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Background Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are increasingly used for mechanical support of end-stage heart failure. Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) confers a significant morbidity in LVAD patients, with rates of up to 30% at 5 years. We assessed predictors of index and recurrent GIB (rGIB) in LVAD patients to risk stratify patients and evaluate if endoscopic approach and intervention at index GIB impacted rGIB. Methods A retrospective chart review of all LVAD patients at our institution from 01/01/2006 to 31/10/2016 was completed. Predictors for index and recurrent GIB were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was created using only statistically significant dependent variables and adjusted for demographic variables. Results A total of 77/214 (36%) patients developed GIB, and 38/214 (17.8%) developed rGIB. Destination therapy (P=0.01), longer duration of LVAD (P=0.03), and low albumin (

Purpose Reliable visual field testing requires the tested eye to be fixated on a central target. This poses a major obstacle for eyes with severe central vision loss. This pilot study assesses whether it may be feasible to examine such patients with a modified method. Methods A green filter was placed over the fellow eye. A FASTPAC algorithm was used with a red stimulus. The green filter prevented transmission of the red stimuli but allowed visualization of the yellow fixation light. Subjects were tested by both the conventional and the novel method, performed in a randomized order. We compared the reliability indices and also the precision of the two methods. Results We present results from six patients. The novel method was associated with an 85% reduction in fixation losses (P=0.028) and a 58% reduction in eye motion on gaze tracking (P=0.007). Further, specialized testing in one of the volunteers demonstrated that the novel technique could more precisely define a small zone of preserved peripheral vision (P=0.008). Conclusion The results of this pilot study suggest that the novel method described may be a feasible strategy for visual field testing in patients with unilateral severe central vision loss.

Decades have passed since the underlying molecular etiologies of the most common hereditary forms of colorectal cancer (CRC), Lynch syndrome, and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) were first described. With the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) panels, the landscape of hereditary CRC testing has changed dramatically. We review available screening strategies, novel CRC predisposition genes, and challenges and opportunities in this field. Improved sensitivity and availability of NGS panel testing have greatly expanded our understanding regarding the number of CRC syndromes and their phenotypic expression. A variety of screening strategies are available to identify heritable CRC syndromes, potentially decreasing morbidity and mortality in this population. However, these screening strategies remain imperfect and present challenges regarding their implementation in clinical practice. Screening strategies include universal screening of CRC tumors for Lynch syndrome, clinical prediction algorithms, and risk assessment questionnaires. Additionally, there remains a gap in our understanding of the clinical implications of novel gene mutations of variable penetrance and unexpected NGS panel test results. Incorporation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may help to further refine cancer risk assessment, and the clinical introduction of RNA analysis may allow us to clarify variants of unknown significance (VUSs) and identify deep intronic mutations that would otherwise be missed. Recognition of genetic predisposition to CRC is critical for the practicing gastroenterologist. The evolving field of cancer genetics offers great challenges and opportunities for improved CRC management.

Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) occurs when gas is discovered in the intestinal wall and is categorized into two types: primary PI which is idiopathic and mainly occurs in the colon, and secondary PI which occurs more often in the small bowel but has variable presentation and etiology. We report a case of a patient status post-orthotopic deceased liver transplantation complicated by a portal vein thrombus on chronic lactulose for portosystemic encephalopathy who presented due to pyelonephritis and persistent diarrhea. The patient underwent colonoscopy with random biopsies and subsequently developed acute sepsis with Escherichia coli bacteremia. The findings of PI were noted on computed tomography imaging obtained 5 days post-colonoscopy, due to persistent post-procedure abdominal pain. The patient was treated with discontinuation of lactulose, supportive care, and antibiotics for her bacteremia with resolution of her PI 3 days later. This suggests that a combination of factors may lead to the development of PI, and while some cases require emergent intervention including surgery, others may be treated conservatively. Awareness of risk factors that may precipitate PI and specific clinical predictors may help to both mitigate and manage PI appropriately.

Background and Aims GI tract perforations and anastomotic dehiscence are increasingly effectively being repaired endoscopically; however, well-known and long-held surgical principles must still be honored. One important principle is that significant extraluminal contamination must be washed out, debrided, and drained in conjunction with repair of the defect if the wound is to effectively heal and resolve. Here we describe the use of endoscopic washout and debridement of extraluminal contamination at the time of luminal defect closure in a 7-patient series at our institution, with video demonstration of 2 patients in the series. Methods We reviewed a series of 7 patients at our institution and provide a video demonstration of the described technique in 2 patients. A 50-year-old man with decompensated liver cirrhosis presented with a large distal esophageal disruption secondary to a severe Minnesota tube injury. Extensive thoracic and mediastinal contamination of solid and liquid debris was removed and washed out endoscopically, followed by esophageal defect repair. Closure of the defect with overlapping, fully covered, esophageal stents sutured in place was successful after attempts at repairing the primary disruption with suturing alone failed. A 49-year-old man with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and multiple prior surgeries presented with an acute abdomen and sepsis secondary to a fully perforated duodenal ulcer. Extensive endoscopic washout and lavage of the purulent liquid and semiliquid debris covering the liver, stomach, and adjacent structures was performed, followed by closure of the perforation by endoscopic suturing. A percutaneous pigtailed drainage catheter was placed in the extraluminal cavity to facilitate postoperative drainage, followed by placement of a PEG with jejunal extension for enteric exclusion and nutrition. Results The results for all 7 patients were reviewed. The overall rate of technical success, defined as effective repair of the luminal defect and drainage of extraluminal contamination, was 100%. The overall rate of clinical success, defined as clinical recovery and return to the patient's previous state of health, was 86% because 1 patient died because of severe concomitant disease. The length of time from the described procedure to hospital discharge ranged from 8 to 52 days (mean, 27 days). Conclusion Endoscopic washout and debridement can effectively and immediately address extraluminal contamination at the time of endoscopic luminal defect repair in appropriately selected patients. Therefore, it may represent a valuable option to address this clinical situation when a more conventional surgical approach is problematic. A more structured study should be considered for the development and validation of this approach.

Background Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of developing anxiety or depression (A&D). Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) with comorbid A&D are both more challenging to manage. IBD providers need to better understand the causes and impact of A&D in order to improve care for IBD patients. We sought to identify clinical factors that influence development of A&D and healthcare utilization in IBD. Methods This is a retrospective analysis using an IBD natural history registry from a single tertiary care referral center. Presence of A&D was determined based upon responses to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Demographic and clinical factors were abstracted to evaluate for significant associations. Results Four hundred thirty-two IBD patients (132 UC, 256 CD, and 44 indeterminate colitis) were included in this study. One hundred ninety-two (44.4%) had anxiety or depression or both, and most were female (59.4%, P < 0.05). History of surgery (P < 0.05), female gender (P < 0.05), smoking (P < 0.05), and extra-intestinal manifestations (P < 0.01) were each independently predictive of A&D. Inflammatory bowel disease patients with A&D more often underwent imaging studies (53.6% vs 36.7%, P < 0.05), visited the ED (30.7% vs 20.8%, P < 0.05), or were hospitalized (31.7% vs 21.7%, P < 0.05). They were also more frequently prescribed corticosteroids (50.5% vs 36.7%, P < 0.01) and biologic medications (62.5% vs 51.3%, P < 0.05). Finally, they were more likely to have had at least 1 "no-show" (29.2% vs 16.7%, P < 0.01) and had a higher mean number of "no-shows" (0.69 +/- 0.1 vs 0.30 +/- 0.1, P < 0.01) over the study period. Discussion Anxiety and depression are common in the setting of IBD and are strongly associated with surgical history, disease complications (including extra-intestinal manifestations), smoking, and female gender. Inflammatory bowel disease patients with A&D are also more likely to require therapy and to utilize healthcare resources. This study refines our understanding of A&D development and its impact in IBD and provides additional considerations for management in this setting.

Background Most patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are physically inactive despite the well-known benefits of physical activity. Telehealth offers promise as a novel way to deliver an exercise training program and increase physical activity. However, the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of telehealth-based exercise programs is unknown in patients with NAFLD. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of a directly supervised exercise training program delivered exclusively with telehealth to patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the progressive form of NAFLD. Methods In response to COVID-19 research restrictions, we adapted an existing clinical trial and delivered 20 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training 5 days a week under real-time direct supervision using an audio–visual telehealth platform. Aerobic training was completed by walking outdoors or using a home treadmill. Fitness activity trackers with heart rate monitors ensured exercise was completed at the prescribed intensity with real-time feedback from an exercise physiologist. Results Three female patients with biopsy-proven NASH were enrolled with a mean age of 52 (SD 14) years. The mean body mass index was 31.9 (SD 5.1) kg/m2. All patients had metabolic syndrome. All patients completed over 80% of exercise sessions (mean 84% [SD 3%]) and no adverse events occurred. Body weight (mean –5.1% [SD 3.7%]), body fat (mean –4.4% [SD 2.3%]), and waist circumference (mean –1.3 in. [SD 1.6 in.]) all improved with exercise. The mean relative reduction in magnetic resonance imaging-proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF) was 35.1% (SD 8.8%). Mean reductions in hemoglobin A1c and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance were also observed (–0.5% [SD 0.2%] and –4.0 [SD 1.2], respectively). The mean peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) improved by 9.9 (SD 6.6) mL/kg/min. Conclusions This proof-of-concept study found that supervised exercise training delivered via telehealth is feasible and safe in patients with NASH. Telehealth-based exercise training also appears to be highly efficacious in patients with NASH, but this will need to be confirmed by future large-scale trials. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03518294; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03518294

Objectives Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and is the most common nosocomial infection in the United States, with associated annual costs of approximately $3 billion. The epidemiology of CDI has changed with the identification of novel risk factors for incident and recurrent CDI. The aim of this study was to identify the predictors of 30-day mortality in hospitalized patients with CDI. Methods We identified all of the patients diagnosed as having CDI from January 2011 to December 2014 at our university-setting hospital. Data were extracted using electronic medical records and chart review. The data of all of the patients who died within 30 days of incident CDI were compared with those who survived beyond 30 days of incident CDI. A multivariable logistic regression model was created for mortality after finding a subset of significant predictor variables by making bivariate comparisons also using logistic regression. Results A total of 893 patients were diagnosed as having CDI during the study period. The mean age was 62 years and 49.5% were women. The mean length of hospital stay was 11.73 days. Of the 893 patients with CDI, 98 (10.97%) died within 30 days of incident CDI. CDI recurrence was noted in 76 patients (8.51%). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, peptic ulcer disease, advanced age, Charlson comorbidity index, and intensive care unit status were found to be significantly associated with 30-day mortality. There was no significant association between acid suppression and CDI mortality. Conclusions Advanced age, Charlson comorbidity index, intensive care unit status, and peptic ulcer disease are predictors of all-cause 30-day mortality in hospitalized patients with CDI.

The original article unfortunately contained a mistake. On page 8, Table 2, the row with “POLE POLD1” has been shifted right so all the columns are not correct.

With the rapid increasing of smart devices, there has been a growing interest in the concept of Internet of Things (IoT). While as a network of connected objects, IoT is created by enabling machine to machine interactions, another important factor of IoT is the human-machine interaction. By creating a connected life, people can interact with their devices, appliances, vehicles, etc. As one of the most natural ways of communication, using speech to interact with things adds value by enriching the user experience. As a subset of internet of things, smart/connected home is a fast growing industry that includes automation of household activities (e.g., centralized control of lighting, heating, air conditioning, etc.) for more convenience, as well as added security (e.g., control of alarm system, doors, windows, etc.). This work focuses on a combination of speech recognition and natural language understanding for smart home applications with customizable devices. Dynamic hierarchical language models are discussed and shown to be effective in creating personalized speech recognition, and evaluated in terms of both word accuracy and semantic accuracy.