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This literature review presents data on neuroprotection in glaucoma. In neuroprotective therapy, it is desirable to use a comprehensive treatment that includes drugs of various pharmacological groups acting on different pathogenetic links of glaucoma optical neuropathy. One of the most promising areas of neuroprotection is the simultaneous combined effect of various physical factors (with mutual potency of their therapeutic action) and drug therapy, which increases the neuroprotective effect. However, treatment should be performed against the background of absolutely normalized intraocular pressure. Key words: glaucoma, glaucoma optical neuropathy, neuroprotection, drug therapy, normalized intraocular pressure.

Purpose. Тo develop a method for the formation of anterior capsulorexis for the prevention of capsule block in cataract phacoemulsification with the implantation of a posterior chamber IOL. Material and methods. 135 people were studied, who were divided into two groups depending on the diameter of the performed anterior capsulorexis (CR). Group I (main) included 67 patients (67 eyes), who underwent CR according to the method proposed by the authors-in the form of an ellipse with a large axis of 7,0-7,5 mm along the tunnel incision and a small axis of 4.0-5.0 mm. Group 2 -68 patients (68 eyes), capsulorexis was produced in a round shape- 5-5.5 mm. Results. Complications during surgery – in patients of group 2, a capsule block and a tear in the anterior capsulorhexis were noted in 2.9% of cases, in 3% of cases posterior capsular fibrosis was diagnosed in each group, which required the performance of posterior capsulorhexis. In the late period in one patient of group 2 endothelial-epithelial dystrophy (EED) of the cornea developed, which required ultraviolet corneal crosslinking followed by keratoplasty. Conclusion. The proposed method for the creation of anterior capsulorexis in cataract phacoemulsification with the implantation of a posterior chamber IOL reliably eliminates the possibility of a capsule block due to the formation an oval shaped capsule hole. In addition, it reduces the risk of damage to the lens capsules, ensures reliable fixation of IOLs in the capsule bag and increases access for posterior capsulorhexis, if necessary. Key words: cataract phacoemulsification, posterior chamber IOL, oval capsulorexis, capsule block.

The article discusses the issues of rational use of corticosteroid preparations for herpes infection of the eye. On the basis of scientific literature data and our own clinical observations given in the work, corticosteroid preparations are recommended for use in ophthalmic herpes only in the absence of ulceration and violation of the integrity of the cornea. It is advisable to prescribe them in micro doses, mainly in the form of instillations and, less often, parabulbar injections, with caution, under the strict supervision of an ophthalmologist, in the minimum effective concentration and in a short course. Key words: ophthalmic herpes, therapy, rational use corticosteroids.

The article is devoted to bacterial conjunctivitis. The review of scientific works on this problem presents the clinic, diagnosis and comprehensive treatment of this ophthalmopathology. At the same time, much attention is paid to antibiotic therapy of bacterial conjunctivitis. A special place in it is occupied by antibiotic fluoroquinolones, which have a wide spectrum of action, including gram-positive and gram-negative causative agents of eye infections, and can be considered the drugs of first choice in bacterial conjunctivitis, especially resistant to other antibiotics. Key words: bacterial conjunctivitis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment.

In this letter, excitation of discrete levels in a quantum system is considered, when the duration of the driving pulse is changed from multi-cycle to ultra-short half-cycle regime. It is shown that, as the number of optical cycles decreases, the system passes from the periodic-driven regime to the “kick-driven” action. In both cases the effect depends on the pulse area. However for subcycle pulses the area is equal to the time integral of the field strength, whereas for multi-cycle pulses it is determined by the time integral of the pulse envelope. The interference of the envelope pulse area and the electric pulse area and its possible manifestations in experiments are discussed.

In a multicenter, nationwide, retrospective study of patients hospitalized with spotted fever group rickettsiosis in Israel during 2010-2019, we identified 42 cases, of which 36 were autochthonous. The most prevalent species was the Rickettsia conorii Israeli tick typhus strain (n = 33, 79%); infection with this species necessitated intensive care for 52% of patients and was associated with a 30% fatality rate. A history of tick bite was rare, found for only 5% of patients; eschar was found in 12%; and leukocytosis was more common than leukopenia. Most (72%) patients resided along the Mediterranean shoreline. For 3 patients, a new Rickettsia variant was identified and had been acquired in eastern, mountainous parts of Israel. One patient had prolonged fever before admission and clinical signs resembling tickborne lymphadenopathy. Our findings suggest that a broad range of Rickettsia species cause spotted fever group rickettsiosis in Israel.

Purpose. To evaluate the clinical and functional results of a combined intervention – simultaneous cataract phacoemulsification (femtolaser assisted in some cases) and a developed partially fistulizing anti-glaucoma surgery in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Material and methods. 15 patients (45 eyes) aged 65-73 years with stage I-III POAG. The frequency of complications, dynamics of visual acuity's visual functions, and ophthalmotonus were analyzed before, during, and 6 months after surgery. Results. By the end of observation, the level of normalized IOP was defined in all patients, while in 78.6% of cases without drug correction and in 21.4% with the help of antihypertensive drugs (on average, 1.1±0.5). At the day of discharge from the hospital visual acuity after a simultaneous combined operation averaged 0.53±0.05, in the long term-0.77±0.06, while stabilization of glaucoma optical neuropathy after surgery occurred in 92.9%. Conclusion. A simultaneous combined intervention, including cataract phacoemulsification with a developed partially fistulizing anti-glaucoma operation, is an effective way to increase visual acuity, normalize ophthalmotonus and stabilize glaucoma optical neuropathy as well as reduce the drug load. Key words: cataract, glaucoma, surgical treatment, phacoemulsification, anti-glaucoma surgeries.

Inflammatory eye diseases are one of the most important problems of ophthalmology. They can be caused by various pathogens of the infection, which is still more often bacterial. Therapy of bacterial inflammatory diseases of the eye involves the use of antibacterial drugs (sulfonamides, antiseptics, nitrofurans, etc.), among which antibiotics are of primary importance. Of this group of drugs, in this review article, special attention is paid to quinolones, mainly synthetic fluoroquinolones, which are distinguished by a wide range of bactericidal action, fairly high efficiency, low level of resistance of microorganisms to it and the frequency of side effects, as well as good tolerability by patients, i.e. they best meet the requirements for modern topical antimicrobial agents. In certain clinical situations and indications, it is advisable to use ophthalmic antiseptics and combined preparations containing several antibiotics of different effects at once, or an antibiotic and a corticosteroid. Key words: infectious and inflammatory eye diseases, antibacterial agents, antibiotics, combined preparations, antiseptics.

A literature review on the problem of multiple sclerosis (MS) with an emphasis on its ophthalmic manifestations is presented. This eye disorders are one of the most frequent early symptoms, along with unexplained weakness, absent-mindedness, memory impairment and other neurological complaints. The most common symptom of lesion is oculomotor disorders. Special attention is paid to such typical ophthalmic pathology of multiple sclerosis as optic (retrobulbar) neuritis. A number of features of the course of optic neuritis in multiple sclerosis are described, which help to establish the correct diagnosis. Key words: multiple sclerosis, ocular manifestations, optic (retrobulbar) neuritis.

Purpose. To study the effectiveness of the developed partially fistulizing glaucoma surgery in the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in combination with complicated cataract. Material and methods. 28 patients (28 eyes) were examined, including 13 patients (13 eyes) with I–III stages of POAG, operated according to the method of glaucoma surgery developed by us (group 1), and 15 patients (15 eyes) with a combination of previously unoperated glaucoma with incomplete complicated cataracts, who underwent a combined intervention – simultaneous phacoemulsification of cataracts with the specified variant of partially fistulizing glaucoma intervention (group 2). The analysis of the frequency of complications, the dynamics of visual functions, visual acuity and ophthalmotonus before surgery, at the time of discharge from the hospital, and in the longterm (6–9 months) after surgery was carried out. Results. In group 1, in the long term, the absolute hypotensive effect was recorded in 81.8% of cases, visual functions remained the same – in 90.9%. In group 2, by the end of follow – up, the level of normalized intraocular pressure was recorded in all patients, while in 78.6% of cases without drug correction and in 21.4% – with the help of antihypertensive drugs. Visual acuity in group 2, after a single-stage combined operation by the day of discharge from the hospital, averaged 0.53±0.05, in the long-term – 0.77±0.06, while the stabilization of glaucoma optic neuropathy after surgery occurred in 92.9%. Conclusion. Glaucoma surgery according to the proposed method in the studied long-term periods in patients with POAG provided a sufficiently high hypotensive effect and the preservation of visual functions. Combined single-stage intervention was an effective way to increase visual acuity, normalize ophthalmotonus and stabilize glaucoma optic neuropathy, as well as reduce drug load. Key words: primary open-angle glaucoma, cataract, partially fistulizing glaucoma surgery, cataract phacoemulsification.

The combination of diseases such as cataract and glaucoma is a very common phenomenon in the practice of an ophthalmologist. The analysis of various surgical approaches to the treatment of this combined pathology indicates the feasibility of a wider and more active use of combined surgery. The anti-glaucoma component in a one-time intervention can be represented by both fistulizing operations (mainly trabeculectomy) and non-penetrating (most often non-GSE). Those and others have their undeniable advantages and disadvantages in the form of a higher hypotensive effect of penetrating interventions and a low number of complications after non-perforating operations. A limitation for the widespread use of implantation of drainage devices and minimally invasive procedures in the Russian Federation is a number of inaccessibility and high cost of some of them. The search for the most optimal anti-glaucoma component, which has the advantage of both non-penetrating and fistulizing operations to improve the hypotensive and visual results of simultaneous surgical treatment of glaucoma and cataracts, remains relevant today. Key words: glaucoma, cataract, combined surgery, anti-glaucoma surgery, antihypertensive effect, complications.

The article presents a literature review on the issue of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its ophthalmological manifestations: etiopathogenesis, possible causes of development, peculiarities of the clinical picture, including the eyes, modern diagnostic capabilities and treatment approaches. Special attention is paid to such a typical for MS ophthalmopathology as optical (retrobulbar) neuritis. The authors present their own practical cases. Key words: multiple sclerosis, diagnosis, treatment, ocular manifestations, optical (retrobulbar) neuritis.

Purpose. To assess the state of the corneal endothelium in patients with diabetic and immature age - related cataracts before and in the long term after phacoemulsification. Material and methods. There were 25 patients (43 eyes) under observation in total. The average age is 66.4±10.1 years. There were 12 men and 13 women among the surveyed. The average time after cataract phacoemulsification was 5.6±1.7 years. There were 2 groups of patients: group I (main) included 10 patients (16 eyes) with diabetic cataract, group 2 (control) consisted of 15 patients (27 eyes) with immature senile cataract (ISC) without diabetes. Before and after phacoemulsification the central corneal thickness (CCT), as well as polymegatism, pleomorphism, and corneal endothelial cell density (ECD) were studied using an EM-2000 endothelial microscope (Nidek, Japan). Results. In the long-term period after cataract phacoemulsification there was decreasing trend in the corneal endothelial cell density (ECD) as in patients operated on for immature senile and especially diabetic cataracts (by 1.5 times). The initial data of ECD in patients with diabetic cataract in comparison with ISC were lower although not significantly. There was also a decreasing trend in the percentage of hexaganality and the number of normal endothelial cells, as well as an increase in the coefficient of their polymegatism after phacoemulsification in patients with DM in comparison with patients without it. Conclusion. The study showed that phacoemulsification of diabetic cataracts is associated with more pronounced damage to the corneal endothelium when compared with the ISC group. During phacoemulsification with IOL implantation, especially in patients with diabetic cataracts, you should pay attention to the initially possible smaller ECD and take this circumstance into account when performing phacoemulsification. Key words: diabetic cataract, surgical treatment, phacoemulsification, endothelial microscopy, corneal endothelial cells.

The review article addresses the practical aspects of chlamydial conjunctivitis. In particular, it summarizes the clinical forms, diagnostic methods, local and systemic treatment of chlamydial infections of the eyes, as well as the prevention of this disease. Key words: chlamydial conjunctivitis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment.

The article presents a clinical case of Chauffard-Still syndrome. It is shown that for the correct etiological diagnosis of iridocyclitis in Still's syndrome, careful collection of anamnesis, the connection of the articular syndrome with uveitis and characteristic ophthalmological changes in the form of ribbon-like dystrophy of the cornea are important. Key words: Chaufard-Still syndrome, uveitis, corneal ribbon dystrophy.

The aim of the work was to study the clinical effectiveness of the combined treatment of keratitis and keratoconjunctivitis of bacterial etiology with the combined use of ocomistin eye drops and oftocipro ointment. These drugs were used in complex therapy in 12 patients in the treatment of this ophthalmopathology, which was caused corneal microtrauma after ingestion of foreign bodies or wearing contact lenses. At the same time, in most cases, microflora in the form of staphylococci was detected. Observations of the effectiveness of such a combined treatment for infectious and bacterial lesions of the eye anterior segment showed good tolerability and high (in 11 patients, in 91.7% of cases) clinical effectiveness of this therapy. Key words: bacterial keratitis and keratoconjunctivitis, treatment, antiseptic-okomistin, antibiotic-ciprofloxacin ointment.

The article describes a rare case of conjunctivitis in a 25-year-old patient that developed 5 days before the first typical signs of COVID-19 disease appeared, and led to cicatricial changes in the conjunctiva in the form of bilateral partial external symblepharon and mild dry eye syndrome, and later chronic dacryocystitis of the right eyes. Surgical treatment of simblepharon led to its relapse in the right eye with gradual development of severe DES with a significant decrease in visual acuity. The prescribed complex therapy with drops of dexamethasone, restasis, vitabact and tear-suppressing drugs (Oftagel, Vita Pos ointment) for several days, however, led to extensive detachment of the corneal epithelium and the development of a superficial ulcer of the right eye with a keratomalacia area in its lower part. In the process of inpatient treatment recommended to the patient at one of the councils, it suddenly turned out that the patient had been periodically instilling inocaine into his right eye for anesthesia for several months on his own. It was the decrease in sensitivity against the background of prolonged instillations of the local anesthetic inocaine that aggravated the violation of the stability of the tear film, led to a significant decrease in tear secretion and a cytotoxic effect, which gradually led to the development of severe corneal-conjunctival xerosis. The performed inpatient treatment and subsequent outpatient treatment led to the relief of inflammation, epithelialization of the ulcer. Key words: conjunctivitis, COVID-19, complication, simblefaron, inocaine anesthetic, corneal-conjunctival xerosis.

Summary Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is common among residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Analysing the spa types of 22 isolates, mostly bloodstream infections (BSI), revealed five temporally distinct clonal outbreaks occurring in one ward of our local LTCF between 2012 and 2019. Each clone caused episodes of BSI for several months until replaced by another clone. A high MRSA carriage rate of 32% among healthcare workers in this ward was documented during the investigation of the 2019 outbreak. Clonal replacement of MRSA and the role of healthcare workers in transmission are discussed.

Results of the complex experimental study of the spectral and temporal characteristics of the emission glow of control samples of several solid-state substances (imitation of topographic targets in the atmosphere) and of solid aerosols (imitation of air pollutants) under the action of femtosecond pulses of a Ti:Sa laser (at a carrier wavelength of 800 nm) and nonlinear optical effects are presented.

Experimental results of measuring the threshold power density of stimulated emission in coumarin-30 dye solutions with ZnO nanoparticles upon irradiation with femtosecond laser pulses are presented. It is shown that the stimulated emission thresholds of coumarin-30 dye solutions with incorporated ZnO nanoparticles upon irradiation with femtosecond laser pulses are approximately by 3 orders of magnitude higher than the stimulated emission thresholds of coumarin-30 dye solutions with incorporated ZnO nanoparticles irradiated with nanosecond laser pulses.

Testing and experimental substantiation are a significant and integral part at all phases of the life cycle of reactor equipment. The Research and Testing Complex (RTC) operates at OKBM Afrikantov to ensure that these tasks are successfully fulfilled. The RTC provides the opportunity of performing a wide range of research and testing during the creation of reactor installations as well as the development of the main and auxiliary equipment for the nuclear energy industry. The most significant work performed on the experimental base at OKBM in the last 15–20 years reduces to neutronics and thermotechnical studies of cores and FA, testing equipment for naval and civilian ship reactor installations and NPP, experimental substantiation of systems and study of processes occurring in them and the elements of the equipment in nuclear installations, and the study of the corrosion and strength properties of materials. Work on modernization of currently operating and creation of new test stands is ongoing at the RTC.

OKBM Afrikantov possesses unique experience in developing different types of highly reliable pumping equipment. The pumping equipment developed at the enterprise possesses high safety and reliability metrics at minimum operating cost. OKBM accomplishments in the design and manufacture of pumping equipment over the last 20 years are shown and the basic phases involved in the development of electric pumps for nuclear steam-generating plants, other systems on naval ships and vessels, and pumps for NPP and research and experimental reactor installations as well as electric pumps for the non-nuclear market are described.

Results of experimental measurements of the energy characteristics of stimulated emission in coumarin-30 and rhodamine 6G dyes with nanoparticles under irradiation with femtosecond laser pulses are presented. It is shown that the stimulated emission thresholds of the active medium with one-photon absorption containing nanoparticles are by a factor of 1.4 lower than of the pure active medium.

Nanoantennas made of high-index semiconductors with a strong nonlinearity and supported optical Mie-type resonances offer a promising alternative platform for nonlinear nanophotonics. In this Letter, we employ an array of amorphous silicon nanodisks with varying diameters to produce a broadband deep-ultraviolet third harmonic of a few-cycle Ti:sapphire oscillator. Ultrashort light pulses efficiently deposit their energy at the center of the disks where the electric field is strongly amplified by the anapole states. This leads to a progressive material modification in an extreme multishot (>1010 pulses) and a rather low fluence (

Lidar and searchlight instruments and techniques for atmospheric research developed at the V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, in recent years are described. Key results obtained using these techniques are presented.

Recent theoretical and experimental results on coherent passive mode locking in lasers due to self-induced transparency are revised. In contrast to traditional laser systems, where passive mode locking occurs due to the effects of incoherent gain and absorption saturation, this regime of mode locking arises due to coherent interaction between light and matter. Theoretical results are presented that demonstrate the possibility of obtaining single-cycle pulses in a laser with a linear cavity of ultrashort length. Results are also presented from what are apparently the first experiments on coherent mode locking due to self-induced transparency in lasers.

Aim. To study creatinine clearance, body mass index and to perform ROSE survey amomg patients with hypertension of different age groups at territorial internist's area. Methods. The study involved 112 patients aged 40 to 75 years. Patients were divided into two groups according to the age: group 1 40 to 61 years, 55 people (15 men and 40 women), the average age 52.67.1 years; group 2 62 to 75 years, 57 people (15 men and 42 women), the average age 69.84.4 years. Creatinine clearance and body mass index were measured, and ROSE survey was conducted. Results. In group 1 creatinine clearance 60 ml/min was in 5 (9%) subjects, in group 2 in 20 (35%; p=0.002). In group 1 15 (27%) subjects had normal body mass, in group 2 5 (9%). In group 1 overweight was registered in 18 (33%) subjects, and in group 2 in 24 (42%; p=0.407). Class I obesity in group 1 was found in 15 (27%) patients, in group 2 in 16 (28%; p=0.907). Class II obesity in group 1 was noted in 5 (9%) patients, in group 2 in 4 (7%; p=0.955). Class III obesity in group 1 was registered in 2 (4%) people and in 8 (14%) in group 2 (p=0.110). According to the results of ROSE questionnaire, signs of angina pectoris were found in 7 (13%) patients in group 1 and 17 (30%) in group 2 (p=0.048). Conclusion. In the territorial internist's area the proportion of cases of overweight and obesity among patients of groups 1 and 2 with hypertension did not differ significantly (p 0.05); in patients from group 2 with hypertension creatinine clearance less than 60 ml/min was identified 3.9 times more often than in the younger age group (p=0.002); in patients of group 2 with hypertension were 2.3 times more likely to have angina, according to ROSE questionnaire than in group 1 (p=0.048).

This review presents the characteristics and results of clinical studies of patients with age-related macular degeneration implanted with the developed for this purpose first macular IOL – intraocular macular telescope (IMT). This lens was designed specifically for patients with the most severe or terminal form of age-related macular degeneration and is designed for monocular implantation to provide central vision while maintaining peripheral vision of the paired eye, which is important for maintaining the balance and orientation of patients. This device allows patients to see both in dynamic and static situations in the near, intermediate and far ranges. The disadvantages of this lens are a decrease in the visual field and depth of focus (which excludes its bilateral implantation), the need for a large (10–12 mm) incision for implantation, which can cause an increase in corneal astigmatism and the risk of complications, in particular, the pupillary block with an increase in intraocular pressure. There are also difficulties in the study of the fundus after its implantation to assess the small changes in the macula or to identify possible postoperative complications after cataract surgery (macular oedema, etc.). Also after the implantation of this lens, there is need for special programs of visual rehabilitation. The patient’s commitment to the rehabilitation measures for the adaptation of the central visual field of the operated eye with the peripheral vision of the second eye is crucial for success of the IMT macular telescope implantation procedure.

The regime of passive mode locking in a Ti:sapphire laser with a coherent absorber resulting in the emission of pulses with a duration considerably shorter than the absorber relaxation times is demonstrated experimentally. A cell filled with rubidium vapor placed in the laser cavity serves as a coherent absorber. Mode locking arises when the laser oscillation frequency is tuned to the resonance transitions in rubidium. In our opinion, 2π pulses of self-induced transparency appear in the cavity, and the reported results represent the first experimental demonstration of passive mode locking caused by the effect of self-induced transparency, which has previously been discussed only theoretically.

Purpose: comparative study of trabeculectomy results with various models of domestic “Glautex” drainage in the surgical treatment of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Patients and methods. The results of surgical treatment of 98 (105 eyes) patients with POAG aged 50–83 years who underwent trabeculectomy with various Glautex drainage models were analyzed. There were 43 men (43.9 %) and 55 (56.1 %) women. The second (II) stage of POAG was diagnosed in 49 eyes (46.7 %), the third (III) stage in 56 (53.3 %). All patients were divided into 3 groups. The first (main) group consisted of 34 (37 eyes) patients who underwent trabeculectomy in combination with the implantation of Glautex DDA drainage model. The second (main) group included 29 (30 eyes) patients with trabeculectomy and implantation of the SDA model of this drainage. The third group was the control group and consisted of 35 (38 eyes) patients with the classical method of surgery without using any drainage. Results. There was a significant 71.7 % decrease in IOP compared with baseline data in the 1st patients group after antiglaucomatous surgery, 72 and 74 % decrease was in the 2nd and 3rd groups respectively (p < 0.05). An increase in IOP was noted predominantly in the control and in the second study group within 1 month of follow-up. Normalization of ophthalmotonous pressure was achieved by using needling in 13.3 % (4/30) patients in the second group, in 7.9 % (6/38) cases in the control group. The absolute hypotensive effect in the 1st group was noted in 75.7 % of cases; the relative hypotensive effect was in 8.1 %; total failure was in 16.2 %. In the 2nd group the absolute hypotensive effect of the surgery was in 73.3 % of 30 cases, the relative was in 6.7 %, total failure was in 20 %. In the control group (38 eyes), absolute success was in 63.1 %, the relative hypotensive effect was in 13.2 %, and the total failure was in 23.7 %. Conclusion. Trabeculectomy with Glautex drainage and with various models in case of primary open-angle glaucoma provided a sufficiently high relative hypotensive effect in 82 % of cases in a year after the surgery. The achieved surgery outcomes with this drainage in the studied periods did not depend on applied model: DDA or SDA (83.8 and 80 % respectively), but was higher than the classical trabeculectomy (76.3 %). However, in case of the SDA model, needling was required in 13.3 % of cases in the early postoperative period.

In order to conduct experiments to study convection under microgravity it is proposed to use the Progress cargo transportation spacecraft. This is due to the fact that the microgravity environment onboard the Russian Segment (RS) of the ISS is not favorable, since the ISS center of mass is in the US segment, while many onboard systems generating micro-accelerations are installed in the ISS RS. There is no crew and no life support systems onboard the cargo spacecraft and micro-accelerations in it are significantly lower than those in the ISS RS. Passive modes of the cargo spacecraft attitude control are particularly favorable for carrying out microgravity experiments in space. In the course of a series of experiments conducted onboard a cargo spacecraft to find the minimal level of residual micro-accelerations, the gravity orientation mode turned out to be the most suitable one. It is planned to conduct an experiment to study convective isothermal currents using the Dakon-P scientific gear specifically developed for this purpose onboard Progress spacecraft in free flight in the gravity orientation mode.

We discuss an efficient all-optical switching scheme with ultrafast switching times and high switching contrast which satisfies fan-out [1] , one difficult challenge to be met in all optical computing. To this end, a nonlinear interaction mechanism provides a means to control light by light [2] , [3] , realizing switching between different parts of soliton-fission induced supercontinuum spectra. The experimental setup employed a NL-PM-750 photonic crystal fiber (NKT Photonics), and the complementing numerical simulations were performed using a generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation [1] , [3] .