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Background:Metabolic pathways perturbations lead to skeletal muscular atrophy in the cachexia and sarcopenia due to increased catabolism. Pro-inflammatory cytokines induce the catabolic pathways that impair the muscle integrity and function. Hence, this review primarily concentrates on the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines in regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism.Objective:This review will discuss the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in skeletal muscles during muscle wasting conditions. Moreover, the coordination among the pro-inflammatory cytokines and their regulated molecular signaling pathways which increase the protein degradation will be discussed.Results:During normal conditions, pro-inflammatory cytokines are required to balance anabolism and catabolism and to maintain normal myogenesis process. However, during muscle wasting their enhanced expression leads to marked destructive metabolism in the skeletal muscles. Proinflammatory cytokines primarily exert their effects by increasing the expression of calpains and E3 ligases as well as of Nf-κB, required for protein breakdown and local inflammation. Proinflammatory cytokines also locally suppress the IGF-1and insulin functions, hence increase the FoxO activation and decrease the Akt function, the central point of carbohydrates lipid and protein metabolism.Conclusion:Current advancements have revealed that the muscle mass loss during skeletal muscular atrophy is multifactorial. Despite great efforts, not even a single FDA approved drug is available in the market. It indicates the well-organized coordination among the pro-inflammatory cytokines that need to be further understood and explored.

Internet of Things (IoT) networks are the type of Low Power and Lossy Networks. Routing protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is the standard routing protocol for IoT network. RPL uses the Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG) to get route from source to destination. DODAG formation is based on different objective functions which optimize various routing metrics to get reliable and more optimized path. Objective function Zero (OF0) which is based on minimum hop count method and Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF) which optimize one routing metric i.e. Expected Transmission Count (ETX) or energy are standard objective functions defined by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Different routing metrics are combined so far as use of single routing metric by RPL doesn’t fulfil overall routing performance requirements. This research proposes a new modified MRHOF objective function which is modification in standard objective function MRHOF. Modified MRHOF objective function uses and optimizes three routing metrics i.e. ETX, Energy and Delay. Implementation of proposed work is done on Cooja Simulator on Contiki OS. Performance evaluation of proposed objective function is done on the basis of these parameters- Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average Power Consumption and Throughput and results show that proposed objective function performs better than other objective functions -0F0 and MRHOF in terms of these parameters.

The main aim of machine learning is to instruct computers to use data or experience to solve a real-life problem. It can apply as association analysis through supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and Reinforcement Learning. In this study, we will focus on the use of machine learning in agriculture to solve real-life problems. We will focus on the state of art on machine learning and its application in agriculture. Also, we study the use of machine learning in wheat crop production. At last, we identify the gaps in wheat crop production and proposed an architecture using supervised machine learning.

IoT technologies is improving life quality by enhancing several real-life smart applications. IoT includes large number of devices generating huge amount of data which needs large computation. Anomaly detection and security is the major concern in the IoT domain. This survey paper provides an overview of anomaly detection using machine learning and deep learning methods in IoT applications. Machine learning and deep learning are powerful tools for analyzing normal and abnormal behavior of IoT components and devices. In this paper we outline key issues in research and challenges using deep anomaly detection techniques for resource constrained devices in real-world problems of IoT. Fog computing move the computation at the device or the edge to solve some of the issues of network security and delay in computation.

Tinospora cordifolia (TC) is widely being used as immunomodulatory and re-juvenile drug and well described in Indian Ayurveda system of medicine. Rejuvenation also means the fine tuning of the skeletal muscles. Skeletal muscle related disorder, i.e. atrophy is major problem which arise due to cachexia, sarcopenia and immobilization. However, despite of the great efforts, there is scarcity of FDA approved drugs in the market to treat skeletal muscle atrophy.The current study was aimed to explore the in-vitro and in-vivo efficacy and mechanism of TC in myogenic differentiation and skeletal muscle atrophy to establish the possibility of its usage to counteract skeletal muscle atrophy.C2C12 cell lines were used to determine myogenic potential and anti-atrophic effects of T. cordifolia water extract (TCE). Its in-vitro efficacy was re-validated in vivo by supplementation of TCE at a dose of 200 mg/kg/p.o. for 30 days in denervated mice model of skeletal muscle atrophy. Effects of TCE administration on levels of oxidative stress, inflammatory markers and proteolysis were determined.TCE supplementation displayed increased lymphocyte proliferation and induced myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts by significantly increasing myocytes length and thickness, in comparison to control (p 0.05). TCE supplementation decreased oxidative stress and inflammatory response by significantly modulating activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, lipid peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and β-glucuronidase (p 0.05). It increased MF-20c expression and ameliorated degradation of muscle protein by down-regulating MuRF-1 and calpain activity.TCE supplementation promotes myogenic differentiation in C2C12 cell lines and prevents denervation induced skeletal muscle atrophy by antagonizing the proteolytic systems (calpain and UPS) and maintaining the oxidative defense mechanism of the cell. Hence, TCE can be used as a protective agent against muscle atrophy.

Background and Aims: Total knee replacement (TKR) patients experience considerable post-operative pain. We evaluated whether addition of perineural dexmedetomidine to ropivacaine 0.2% in the femoral nerve block would enhance post-operative analgesia in patients undergoing unilateral TKR under spinal anaesthesia. Methods: Fifty patients were allocated randomly to two groups of 25 each. Group D received ropivacaine (0.2%) with dexmedetomidine (1.5 μg/kg), and Group C received ropivacaine (0.2%) with normal saline. Pain scores, time to the first request for analgesia and total consumption of ropivacaine in 48 h, along with haemodynamic parameters and sedation scores, were recorded. Quantitative data were compared using t-test, categorical data using Chi-square or Fisher's exact test and time variables using ANOVA. Results: The mean pain scores were significantly low till 2 h post-operatively in Group D. Time to the first demand for analgesia after initial loading dose was statistically prolonged in Group D, with mean duration of 346.8 ± 240 min, compared to 150 ± 115.2 min in Group C (P = 0.001). Total local anaesthetic consumption was also decreased over 24 and 48 h in Group D (P = 0.001). Haemodynamically, there was no significant variation in heart rate from their baseline mean values in either group (P > 0.05). However, the drop in systolic and mean blood pressure post-surgery was significant till 4 (P = 0.002) and 8 h (P = 0.02), respectively, in Group D. Group D patients were also significantly more sedated till 4 h post-operatively (P < 0.005). Conclusion: Adding dexmedetomidine to ropivacaine 0.2% in the femoral nerve block in patients undergoing unilateral TKR improves the quality and prolongs the duration of post-operative analgesia.

Background: It is bitter truth that there is no drug in this world which is without an adverse drug reaction (ADR). After the clinical trials when the drug comes in market or when it is taken by variety of population then actual reality of the drug comes out about its efficacy and adverse drug reactions. Fixed drug eruption is also one such type of ADR in which a specific type of lesions occurs over the skin after the drug is taken. Methods: We have conducted a clinical, observational study, in BPS Government Medical College, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India over a period of eight months. In that period we have found 159 patients having adverse drug reactions. Patients of both genders, under all age group were included in the study. Results: Out of 159 adverse drug reactions reports 69 (43.39%) were cutaneous adverse drug reaction report, 45 (28.30%) cases were of fixed drug eruption (FDE). Out of these 45 cases seen, there were 4 males (8.88%) and 41 females (91.11%). Flouroquinolone antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and norofloxacin were the most common drugs causing fixed drug eruption followed by nitroimadazole antibiotic like metronidazole, tinidazole and NSAIDS like diclofenac, paracetamol and meftal spas in our study. FDE are more common in upper limbs extremities followed by lower limb extremities than face and trunk. Causality assessment was done with the help of WHO UMC scale and we found that association was possible in all the cases. Conclusions: Fixed drug eruptions are one of the major types of adverse drug reactions and should be assessed and reported.

Background: Self-medication is a widely prevalent practice in India. It assumes a special significance among medical students as they are the future medical practitioners and differ from general population as they are exposed to the knowledge about drug and diseases. Self-medication is very common among the medical students, and from previous studies, it was seen that antihistaminic was commonly taken as self-medication. Aims and Objective: The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of self-medication among undergraduate medical students toward antihistaminics. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among the 300 undergraduate medical students of 2nd and 3rd year from July to December 2018 after taking the approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee. Results: It was found that 200 (90%) respondents practiced self-medication. Most common conditions for taking antihistaminic self-medication were allergic rhinitis (39%), sinusitis (34%), motion sickness (7%), urticaria (14%), and insect bite (6%). Most common reasons for seeking self-medication were mild illness (50%), time-saving (33%), cost-effectiveness (11%), and urgency (6%). Commonly used H1 antihistaminics were cetirizine, levocetirizine, fexofenadine, loratadine, hydroxyzine, and promethazine; main source of their knowledge was from their medical textbooks (50%), internet (30%), and parents and friends (20%). Most of the students reported that antihistaminics were safe drug, the only side effects that they reported were sedation, drowsiness, and lack of concentration, and second-generation antihistaminics were costly. Conclusion: Undergraduate medical students commonly use antihistaminic as self-medication because they are having easy access to knowledge related to the antihistaminics and their adverse effect. We as a faculty should ensure that students practice self-medication only when he/she knows the advantages and disadvantages of self-medication.

Background: UP is one of the biggest cultivators of tobacco. Rules of tobacco consumption are almost absent in the state. The state has almost 34% of young male smokers. Aims and Objectives: The idea of creating awareness among cigarette smokers and promote deaddiction among youth the present study was conducted in Muzaffarnagar Medical College to assess the cardiovascular risks according to the degree of exposure, i.e., pack-years of smoking. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 male subjects were taken for the study after proper consent. Five groups were formed - controls (no smoking), Group 1; 0–10 pack-years of smoking, Group 2; 11–20 pack-years of smoking, Group 3; 21–30 pack-years of smoking, and Group 4; 31–40 pack-years of smoking. Pack-years formula = (number of cigarettes smoked per day/20) × number of years smoked was used. Only cigarette smokers were used for the study after using exclusion criteria to rule out any confounding factor. Serum lipid profile and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were estimated. Results: As the degree of exposure is increasing, i.e. pack-years of smoking increases, the level of dyslipidemias is also becoming severe being highly significant P < 0.01** in 31–40 pack-years of smoking. hsCRP is significantly increasing P < 0.05* in Group 2 and showing highly significant P < 0.01** increase in Groups 3 and 4. Conclusion: Cardiovascular risks are increasing significantly as pack-years of smoking is increasing as indicated by dyslipidemias and hsCRP increase, means 21–30 and 31–40 pack-years are at higher risk as compared to 0–10 and 11–20 pack-years.

Background: Menopause is an inevitable reproductive phase during midlife when various physical and mental changes may impair the quality of life of women. The presence and severity of symptoms vary tremendously from woman to woman and can last from months to years during this transitional period. This study was conducted to assess the quality of life and menopause related problems among post-menopausal women residing rural and urban areas of Sikkim.Methods: Descriptive explorative study was done in East Sikkim among 120 rural and urban post-menopausal women who were in the age group of 45 years and above, had attained natural menopause and didn’t have menstruation from last one year, were selected through purposive sampling technique. Women with induced menopause, hysterectomy, receiving hormonal treatment were excluded. Along with collection of socio-demographic data, the Menopause Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire was used to assess the Quality of life based on experience of the symptoms through interview technique.Results: The mean menopausal age was 48±3.649 years in rural area and 47±3.831 years for urban area. The mean scores in quality of life between post-menopausal women in rural areas (M=136.6, SD=28.78) were found significantly impaired and the difference was found statistically significant (t=5.75 p

Over the years, there has been growing evidence of continuous narrowing gender gap in new HIV infections. It may be primarily due to poor status of women, lack of control over sexuality and poor reproductive and sexual rights among women. This paper utilizes the data from two rounds of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3 & 4), Indian version of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). The results portray that despite the increase in women empowerment in India, measured with indicators namely ownership of household assets including house/land, having separate bank/saving account, and owning a mobile phone, the comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS, a means to reduce women’s vulnerability to HIV/AIDS has not improved significantly. The study also states that the level of spousal violence has reduced by almost 20 percent in NFHS-4 as compared to NFHS-3. The prevalence of women participation in household decision making his increased in all the states compared to last round. There is an extensive awareness among women regarding condom use as a protection against HIV, yet the comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS among women is below expected level. The relationship between women’s empowerment and contracting HIV infections has been accepted worldwide. However, the recent evidence from NFHS 4 do not support pronounced association between women’s empowerment and consistent condom use vis a vis prevalence of HIV. The relationship seems to be spurious in well-known high HIV prevalence states of India like Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur and Karnataka. Therefore, all the programmes to curve the pace of HIV epidemic focusing at reducing woman’s vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, should not merely focus at general woman’s empowerment but there should be specific awareness and capacity building programmes addressing comprehensive knowledge and condom promotion among women.

Human faces express and represent their personality and wisdom. According to Ayurveda among the 56 Upangas face is at the top so everyone and mostly youngsters are most cautious and careful about the beauty of face. Unfortunately skin of the face is affected by certain anomaly in adolescence age which is the golden and wonder period of life. If they find any spot or any minor ailment on face, they spend too much money for beauty purpose. In the present scenario of the people are very much conscious about their health as well as beauty and good looking. Face reflects the personality of person. It is saying that “Face is the index of mind”. In Ayurvedic texts Acne is termed as Youvan pidika,was very first described by Acharya Sushruta. Youvan pidika means that the disease almost takes place in young age. A great demand from Ayurveda in the field of cosmetology has been established due to its unique concept about beauty and effective, cheaper and long lasting beauty therapy without any side effect. In the present case study Virechan therapy is given to the patient after Snehan karmn followed by Sanshamn karm. Assessment was done after Virechan karm and after Sanshamn karm. A remarkable changes were found in various symptoms after assessment.Â

Aims Heavy alcohol intake depletes the plasma vitamins due to hepatotoxicity and decreased intestinal absorption. However, moderate alcohol intake is often thought to be healthy. Therefore, effects of chronic moderate alcohol intake on liver and intestine were studied using urinary vitamin levels. Furthermore, effects of Tinospora cordifolia water extract (TCE) (hepatoprotective) on vitamin excretion and intestinal absorption were also studied. Methods In the study, asymptomatic moderate alcoholics ( n = 12) without chronic liver disease and healthy volunteers ( n = 14) of mean age 39 ± 2.2 (mean ± SD) were selected and divided into three groups. TCE treatment was performed for 14 days. The blood and urine samples were collected on Day 0 and 14 after treatment with TCE and analyzed. Results In alcoholics samples, a significant increase in the levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, Triglyceride, Cholesterol, HDL and LDL ( P < 0.05) was observed but their level get downregulated after TCE intervention. Multivariate analysis of metabolites without missing values showed an increased excretion of 7-dehydrocholesterol, orotic acid, pyridoxine, lipoamide and niacin and TCE intervention depleted their levels ( P < 0.05). In contrast, excretion of biotin, xanthine, vitamin D2 and 2- O - p -coumaroyltartronic acid (CA, an internal marker of intestinal absorption) were observed to be decreased in alcoholic samples; however, TCE intervention restored the CA and biotin levels. Vitamin metabolism biomarkers, i.e. homocysteine and xanthurenic acid, were also normalized after TCE intervention. Conclusion Overall data depict that moderate alcohol intake is also hepatotoxic and decreases intestinal absorption. However, TCE treatment effectively increased the intestinal absorption and retaining power of liver that regulated alcohol-induced multivitamin deficiency.

Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in a constellation of physical and emotional symptoms during a women’s menstrual cycle. PMS is most common in women between the age group of 25 and 45 years. The estimate is that 80% of women experience some type of premenstrual change during their reproductive period. The definite cause of PMS is still not identified, but several studies have proved that PMS is a stress-induced psychophysiological disorder and stress is a cause of the symptoms of PMS. Some simple stress-relieving exercises perform on a regular basis can bring a feeling of peace and calm. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to study the effect of 61-point relaxation (61-PR) therapy in PMS. Materials and Methods: The protocol was approved by the institutional ethical committee before starting the study. The study group consisted of 40 females suffering from PMS in the age group of 18–40 years, having regular menstrual cycles of 28–34 days. The study group was divided into two groups - Group A consisting of 20 subjects having no intervention and Group B also consists of 20 subjects performing 61-PR. Control group consisted of 30 healthy female subjects. An automated sphygmomanometer was used to record a baseline diastolic (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) from the right arm. An automated biofeedback apparatus Relax 701 was used to record heart rate (HR/min), galvanic skin response (GSR; kΏ), electromyogram (EMG; mV), respiratory rate (RR/min), and peripheral temperature (T;°F) simultaneously. The subjects in Group B performed 61-PR exercises. It was started 7 days before the due date of menstruation for 3 successive menstrual cycles. On the past day, the parameters were again recorded. Results: We observed SBP, DBP, HR, EMG, GSR, and RR in Group B showed a very significant reduction (P < 0.001) while T increased significantly (P < 0.001) in the 3rd menstrual cycle, on comparing with the baseline levels. In our study, the females with PMS showed decrease in the high baseline sympathetic activity. On comparing Group B with Group A, we found an increased relaxation response in Group B. Conclusion: In this study, the females with PMS showed a decrease in the high basal sympathetic activity and an increased relaxation response in Group B.

High speed and always-on network access is becoming commonplace around the world, creating a demand for increased network security. Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) attempt to detect and prevent attacks from the network using pattern-matching rules. Data compression methods are used to reduce the data storage requirement. Searching a compressed pattern in the compressed text reduces the internal storage requirement and computation resources. In this paper we implemented search process to perform compressed pattern matching in binary Huffman encoded texts. Brute-Force Search algorithm is applied comparing a single bit per clock cycle and comparing an encoded character per clock cycle. Pattern matching processes are evaluated in terms of clock cycle.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the oldest common metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, negative nitrogen balance, and ketonemia. It is a one of the most important pathological conditions associated with dyslipidemia that affects the whole body system. Several types of DM exist and result by a complex interaction of genes and drugs, gestational diabetes, environmental factors such as stress and sedentary lifestyle choices. DM is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, nontraumatic lower extremity amputations, and adult blindness. Aims and Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of stem part of Berberis aristata in patients of Type 2 DM with dyslipidemia as add on therapy. Materials and Methods: A prospective randomized open parallel group study was conducted in total 90 patients having high fasting blood sugar (FBS) and dyslipidemia of either sex in the age group of 30-60 years attending of outpatient/indoor Department of Medicine of Muzaffarnagar Medical College and Hospital, Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 103 each Group 1 (N = 30) was taken as control while Group 2 (N = 30) and Group 3 (N = 30) was taken as study group who had received 1.5 and 3 g of B. aristata, respectively, as add on therapy along with their conventional antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic (in certain number of patients) treatment. During the study, 13 patients (8 male and 5 female) did not complete the study and reason of premature withdrawal included protocol violation. Results: In our study, there were a statistically a highly significant improvement and stabilization of glycemic control in test Groups 2 and 3 when compared with control group (P 0.05) and highly significant in Group 3 (P < 0.001) as compared to control. The mean triglyceride level decreased highly significantly in the Group 2 and Group 3 (P < 0.001) as compared to control. The mean low density lipoprotein level decreased highly significant in the Group 2 and Group 3 (P < 0.001) as compared to control. Conclusion: It can be concluded that B. aristata as an add on therapy in Type 2 DM patients has a beneficial role with regard to the hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia very safe as no major side effects were observed affecting morbidity and mortality. Hence, B. aristata as an add on therapy could represent a good treatment option before initiating insulin and hypolipidemic therapy in diabetic patient with suboptional glycemic and lipideimic control to avoid unwanted adverse effects and can cut down cost of treatment.

Background: Obesity is a newer chronic non-communicable disease, one of the today’s most neglected public health problems according to WHO. While the complication of obesity such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and osteoarthritis are well established, but less emphasis is traditionally placed on the effects of obesity on the respiratory system. Aims and Objective: To study the effect of gender and correlation of body mass index (BMI) with pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Materials and Methods: This study was done on 115 first year Medical and Paramedical Students of Muzaffarnagar Medical College, Muzaffarnagar. Following the selection, the participants were divided into two groups based on BMI 25. Anthropomeric parameters and spirometeric parameters were measured using a computerized spirometer. Statistical analysis was done by applying Student’s t-test. Linear association was established using Pearson’s correlation. Results: On comparing the female participants with male participants, PFTs (forced vital capacity [FVC], forced expired volume in 1 second [FEV1], FEV1/FVC, peak expiratory flow rate) were found to be significantly lower in female than male. On observing, the correlation of pulmonary function parameter with BMI correlated positively with BMI < 25. PFTs were negatively correlated with increasing BMI in both male and female participants but the correlation is not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our finding suggests that there is a significant impairment of lung functions in the overweight individuals.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has a strong genetic component. Individuals of a parent with type 2 DM have an increased (40%) risk of diabetes. If both parents have type 2 DM, the risk approaches to 70%. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate cardiovascular parasympathetic functions in offsprings of type 2 diabetic parents. Aims and Objectives: Study was done to compare and observe the degree of changes (if any) in the cardiovascular parasympathetic function tests in the offsprings of diabetic parents (cases) with offsprings of non-diabetic parents (controls) and provides timely lifestyle modifications to prevent the development of diabetes and its complications. Materials and Methods: The cardiovascular parasympathetic function tests were carried out in 50 healthy offsprings of type 2 diabetic parents (study group) and 50 healthy offsprings of non-diabetic parents (control group) in the age range of 18-25 years randomly selected medical and para-medical students. Statistical analysis was done by unpaired Student’s t-test. Results: Study shows decrease in all the three parasympathetic function tests (heart rate variability in response to deep breathing, heart rate variation in response to standing, and valsalva maneuver) in offsprings of type 2 diabetic parents (cases) as compared to non-diabetic parents (controls). However, the results were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our observations indicate that genetic factors in the form of altered genes could pass from diabetic parents to their offsprings and could manifest as altered response in parasympathetic function tests in healthy offsprings of diabetic parents even before the offsprings developing diabetes.

Conventional treatment of diabetes mellitus occurs through diet, insulin and oral hypoglycaemic drugs. Glycemic index is a major indicator of potential glucose lowering of various food products. The present study was conducted with the objective of developing mix and its low energy dense product i.e. modified vada using black gram, green gram, soybean and guar gum. Four vada mixes were formulated using different ratios of black gram, green gram, soybean i.e. 1:1:1; 2:1:1; 1:2:1; 1:1:2 respectively and 5per cent guar gum was added in each vada mix. Instead of deep fat frying baking was used for development of product. Vada were developed and sensory evaluation was done using nine point hedonic scale for determining the overall acceptability of the vada. Among the four types of vada, vada made with mix 1 had the highest acceptability mean score 8.3 and liked very much by 30 panel members. Best modified vada had all sensory attributes in between 7.3 to 8.3 and liked very much. Only best modified vada evaluated for nutrient composition which contained 30.10±0.05% moisture, 1.4±0.05% ash, 16.80±.02% protein, 2.0±00.02% fat, 3.3±0.05% fiber, 46.40±0.88% carbohydrate, and 270.0±0.45 Kcal/100g energy. It is also evaluated for suitability for diabetic patient by assessing the glycemic index. Therefore 10 healthy female were selected. All the subjects provided 25 gm of carbohydrates .The glycemic index of test vada and standard vada was 20.71mg/dl and 82.70mg/dl respectively. Glycemic index value for modified vada was lower than standard vada. Therefore it is good for diabetic patient.