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Resin composites were developed and first utilized in restoring teeth more than 50 years ago. There have been incremental changes in the chemical composition, but overall, the basic components have remained fairly consistent for decades. The clinical success of resin composite materials depends on numerous factors, which, first and foremost, include the type of substrate utilized in bonding (enamel as opposed to dentin). Other clinical factors that impact composite restoration success include preparation design, restoration placement, contamination of the operatory field, and polymerization technique. Restoration longevity also depends on several variables that may be difficult for the dentist to control. These variables include the patient’s caries risk, tooth position, patient habits, number of restored surfaces, and the quality of the tooth/restoration bond as well as the ability of the restorative material to produce a sealed tooth/restoration interface. This chapter presents a brief historical overview of dental composite resins, a review of bonding substrates, and clinical factors that impact resin bonding. The chapter also provides an update of the existing technology, underscoring the mechanisms that negatively impact the durability of composite restorations.