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Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of pathologies characterized by liver damage without history of excessive alcohol intake. Advanced fibrosis, generally detected by transient elastography (TE), is the most significant predictor of poor prognosis and mortality among these patients. This study aimed at assessing the accuracy of five noninvasive methods, compared to TE, for the evaluation of severity of liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Methods The cohort included 41 patients, in whom the result of TE was compared to AST/ALT ratio, BARD Score (Body Mass Index, AST/ALT ratio, diabetes), AST To Platelet Ratio Index (APRI), Fibrosis-4 Index (FIB-4 Index) and NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NFS). Results The severity of fibrosis, assessed by TE, was the following: F0 (absence of fibrosis): 17%, F1 (mild): 39%, F2 (moderate): 17%, F3 (advanced): 10%, F4 (cirrhosis): 17%. Performances of the diagnostic scores were: 49% for AST/ALT ratio, 68% for BARD Score, 73% for APRI, 59% and 71% for the lower and upper cut-off of FIB-4 Index, 61% and 76% for the lower and upper cut-off of NFS. Conclusions Considering the scores compared to TE, AST/ALT ratio was not enough sensitive, while BARD Score had better diagnostic performance and APRI had a superior accuracy than the formers. However, FIB-4 and NFS were the most useful tests and their performance could be improved through the use of a single cut-off. These findings demonstrated that the most accurate scores, compared to TE, were NFS and FIB-4.

The role of nutritional support for cancer patients in palliative care is still a controversial topic, in part because there is no consensus on the definition of a palliative care patient because of ambiguity in the common medical use of the adjective palliative. Nonetheless, guidelines recommend assessing nutritional deficiencies in all such patients because, regardless of whether they are still on anticancer treatments or not, malnutrition leads to low performance status, impaired quality of life (QoL), unplanned hospitalizations, and reduced survival. Because nutritional interventions tailored to individual needs may be beneficial, guidelines recommend that if oral food intake remains inadequate despite counseling and oral nutritional supplements, home enteral nutrition or, if this is not sufficient or feasible, home parenteral nutrition (supplemental or total) should be considered in suitable patients. The purpose of this narrative review is to identify in these cancer patients the area of overlapping between the two therapeutic approaches consisting of nutritional support and palliative care in light of the variables that determine its identification (guidelines, evidence, ethics, and law). However, nutritional support for cancer patients in palliative care may be more likely to contribute to improving their QoL when part of a comprehensive early palliative care approach.

We report, for the first time, the case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) onset in a 54-year-old woman not following a strict gluten-free diet (GFD) for six years after the diagnosis of celiac disease (CD). The patient did not display any sign of gluten toxicity, malabsorption, or CD-related comorbidity. Previous cases reported in medical literature showed ALS-like forms secondary to gluten intolerance, with symptom remission after a strict GFD. Even after correcting dietary flaws, the clinical manifestation of ALS did not improve in our patient. The main neurological involvement was a muscular weakness of upper and lower limbs, and dysphagia causing a weight loss for reduced food intake without any signs of malabsorption. Only vitamin D and folate levels were observed below normal; therefore, nutritional management required an oral supplementation of nutrients and vitamins. Muscle wasting was confirmed by an electrophysiological study using electromyography (EMG); body composition was assessed using bioimpedentiometry. Even after implementing a stricter GFD, clinical manifestations of the ALS did not improve. Therefore, the diagnosis of secondary neurological involvement in gluten ingestion was ruled out with ALS as an exclusionary diagnosis, at the end of the routine diagnostic pathway. The patient is currently under neurological and nutritional follow up for both ALS and CD as per standard of care to ensure her nutritional support and maintain the best possible quality of life during the progressive prognosis of the neurological diagnosis.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a common autoimmune disease that is characterized by insufficient insulin production. The onset of T1D is the result of gene-environment interactions. Sociodemographic and behavioural factors may contribute to T1D, and the gut microbiota is proposed to be a driving factor of T1D. An integrated preventive strategy for T1D is not available at present. This case–control study attempted to estimate the exposure linked to T1D to identify significant risk factors for healthy children. Forty children with T1D and 56 healthy controls were included in this study. Anthropometric, socio-economic, nutritional, behavioural, and clinical data were collected. Faecal bacteria were investigated by molecular methods. The findings showed, in multivariable model, that the risk factors for T1D include higher Firmicutes levels (OR 7.30; IC 2.26–23.54) and higher carbohydrate intake (OR 1.03; IC 1.01–1.05), whereas having a greater amount of Bifidobacterium in the gut (OR 0.13; IC 0.05 – 0.34) was a protective factor for T1D. These findings may facilitate the development of preventive strategies for T1D, such as performing genetic screening, characterizing the gut microbiota, and managing nutritional and social factors.

The incidence of type 1 diabetes has increased over the last decades. The pathological pathway is not yet clear, even if genetic and environmental risk factors are known. An early diagnosis can avoid ketoacidosis and its complications. This work aims to discuss the determinants of both ketoacidosis at the onset and access by hospital emergency departments without a suspected diagnosis. An observational bi-centric prospective study was conducted in Northern Italy, on a paediatric population including Italian and migrant patients at the diabetes onset. Seventy-four type 1 diabetes patients, both Italian and migrant, were included in the study. Anthropometric, socio-economic, behavioural, clinical data were collected, and microbiota analyses were performed using stool samples. Regular physical activity is associated with lower ketoacidosis incidence at onset (OR 0.33 95% CI 0.12–0.95 p

Background There are 1.2 million of immigrant children living in Italy. However, data on their nutritional habits are limited. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional profile in a cohort of both Italian and immigrant children. Methods The study included 86 children aged 5-15 consecutively enrolled from January 2016 to May 2017 within a larger epidemiological study on determinants of diabetes. Immigrant state was defined on the basis of the parent origin. Data on nutritional profile, frequency of food group consumption, and eating habits were collected using the 24-hour dietary recall method and a questionnaire. Anthropometric parameters were measured. Results In the cohort of immigrant children there was a higher prevalence of both overweight (27.3 vs. 14.1%) and obesity (18.2 vs. 3.1%) subjects and a greater total calorie intake compared to Italian children, mainly due to excess simple carbohydrate intake. Immigrant children had a higher consumption of sweets, snacks, and drinks with added sugar. Moreover, unhealthy habits, such as eating alone and eating while watching TV, were more frequent among immigrant children. Conclusions In this cohort, immigrant children had a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity possibly due to less healthy nutritional habits. Culturally-tailored nutritional interventions may help preventing the development of obesity-related diseases in this population.

The world is currently facing the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic which places great pressure on health care systems and workers, often presents with severe clinical features, and sometimes requires admission into intensive care units. Derangements in nutritional status, both for obesity and malnutrition, are relevant for the clinical outcome in acute illness. Systemic inflammation, immune system impairment, sarcopenia, and preexisting associated conditions, such as respiratory, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases related to obesity, could act as crucial factors linking nutritional status and the course and outcome of COVID-19. Nevertheless, vitamins and trace elements play an essential role in modulating immune response and inflammatory status. Overall, evaluation of the patient's nutritional status is not negligible for its implications on susceptibility, course, severity, and responsiveness to therapies, in order to perform a tailored nutritional intervention as an integral part of the treatment of patients with COVID-19. The aim of this study was to review the current data on the relevance of nutritional status, including trace elements and vitamin status, in influencing the course and outcome of the disease 3 mo after the World Health Organization's declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic., Highlights • Derangements in nutritional status can influence the course of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). • Obesity may worsen the outcome of COVID-19, requiring the most intensive care. • Vitamins and trace elements have a crucial role in immunomodulation.

In adults, a very uncommon presentation of celiac disease (CD) is a celiac crisis, a life-threatening and severe form of the disease having a dramatic onset with diarrhea and metabolic acidosis with electrolyte and fluid imbalance. Treatment of celiac crisis requires a gluten-free diet; however, the risk for refeeding syndrome (RFS) should be considered in patients showing marked malabsorption symptoms and important unintentional weight loss. Therefore, to avoid metabolic and potentially fatal complications of re-nutrition, nutritional management is crucial for a safe recovery after a celiac crisis. This review reports the rare onset of celiac crisis in a 75-y-old woman presenting with severe malnutrition resulting in >40% weight loss in 3 mo, after a period of severe diarrhea and vomiting. She arrived at the hospital showing electrolyte imbalance, hypoalbuminemia, lower limb edema, multiple bowel movements (>10/d) with steatorrhea, sarcopenia with profound asthenia, hyporexia due to intolerance to any food, and vomiting after meals. After being diagnosed with CD, the first approach was a gluten-free diet, which demonstrated only small and slow improvements of gastrointestinal symptoms. Therefore, a second approach was parenteral nutrition (PN) support that dramatically helped the patient's recovery. Here we describe the nutritional management during the inpatient stay for clinical stabilization and the following outpatient visits during and after the support with PN, until the patient's complete recovery to a regular follow-up.

Bariatric surgery is currently considered the most effective treatment to obtain a substantial weight loss sustained on the long term in morbid obesity. We present data regarding the recent bariatric experience of candidates enrolled between July 2016 and 2018 at “Maggiore Della Carita” Novara hospital. According to international and national guidelines1-2, surgery inclusion criteria were: age 8-65 years old; BMI ≥40 kg/m2 or ≥35 kg/m2 with at least one obesity-related comorbidity; multi-disciplinary team pre-surgical evaluation of the medical and psychological conditions that could interfere with health, weight loss outcome, or follow-up compliance 3. Among 98 candidates, 40 (41%) subjects underwent a bariatric procedure; 90% (36) underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). No serious adverse events (SAE) were observed after surgery up to 12 months. The mean baseline BMI was 44.4 kg/m2 (±5.2), with a decrease of 9.7 kg/m2 (±3.5) and 13.3 kg/m2 (±5.5) at 6 and 12 months, respectively. The Percent Excess Weight Loss (%EWL) and Percent Total Body Weight Loss (%TBWL) were 47.8 (±17.7), 61.2 (±27.6) and 21.9 (±7.5), 27.6 (±10) at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Moreover, mean serum glucose levels reduced from 110.6 (±35.5) mg/dL at baseline to 90.4 mg/dL (±14.8) and 88.3 mg/dL (±12.7) after 6 and 12 months. Detailed data are shown in the table 4. Our multidisciplinary experience in bariatric patient management demonstrates that a proper pre-surgical selection of candidates and a regular follow up are effective in obtaining a substantial weight loss, preventing SAE, and ensuring long-term compliance in order to avoid weight regain and malnutrition. 1-SICOB

BACKGROUND Therapy in chronic hepatitis B (chronic hepatitis B) patients aims at improving their survival by preventing disease progression to cirrhosis and its complications. Entecavir (ETV) is currently a first line therapeutic agent recommended for the treatment of CHB. Our aim was to evaluate the long term outcome of a cohort of CHB patients treated with ETV. METHODS Thirty-four patients treated with ETV for at least 6 months were included in this study. The virologic response was determined by the dosage of serum HBV-DNA, HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBe antibodies. Death, acute pancreatitis, lactic acidosis and kidney function impairment were considered as major adverse events. RESULTS The median period of treatment was 55 months (range 15-81). Thirty-three (97%) patients responded to the therapy after a mean time of 14.7 weeks (4-60); of these, 29 (85.3%) maintained the HBV-DNA negativity in serum, while 4 patients (11.8%) had a breakthrough. The remaining patient did not respond. Seroconversion to anti-HBs and anti-HBe was not observed, although 2 patients lost the e and the s antigen, respectively. Baseline alanine aminostransferase (ALT) levels in serum were altered in 18 patients (52.9%), and returned to normal levels during the follow-up, with a reduction of 87.7 IU/L (P

Gender medicine focuses on the patho-physiological, clinical, prevention and treatment differences in diseases that are equally represented in men and women. The purpose of gender medicine is to ensure that each individual man and woman receives the best treatment possible based on scientific evidence. The concept of “gender” includes not only the sexual characteristics of individuals but also physiological and psychological attributes of men and women, including risk factors, protective/aggravating effects of sexual hormones and variances linked to genetics and corporal structures that explain biological and physiological differences between men and women. It is very important to consider all the biological, physiological, functional, psychological, social and cultural characteristics to provide patients with individualized disease management. Herein, we critically analyze the literature regarding gender differences for diseases and acquired conditions of the most representative hepatic pathologies: primary biliary cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, non alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease, and viral chronic hepatitis B and C. The last section addresses hemochromatosis, which is a prevalent iron overload disorder in the Caucasian population. This review aims to describe data from the literature concerning viral chronic hepatitis during pregnancy, management during pregnancy and delivery, and new effective drugs for the prevention of maternal infection transmission without significant adverse effects or complications.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the Western world (it affects 30% of the general adult population). The NAFLD encompasses a histological spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), defined by steatosis, hepatocellular damage, and lobular inflammation in individuals without significant alcohol consumption and negative viral, congenital, and autoimmune liver disease markers. Currently, NAFLD is considered an emerging epidemic in light of the dramatic increase in obesity rates. With the progressive nature of NASH and its rising prevalence there is a significant need for a specific and targeted treatments since to date there has not been any validated therapies for NAFLD other than weight loss, which is well known to have a poor long-term success rate. In recent years, visceral adipose tissue has taken an important role in NAFLD pathogenesis, and current therapeutic approaches aim at reducing visceral obesity and free fatty acid overflow to the liver. This paper is focused on the treatments used for NAFLD and the potential new therapy.