), members of environmental NGOs, and young researchers, particularly from Indonesia, who are just starting to publish their ideas, literature reviews and research findings or articles in scientific journals. InJAST was also developed to accommodate scientific papers related to broader environmental topics, but as yet, most articles have focused on plant/wildlife ecology, nature conservation, and forest restoration (61%). Others were the result of the studies on environmental education (8%) and on the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and other environmental issues (31%).As we start the third decade of the 21st century, the environmental challenges we face are ever more complex and demanding. The UN’s global action plan for the next 10 years set out in the "UN's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", puts forward special measures to achieve a world that is fairer, more prosperous, and more respectful of the environment. The main global environmental challenges that, according to the UN, must be resolved in this decade, are climate change mitigation and adaptation, pollution problems and their effects on health, protecting oceans, the energy transitions and renewables, a sustainable food model, protecting biodiversity, sustainable urban development and mobility, hydric stress and water scarcity, extreme meteorological phenomena, and overpopulation and waste management. As academics, environmental researchers, and members of environmental NGOs, we can and should support the UN agenda by seeking the solutions to these major global environmental problems that affect all of us. We do this by carrying out relevant research and, just as importantly, publishing them in scientific journals so that we can disseminate our findings as widely as possible and suggested interventions can be trialed and then implemented on the ground.This new issue of InJAST contains several papers focusing on plant ecology, endangered species conservation, and forest restoration, all of which are closely related to one of the main global problems identified by the UN, namely protecting biodiversity. Another paper analyses determinants and typology of hydrometeorological disasters that may relate to the problem of extreme meteorological phenomena. Strong pro-environmental legislation and government regulations are very important in implementing existing environmental policies, and environmental awareness and responsibility are also important to assess whether people are willing to participate in addressing global environmental problems at the local level. This is explored in two other papers in this issue of InJAST.We reflect further that we are in a hugely different place from where we were at the start of 2020. The Covid pandemic, obviously a global tragedy, has changed many people’s behavioral patterns and our subsequent impact of nature and the environment. It seems to have in many ways heightened people's awareness of nature and environmental issues, and the relationships between unsustainable production and consumption and the nature and climate change crises. A plethora of new research is emerging on these interdisciplinary questions and we look forward to submissions tackling these questions in future editions of InJAST.Finally, as Editors-in-Chief, we have been working hard to improve and expand our peer review community, as well as the processes of online submission, reviewing and publishing. We are delighted to be presenting Volume 2 No 1 of InJAST and we encourage our colleagues from all sectors to submit their papers for the next issue.

The present research featured the agrotechnical prerequisites of the agrarian reform introduced by P. A. Stolypin. The article focuses on the agrotechnical crisis in the rural Russian in the post-reform period. However, the complex and debatable matter of the effect of the community on the crisis was beyond the scope of the study. The author believes that the crisis of the three-field system was connected with the natural population increase and the agricultural overpopulation. The paper describes the methods used by Russian farmers to deal with the lack or agricultural lands and reveals their extensive nature. The author summarized and analyzed options for overcoming the agrotechnical crisis proposed by various state, political, and public figures in the late XIX century. A radical modernization of the Russian village was necessary to overcome the agrotechnical crisis and move on to intensive production forms, and the state policy should have become the instrument of that modernization. The agrarian reform conducted by P. A. Stolypin proved to have some agrotechnical prerequisites.

What are the prospects for long-run economic growth? One prominent line of economic thinking is the trend toward stagnation. Stagnationism has a long history in economics, beginning prominently with Malthus and occasionally surfacing in different guises. Prominent themes here are the following: Will economic growth slow and perhaps even reverse under the weight of resource depletion? Will overpopulation and diminishing returns lower living standards? Will unchecked CO2 emissions lead to catastrophic changes in climate and human systems? Have we depleted the store of potential great inventions? Will the aging society lead to diminished innovativeness? (JEL D83, E25, O31, O32, O41, O47)

The human history has recorded that in every 100 years a new pandemic will erupt to rocked control the human race from over population, changing the courses of history and signaling the end of entire civilization. Today the world is at halt and its economic, socio-cultural, religious, political, scientific and technological myth is degenerating amidst the advent of a novel pandemic (COVID-19). This study therefore, investigated the effect of COVID-19 in terms of economic, socio-cultural, educational and religious factors which are best described using students, private sectors, public servants, religious bodies and farmers as sectoral factors. The paper also addressed geopolitical regional zones differences in the effect of COVID-19 in Nigeria using schedules as a model for data collections. Generated data were analyzed using percentages, Two-way ANOVA and Co-Variance (ANOCOVA) to test for significant differences amidst the effects of COVID-19 among domain, sectors and geopolitical regions. Findings from the study show that 96% student’s educational process was negatively affected and about 94% economic values of privately owned business were grossly affected; 53% socio-cultural activities brought down because of the stay-at-home order; 58% religious activities (worship centre) were affected on the approval of only 20 members per 2 meters distancing in a service. More so, farmers experiences 58% economic loss underscored with an endemic increase in the price of major food items. The interactions term between COVID-19, domain and sector is not significant as it was felt equally on Domain and on sectoral factors. On the other hand, the effect of COVID-19 is felt differently among geopolitical regions in Nigeria owing to socio-cultural, economic, political and population difference. The paper therefore, recommended for the formulations and implementations of workable health care, social and educational welfare policies that respond and recover quickly to related disease; while relying more on domesticated products and byproducts.

Overpopulation exacerbates environmental and health problems, from climate change to biodiversity loss and pandemics. It is the 'upstream' driver of numerous existential threats. Addressing this compassionately - always - should be axiomatic for doctors. Our profession, by dramatically reducing death-rates since the 1800s while birth-rates remained high, sadly bears - unintendedly - some responsibility for the increase: one billion then, eight billion looming. Therefore, as doctors, we must surely be uniquely motivated to: be involved in rights-based policies and services with unbroken supply chains ensuring optimal contraceptive care being available to all couples worldwide, remove well-known tangible (contraceptives unavailable) and intangible (cultural, religious and mis-informational) barriers to women's choice to access family planning everywhere, while achieving full gender equity, especially in education, warn how overpopulation risks all planetary life, through optimal environmental education both for colleagues and the public, and campaign for a maximum of two children (replacement fertility - or less) on principle. Doctors and Overpopulation was established in 1972. Before and since, this issue has become taboo, still affecting many doctors and even people claiming to care passionately about a sustainable future: the environmental NGOs. Their silence implies conservation goals are achievable regardless of human numbers, while many studies show they are not. It is time for an open discussion about this taboo. Therefore we, concerned doctors of 2020, reiterate here the doctors' 48-year long cri de Coeur.

Unemployment, particularly youth unemployment, is a big issue that countries are facing globally. It has been a major concern for many countries like Pakistan. In this research, we develop an empirical study on investigating the determinants affecting youth unemployment in Pakistan. This study observes the youth unemployment and the variety of determinants that were identified as political instability, lack of investment, backwardness of agriculture sector, and overpopulation. This study discussed that young people aged (15-24) have been largely affected by the existing recession. This is for the reason that the present youth group is quite big, the longer-term viewpoint for youth unemployment is relatively great and there is a sturdy case for policymakers currently to tackle these problems that the present group is having in finding access to work. It also discusses the need for sufficient employment environment, policy examining, and assessment of the reasons to assist in providing more advanced jobs for youth. The results show that political instability, lack of investment, backwardness of agriculture sector, and overpopulation significantly affect youth unemployment. Keywords: Political instability, lack of investment, backwardness of agriculture sector, overpopulation, youth unemployment, PakistanJEL Classifications: E24, J43DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.10386

Nasilający się przez kilkadziesiąt ostatnich lat wpływ człowieka na Ziemię prowadzi do degradacji środowiska. Okres ten nazwano zatem Antropocenem. Głównymi czynnikami sprawczymi tej degradacji jest liczebny wzrost populacji ludzkiej i potrzeba zaspokajania jej wymagań. Prowadzą one do niedoborów energii i pożywienia, którym przeciwdziałać mogą nowe, odnawialne źródła energii (wiatr, promieniowanie słoneczne, woda geotermalna, biomasa i rozszczepianie atomu) oraz pożywienie w postaci owadów. Owady są nie tylko cennym źródłem białka, lecz także, w farmakologii związanej z odżywianiem, źródłem chityny oraz jej deacetylenowej pochodnej, chitosanu, które wchłaniają w przewodzie pokarmowym człowieka 12 razy więcej tłuszczu niż same ważą. Poza tym związki te regulują zawartość cholesterolu LDL we krwi oraz mogą działać podobnie do błonnika zawartego w innych pokarmach. Owady wymagają o wiele mniej pokarmu i wody do budowy ciała niż zwierzęta kręgowe i rośliny. Opory wielu europejskich narodów przy spożywaniu owadów są mniejsze, gdy pokarm z tych zwierząt jest wysoko przetworzony.

The Western Highlands of Guatemala are dominated by small-scale farming in indigenous communities. Mountain conditions and overpopulation have led to expansion of the agricultural frontier with con...

Aim: This study examined the incidence, demographic predictors, and map patterns of dog bites to humans in unincorporated Harris County, Texas, USA. Materials and Methods: Dog bites reported to Harris County Veterinary Public Health (HCVPH) between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2016, were analyzed in this retrospective cohort study. Canine and victim characteristics and bite circumstances were evaluated to establish risk factors for bites. Geographic location was used to produce choropleth maps. Results: There were 6683 dog bites reported to HCVPH between the years of 2013 and 2016, with stable incidence rates over time. The incidence was highest for both children and older adults. Dogs with the primary breed of Pit Bull had the greatest frequency of bites (25.07%), with the second highest breed being Labrador Retrievers (13.72%). Bites were more common from intact dogs of both genders, especially from intact males. Persons aged 70+ had the greatest incidence of severe injury (14.09/100,000). A strong correlation between dog bite incidences and stray dogs was found after controlling for the human population and income. Conclusion: Dog bites remain a largely preventable issue, and risk factors identified in this study can help direct preventative efforts to reduce the incidence of dog bites.

We live in a globalized world characterized by constant crises in numerous social and geographical areas. Political instability, climate change, overpopulation, uncontrolled migration, poor governance, crime, as well as many other factors create the circumstances from which crises can develop. Each crisis given its causes and possible consequences requires different approaches and response systems. This research focuses on considering modern technological solutions that have the purpose of alerting and protecting individuals from risks and threats that can lead to their suffering, caused by natural, technical-technological and anthropogenic crisis events. It also aims to link the theory of human security and the big data concept and present their application through the development of the early warning system for crisis management in the Republic of Croatia. This research has significant value because it analyses and describes the establishment of a particular system in the world.

This paper examined, why the Rivers State Government of Nigeria engaged in the Greater Port Harcourt city project as well as individual communities’ residents’ attitudes in support or against government demand of communities’ land for agropolitan residential housing development in the GPH city. Survey questionnaire retrieved from 258 heads of households in 8 selected communities of the Greater Port Harcourt city and key informants’ responses were the methods used. The result shows that Greater Port Harcourt City was born to contain and curtail the spill over population, provide good and quality infrastructure and services, upgrade informal settlements and create sustainable residential developments. Respondents’ attitude towards land acquisition for self-sustainable agropolitan residential housing development was positive and supportive with modal first to three mention of “More persons will own better homes (27.3%), it will enable me own my personal house (18.2%) and it will solve the housing problem in the area (16.3%) respectively’.

Family planning (FP) is the domain that enables people to have their desired number of children if any, and the desired spacing of births. FP initiatives are cross-cutting approaches to empower people with human and reproductive rights, lessen child morbidity and pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality, alleviate poverty, slow climate change, provide sustainable economic growth and development, advance education, and voluntarily slow overpopulation. We examine global FP programs: the history, drivers, and indicators to measure impact, policy, and strategy that surrounds human reproduction. We focus on current trends of task-sharing, self-care, digital health solutions, and the ever-changing contexts with our current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019.

Toward the end of the previous century, the focus on economic growth and development has shifted from overpopulation as a burden of growth toward the issue of aging population. This is a global iss...

Contraceptives play an undeniable important role in woman’s lives. It is widely accepted that the availability of both hormonal and non-hormonal modern contraceptives have improved 0 women’s lives worldwide by allowing women to control their own fertility. Indirectly, contraceptives have been shown to reduce maternal mortality, unwanted pregnancy, and overpopulation. However, the contraceptives available today may not be suitable for all users. Furthermore, there is still need to expand available current contraceptives choices especially long-term contraceptives in order to improve acceptability. As a result, several novel products such as implants, contraceptive vaginal rings, and transdermal patches have recently been introduced in family planning programs. Additional issue of contraceptive needed to be addressed is the adverse effects of hormonal contraceptives. Therefore, new combinations with an improved metabolic profile is currently being researched. Generally, the introduction of new methods with additional health benefits and less side effects would help women with their unmet needs to obtain access to a wider range of contraceptives.

Simple Summary Population and health management of dogs and cats in remote communities is challenging due to limited access to veterinary services and high reproductive rates. Financial support for companion animal management within communities is limited and programs delivered by external providers rarely achieve sustainable outcomes. An alternative approach, whereby community participation is enlisted from the beginning before implementing any interventions, may help to achieve sustainable improvements in animal populations and to improve animal health. To this end, stakeholders were interviewed and it was determined that dog overpopulation was the overarching issue. Focus group discussions were then conducted with three of the four same stakeholder groups to uncover the main causes of this issue, followed by solutions being generated that the community could undertake to address the issue. Similar causes were discussed and multiple solutions were developed, with education and training prioritised as the top solutions by all three groups. These will require transformational social adaptations to build the capacity of the local community to implement the solutions. Abstract Companion animal management in Australian remote Aboriginal communities (rAcs) is a complex problem with multiple stakeholders involved, with differing needs, knowledge, power and resources. The Comm4Unity (Cycle of Multiple Methods for Unity—For Community) approach was designed to address such problems. This study represents the second step of the Comm4Unity framework, where a causal loop analysis (CLA) was adapted and tested as a tool to address the issue of dog overpopulation in Wurrumiyanga, and in particular the systemic causes of the problem and necessary transformational management solutions. Ten focus group discussions (FGDs) were held amongst three of the four stakeholder groups identified during the first step in the analysis. The CLA identified 13 positive feedback loops, which drive vicious cycles and perpetuate the dog overpopulation issue. All three groups agreed and developed 22 solutions to address the causes of dog overpopulation. Despite the differences in the framings of the three groups, “training” and “education” were both the top priority solutions for all three groups. The majority of the solutions discussed by the groups were not only transformational but also social, requiring collaboration. This study was successful in so far as transformational actions were co-developed by all FGDs, which may have also built capacity and agency amongst the local community to implement them as a cohesive group.

In recent decades, the overpopulation on our planet has had an impact on environmental change. Addressing and understanding such changes in a reliable manner requires contemporary data-science knowledge and methodologies since the amount of information available online has been increasing at an exponential rate. Additionally, to draw meaningful conclusions and predict certain events in terms of environmental changes, one must be familiar with existing natural processes. Thus, combining data science with knowledge about global conditions in the world and how they impact Earth's biosphere, would highly benefit the understanding of possible consequences in the environment. Since our planet is a complex, dynamic system that is likely to change, one must be knowledgeable about the global climate system as a whole. As well, one must understand its processes and interactions with the environment to be able to understand and work on preventing the potential inevitable drastic circumstances for living. This paper addresses the issue of environmental changes and presents a solution in the form of academic education, which is currently in progress, and also related to the COVID-19 issues. As shown in the results section, this type of education aims to teach students about the basics of data science and how to interpret and visualize information related to current environmental changes.

Developing nations today face a major hurdle of excessive waste generation due to overpopulation and rapid urbanization. Also, the waste management systems in such countries are ineffective and limited. Considering this issue, an effective and efficient waste management system would be of great societal benefit. Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning has found its way into many diverse areas in recent years. This research work proposes a Garbage Detection System using object detection models to automatically detect and locate garbage in real-world images as well as video. The work comprises of a detailed review of previous research and proposes new method with different algorithms to detect garbage. Five different models used in this paper are EfficientDet-D1, SSD ResNet-50 V1, Faster R-CNN ResNet-101 V1, CenterNet ResNet-101 V1 and YOLOv5M. After hyper-parameter tuning and evaluation, YOLOv5M achieved the best results for the proposed system by achieving a Mean Average Precision (mAP@0.5) value of 0.613. This system directly engages citizens to join a national movement to help the authorities to maintain a clean and green environment.

Overpopulation, industrialization, urbanization, and the spreading out of irrigated agricultural lands are the driving forces to increase the demand of water in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Improvement, production, and management of various commodities are one of the objectives of vision 2030 of the Kingdom. In this paper, we seek to find the paramount model for water consumption in Saudi Arabia using classical and modern tools of time series analysis. From the classical time series analysis, we employed multiplicative seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model, while functional autoregressive (FAR) model was adopted under modern time series analysis. A data of water consumption from January 2001 to December 2016 were analyzed, and the results were compared using these two methods. This study is the first ever application of FAR method in Saudi Arabia using water consumption data. Statistical analysis exhibits that the best model for water consumption data under classical approach is SARIMA (1,0,2)(2,1,1) [12] while FAR (1) under modern paradigm. A comparison between these methods reveals that FAR modeling is better than SARIMA in training as well as in forecasting of water consumption data in the Kingdom. This kind of modeling is beneficial for future policy implications.

Simple Summary The management of dogs and cats in remote communities is challenging due to limited availability of veterinary services and high reproductive rates in companion animal populations. Support for animal management within communities is also weak, and consequently, programs delivered by external providers rarely achieve sustainable outcomes. An alternative approach whereby communities are engaged in analysing and understanding the issues, and designing solutions themselves, may help to achieve sustainable improvements in animal populations and health management. To test this approach, stakeholders involved with animal management in a remote Australian Aboriginal community were interviewed to gain their perspectives on animal management. By applying frame analysis to understand stakeholders’ perceptions, knowledge and power, interviewees fell into four distinct groups: Indigenous Locals, Indigenous Rangers, Non-Indigenous Locals and Animal Managers. The most important issue identified by all groups was the overpopulation of dogs, but there were differences in their framing of the problem and its causes. Frame analysis achieved the important first step of the process, identifying “What is the issue?”. Abstract Companion animal management in Australian remote Aboriginal communities (rAcs) is a complex problem, with multiple stakeholders involved with differing needs, knowledge, power and resources. We present our CoMM4Unity approach, a participatory systemic action research process designed to address such problems. In the first step, frame analysis is used to analyse stakeholders’ perspectives, knowledge types and power dynamics to determine their relative roles in animal management. Twenty individuals were interviewed from stakeholder groups involved in animal management in the remote, island rAc of Wurrumiyanga, Tiwi Islands. Frame analysis indicated that stakeholders aligned into four groups with distinct identity frames, knowledge types and power frames: Indigenous Locals, Indigenous Rangers, Non-Indigenous Locals and Animal Managers. All four groups shared overlapping perceptions about companion animals in Wurrumiyanga, and agreed that dog overpopulation was the primary issue. However, the groups differed in their strength of opinions about how dogs should be managed. Therefore, the situation is not one of diametrically opposing frames but more a misalignment of goals and values. Our application showed that frame analysis can reveal subtle variations in stakeholder groups’ identities, goals and values, and hence how they prioritise management measures.

Background Social marketing has been used in Asia to combat various social issues (Deshpande & Lee (2013). However, our understanding of social marketing awareness, adaptation, and achievement in Asian countries is limited. The focus of the Article An historical overview of social marketing developments in Asia. Importance to the Social Marketing Field This paper is one of the first attempts to integrate social marketing theory and practice in Asia to understand its strengths and weaknesses and to provide a recommendation to enhance the adoption and effectiveness of social marketing program design, implementation, and evaluation to generate social and behavioral change. Design/methodology/approach The authors representing 18 Asian countries searched for social marketing growth and trends in prominence, conceptual developments, social issues and solutions, and effectiveness in English and local language literature. This paper describes themes by highlighting examples of initiatives. Findings Our analysis reveals a broad spectrum of social marketing practices in Asia, focusing traditionally on managing overpopulation and preventing communicable diseases and, more recently, non-communicable diseases and climate action. The practice also revealed close integration with policies, overreliance on the government sector, lack of robust research studies, theorizing, documentation, training, and community involvement, and challenges presented by cultural factors and the confusion of understanding the term. Recommendations for research or practice The study recommends establishing the Asian Social Marketing Association and Asian Social Marketing Institute, adopt a Total Market Approach, improve documentation, clarify the boundaries of social marketing, enhance the effectiveness of strategies by embracing research, involving the beneficiary communities, and by learning from others.

How to make sense of the current COVID-19 crisis? While many people rely on official statements made by governments, scientific institutions, and experts for answering this question, others do not. Recently, the Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad reported on people who adhere to the conspirational theory that the current COVID-19 crisis is linked to the introduction of 5G technology. These people point, for example, to so-called 5G experiments in the province of Wuhan, China, where the current COVID-19 crisis started in 2019. The “covid-spiracy” theory suggests that behind the societal curtains, elites are trying to deal with the problem of overpopulation by means of introducing 5G and blaming COVID-19 for the negative side effects. On Facebook and Twitter, people are actively discussing these theories with increasing momentum. And, inspired by theories on the adverse effects of 5G, people have tried to destroy 5G technology and hinder the spread of this technology in the Netherlands.

Disasters occur much more frequently in the last 20 years with the majority of them in middle-low-income countries. The main causes are overpopulation, urbanization, poverty, and unhealthy living conditions and climate change. The definition of disaster for a specific community always incorporates its inability to manage the situation on its own means. A multi-casualty incident (MCI) becomes a disaster for a specific area and time when we are unable to provide effective therapy to the victims. Training in disaster management is required and directly concerned with health professionals. Worldwide, emergency medicine as a medical specialty dedicates a large portion of its educational curriculum specifically to disaster medicine. The handling of a disaster demands that healthcare personnel are incorporated into non-medical multidiscipline response teams, and this fact highlights the necessity of performing combined simulation exercises. Disaster can have a major impact on public health systems. The destruction of healthcare facilities, for example, impedes us from providing immediate and also subsequent medical care. Taking measures to reduce the disaster risk is a cost-effective investment in order to avoid future losses and the existence of a disaster emergency plan is required both at national and local levels. Disaster in a certain place has consequences on other places of our planet (immigration, epidemics). The need to take preventive measures and to offer assistance, especially in developing countries, has become recognized worldwide.

In recent times, increased consumption of fossil fuels due to overpopulation, increasing energy demand have resulted in global warming and climate changes due to the emission of greenhouse gases from these fuels. To compensate for the requirement of fossil fuel, renewable biofuels especially, biodiesel are preferred for satisfying the energy demand. Since biodiesel from edible feedstocks is deemed against "food vs. fuel" policies, first-generation biofuels are not regarded as suitable and sustainable, inspite of growing energy demand. Following this, Second generation biodiesel production from lingo-cellulosic-based feedstocks is the least recommended because of their meticulous procedures and high capital investments. Considering these setbacks, edible feedstocks have been replaced with microbial feedstocks, which are later on used for extracting oil and then transesterified into biodiesel. Even though biodiesel from microbes have their setbacks, they are widely appreciated due to their merits which include short life span, ability to grow on multiple environments and ability to remediate different polluted environmental conditions. Presently, this paper focuses on summarizing the production of biodiesel from various microbial species.

To understand the development and growth of psychosurgery, the context of psychiatric care in the mid-twentieth-century USA must be considered—for example, overpopulation and understaffing of public institutions, and typical use of psychotherapy, which was generally useless in treating the symptomatology of severe mental illness. Therefore, the introduction of prefrontal lobotomy (and, later, transorbital lobotomy) by Drs. Walter Freeman and James Watts, who modified the technique of leukotomy developed by Nobel Prize laureate Dr. Egas Moniz, was considered revolutionary and quickly gained widespread acceptance by medical community. No other alternative treatment at the time demonstrated comparable efficacy. At its peak, psychosurgery was sometimes applied inappropriately, but records from multiple institutions across the USA demonstrate that these were exceptional cases, whereas, as a rule, selection of surgical candidates was based on very strict criteria, indicating the high professionalism and humanity of medical staff. Although psychosurgery has declined heavily since the 1950s, it is not obsolete and is currently considered a valuable treatment option, realized through various open, stereotactic, or radiosurgical procedures.

In this modernised internet generation, the quality of medical care is undoubtedly at its best quality providing efficient healthcare service to the community. But due to the booming number of populations around the country, the standard of health has been decreasing in service due to overpopulation and understaffed. Projects such as heartbeat monitoring and alert system using GSM technology released throughout the years, but it still has its deficiency in terms of service provided. This project will benefit from using the internet, Wireless Technology (Wi-Fi) and IoT Platform, Node-RED as its platform to display and analyse the data. This project aims to notify and alert nurses, doctors and cardiologist based on the data gathered from the patient, obtain heart rate reading from the patient and send the reading of the heart rate to an IoT platform without any latency. This project is an example of how IR 4.0 is integrated into Healthcare Technologies.

Stray cat population management is an important worldwide issue. Understanding citizen attitudes towards stray cat control options is vital to the success of controlling stray cat numbers, as public perception affects the acceptance of, support for and collaboration in stray cat management policies. Audience segmentation, as to enable each group to be engaged in the stray cat management policy, is important for the success of the interventions. Therefore a web-based survey was conducted among Flemish citizens in order to examine differences in acceptance towards seven management scenarios: household cat neutering with financial support for the owner, household cat neutering without financial support for the owner, encouraging responsible household cat ownership, trapping stray cats and taking them to a shelter, trapping and neutering stray cats for release into a managed & ldquo;cat colony & rdquo; (composed by so called & ldquo;community cats & rdquo;), trapping and killing of stray cats, and undertaking no action. A total of 4059 valid responses were collected and the proportions of agreement were compared across the different management scenarios using the two-sample z-test. Interactions among factors that influenced each management scenario were investigated using the CHAID (Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection) analysis and visualized on a tree. Our results showed that fostering responsible household cat ownership (89.9%) and conversion of stray cats to & ldquo;community cats & rdquo; (76.3%) were most supported by respondents in our sample (which consisted mainly of females, cat-lovers, and families without children). Least supported were the killing of stray cats (7.7%) and undertaking no action (3.3%). The demographic analyses revealed that for the acceptance of management scenarios there were three important factors (attitude towards cats, area of residence, and gender), two weaker factors (education and having children) and two which had almost no impact (age and cat ownership). We propose that future studies should focus on the effect of & lsquo;area of residence & rsquo;, & lsquo;having children & rsquo; and & lsquo;education & rsquo;. In conclusion, our research confirms that management of and communication on stray cat strategies should not be developed with a one-size-fits-all approach. Efforts should be tailored to each audience segment, thus adapted to the area of residence and human characteristics.

Many studies have looked at the residual risk of the specific child undenutrition indicators. This study aimed at mapping the shared risk of two of the undernutrition indicators. The shared spatial component model was fitted to two of the child undernutrition indicators using 5066 child records of the 2015 Malawi demographic health survey data. The spatial components were modelled by the convolution prior, with the structured components being assigned the conditional autoregressive distribution. The southern region is at the greatest risk of having stunting and wasting, wasting and underweight, as compared to the central and northern region. The shared risk of stunting and underweight is randomly distributed. Interventions to reduce the shared risk of child undernutrition should focus on the southern region and a little bit in the central region, and attention should be on addressing the issue of overpopulation and effects of climate change.

Recently, the world has been faced four big issues: over population, depletion of natural resources, climate change and food wastage. To solve these crises, agricultural business has been globally noticed as an important application field of new ICT such as Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI). New ICT is expected to solve various issues related to agricultural business, which include increasing yield optimisation, improving crop protection, optimising food supply chains and so on. We conduct three case studies, which are the Fujitsu case (in Japan) as an existing big ICT company, the Spread case (in Japan) as a plant factory venture company and the MimosaTEK case (in Vietnam) as an IoT venture company. We analyse the direction of agricultural ICT and agricultural business innovation in Asia.

Background Although ‘frequent flyer’ hospital admissions represent barely 3 to 8% of the total patient population in a hospital, they are responsible for a disproportionately high percentage (12 to 28%) of all admissions. Moreover, hospital admissions are an important contributor to health care costs and overpopulation in various hospitals. The aim of this research is to obtain a deeper insight into the phenomenon of frequent flyer hospital admissions. Our objectives were to understand the patients’ perspectives on the cause of their frequent hospital admissions and to identify the perceived consequences of the frequent flyer status. Methods This qualitative study took place at the University Hospital of Leuven. The COREQ guidelines were followed to provide rigor to the study. Patients were included when they had at least four overnight admissions in the past 12 months, an age above 65 years and hospital admission at the time of the study. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews and encoded in NVivo. Results Thirteen interviews were collected. A total of 17 perceived causes for frequent hospital admission were identified, which could be divided into the following six themes: patient, drugs, primary care, secondary care, home and family. Most of the causes were preventable or modifiable. The perceived consequences of being a frequent flyer were divided into the following six themes: body, daily life functioning, social participation, mental status and spiritual dimension. Negative experiences were linked to frequent flying and could be situated mainly in the categories of social participation, mental status and spiritual dimensions. Conclusions Frequent hospital admissions may be conceived as an indicator, i.e., a ‘red flag’, of patients’ situations characterized by physical, mental, spiritual and social deprivation in their home situation.

Strategies to prevent and control food-borne trematode infections begin with the recognition of the problems and awareness of the hazards linked to food. Aquatic foods, raw or inadequately processed, are major sources of infection. Different cultures and different methods of preparation, and even current food fads, perpetuate trematode infections. Fish harvest in waters exposed to human and animal excretions and environment degradation caused by poverty, overpopulation, have a major impact on food-borne trematode infections. An important role is also played by the spread of international trade of fish and fishery products. The application of food safety programmes based on the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) concept is the preferred approach to be taken for the prevention and control of food-borne trematode infections. This approach would promote voluntary cooperation with the private sector (fish farmers, processing industry, trade, consumers) through health education. Control measures and monitoring procedures based on the HACCP system which could be considered in the prevention and reduction of fishbome trematode infections when the raw material is originating from a well-managed fish farm.

By the end of spring (31 May), the COVID-19 death rate was remarkably unevenly distributed across the countries in Europe. While the risk of COVID-19 mortality is known to increase with age, age-specific COVID-19 death rates across Europe were similarly unevenly distributed. To explain these mortality distributions, we present a simple model where more favorable survival environments promote longevity and the accumulation of health frailty among the elderly while less favorable survival environments induce a mortality selection process that results in lower health frailty. Because the age-related conditions of frailty render the elderly less resistant to SARS-CoV-2, pre-existing survival environments may be non-obviously positively related to the COVID-19 death rate. To quantify the survival environment parameter of our model, we leveraged historic cohort- and period-based age-specific probabilities of death and life expectancies at age 65 across Europe. All variables are significantly correlated with indicators of frailty like elderly dependence on others for personal and household care for a subset of European countries. With respect to COVID-19 death rates, we find significant positive relationships between our survival indicators and COVID-19 death rates across Europe, a result that is robust to statistical control for the capacity of a healthcare system to treat and survive infected persons, the timing and stringency of non-pharmaceutical interventions, population density, age structure, case rates and the volume of inbound international travelers, among other factors. To address possible concerns over reporting heterogeneity across countries, we show that results are robust to the substitution of our response variable for a measure of cumulative excess mortality. Also consistent with the intuition of our model, we also show a strong negative association between age-specific COVID-19 death rates and pre-existing all-cause age-specific mortality rates for a subset of European countries. Overall, results support the notion that variation in pre-existing frailty, resulting from heterogeneous survival environments, partially accounts for striking differences in COVID-19 death during the first wave of the pandemic.

Background: Anthropization of natural habitats including climate change along with overpopulation and global travel have been contributing to EIDs outbreaks. The ongoing COVID-19 outbreak highlights the threats to human health, social stability and global trade and economy. The Blueprint Priority Diseases (BPDs) is a list established by the World Health Organization, which are in urgent need of research. We proposed mapping the predictive risk of the BPDs, identifying the environmental drivers and validating the use of disease biogeography as a tool for identifying the potential hotspots for Disease X. Methods: We used environmental predictor variables from satellite imagery such as landscape, deforestation, climatic covariates, and species distribution modelling by classical regression and Support Vector Machine (SVM) to model BPD occurrences from 2000 to 2019. The models were evaluated using AUC (>0.9) and a weighed mean was used to map the predictive risk of the BPDs and identify potential sites of Disease X. Results: We generated predictive risk maps for Ebola, Marburg, Nipah, Rift Valley Fever and coronavirus diseases using glm and SVM models. Elevation, tree cover loss and climatic covariates were found to significant triggers for disease emergence of BPD outbreaks. We identified regions in China and Uganda to be potential hotspots for Disease X. Conclusions: Using a biogeographic approach, existing disease databases and freely accessible environmental data, we were able to identify Wuhan as a potential hotspot of disease emergence in the absence of COVID-19 data. We confirm that distribution of disease emergence in humans is spatially dependent on environmental factors. Funding Statement: None to declare Declaration of Interests: None to declare Ethical Approval: Not needed

Overpopulation of stray dogs and cats is a serious threat to human community since they transmit a dangerous viral infection called rabies. Therefore overpopulation of strays needs to be controlled. Strategies to control overpopulation include sterilizing, euthanizing and adopting the strays. The ethical and popular method of acquisition in controlling strays is adoption. Adoptions are mostly carried out by animal shelters. The increase in usage of internet has provided platforms for shelters to advertise adoptions online by sharing pictures. Although there have been past researches on analyzing photo traits affecting the adoption speed, yet simpler improvements are required to guide shelters in posting influential photos. Hence it is essential to use an automated approach to guide shelters in posting influential photos to increase adoption speed. This paper presents the analysis of photo traits affecting adoption speed and computerized automated approaches of image classification. The classification approaches will be reviewed and used in designing an application of the ongoing research to predict the adoption speed of an input animal's image.

Despite millennia of success as hunters and gatherers, some human groups made a monumental transition to agricultural economies and more sedentary lifeways, broadly referred to as the “Neolithic.” This major tipping point in human history first occurred around 12,000 years ago in Southwest Asia and the eastern Mediterranean, where it is also the best documented. Much research has focused on the origins of agriculture, asking questions about why this event occurred after so much success at hunting and gathering. While early investigations concentrated on the economic significance of the Neolithic, studies in the late 20th century and continuing into the early 21st century also address what are perhaps more significant issues related to social, ritual, political, and ecological aspects of the Neolithic. Equally important is a focus on not only why the Neolithic first occurred, but also its consequences. These often are addressed in relation to the subsequent development of so-called civilizations and the environmental and social impacts that these had, but increasingly there are investigations of the consequences of the Neolithic within itself. These consequences refer to Neolithic societies on both the Near Eastern mainlands and adjacent Mediterranean islands. These include not only economic consequences but also ones related to social organization and complexity, trade, and health and disease. What is apparent is that consequential events during the Neolithic were not linear, following a predictable path. For example, there is strong evidence for substantial environmental deterioration during the Neolithic at sites such as ‘Ain Ghazal in Jordan, where adaptive responses may have included divisions of domestic animal and plant resources. However, in Cyprus, where the Neolithic is now known to be as early as it was on the mainlands, evidence is limited for severe ecological degradation throughout the period. Thus, Neolithic consequences must be examined from a broad perspective, considering both successes and failures.

International audience; The 21st Century has been termed "the century of disasters." Worldwide there were twice as many disasters and catastrophes in the first decade of this century as in the last decade of the 20th Century. All continents are affected, both directly and indirectly. And the trend continues, fuelled by climate change, demographic changes and social dynamics. The serious challenges facing government in cities, regions and nations of the world relate to acute shocks (such as forest fires, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, pandemics and terrorist attacks) and chronic stresses (such as high unemployment, religious extremism, inefficient public transport systems, endemic violence, chronic shortages of food and water). Information is among the key life-supporting essentials in a disaster response, as well as water and basic foods which are vital to sustain lives. It is information technology these days that gives us access to most of this information. We rely greatly on it. In this sense, information management with effective use of information systems should be conducted and evaluated among disaster relief agencies. Successful information management will result in making higher situational awareness in a field that is crucial for a disaster response. It also guides us to build a disaster-resilient community which can adapt the society to those unexpected events. These issues should be tackled at each level of the governance (international, national, regional, local, etc.), and with regards to all relevant dimensions (social, technological, interoperability, agility, etc.). This minitrack features government and disaster information management, including the development of disaster resilience communities/societies. Five papers have been selected that deal with any aspect of the analysis, design, development, deployment, implementation, integration, operation, use or evaluation of ICT for discussing government roles for disaster responses, disaster information management, and resilience communities. In addition, we support innovative and breakthrough visions regarding "disaster information, technology and resilience."

Ever since the earth was inhabited, all the living beings are dependent on air, water and land that exist freely in nature to survive. However these natural resources are getting rapidly exhausted due to a number of factors like over population, excess land usage, climate change, environmental pollution etc. To have an environmentally acceptable secure future, where we can still enjoy natural resources, we need to transform the way we use natural resources. The proposed system uses the deep learning model U-Net to classify satellite tiles in land categories like forest, water bodies and urban area. The system is also capable of analysing satellite images to study the decline of various natural resources through the years and provide analysis of decline in natural resources. Based on analysis, recommendations regarding alternate solutions to urban planning can be provided.

Climate change, overpopulation and the squandering of resources currently pose problems of such magnitude that they require a change in the trend to mitigate their effects. It is essential to make society aware of the facts and to educate the population about the advantages that new technologies can provide for efficient urban development. We therefore ask whether an ordinary medium-sized city can become a Smart City. In order to assess this possibility, our study analyzes different models of Smart Cities implemented in Spain (e.g., Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Malaga and Santander), contrasting them with the specific case of one city that is not yet a Smart City (Granada) in order to discuss which strategic technological actions to implement in different topical areas of action: the economy, sustainability, mobility, government, population, and quality of life. The study uses Cohen&rsquo, s wheel to give researchers in the field a series of indicators and factors that can be used to analyze public data with statistical methods in order to obtain clear positive scores for Madrid and Barcelona. The analysis shows Granada&rsquo, s deficiencies in the scores for digital government, accessibility, the efficiency of public transport, and mobility, among others. Finally, the data obtained demonstrate the need to implement an integrated dashboard with different proposals in the strategic areas analyzed in order to achieve the transformation of conventional cities into Smart Cities.

This paper introduces a collaboration model between Tallinn city government and Tallinn University of Technology, based on partnership of two public institutions. The TalTechCity model can be seen as a response from the Tallinn city government to the smart city challenges that most of today's cities are facing all over the globe, e.g. how to manage problems related to overpopulation, traffic and data management, built environment and energy, how to reach the goals set in sustainable development agreements etc. Another aspect of this collaboration model is to investigate how to enhance smart city initiatives in the condition of limited financial and human resources. The paper analyses also the up-scaling potential of TalTechCity model and its suitability for entry level smart city initiatives.

Bangladesh is a small country with its large population struggled with several challenges over the last few decades, including overpopulation, power grid disruptions, floods, and global warming. Sufficient rate of energy production is must for a developing country, but quickly expanding population and overall economic growth interrupt the energy sector. Renewable energy plays a vital role to contribute in this sector. For becoming an agricultural country biomass is an important sustainable energy source for this country. Organic crop residues, animal waste, and municipal solid waste are the most accessible biomass energy sources in this country. On the other hand, by using the membrane gas separation technology the quality biogas can be improved and it helps the environment from the toxic CO2 which is a major element of biogas. This study represents the extension, potential and innovations identified with the utilization of biomass assets. Besides the improvement of biogas also discussed in this paper. This paper also represents the various initiatives conducted by the government that are all relevant to biomass energy. This work further can be studies to innovate different biomass technology and to improve the quality of biogas.