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The absence or delay of 4h of food supply in the beginning of the dark phase of the cycle in rats is related to the increase in visceral fat pads, and biochemical changes. Four groups (n = 34, Wist...

Epidemiological evidence on the relationship between eating behaviors, including breakfast skipping, late night dinner, and bedtime snacking, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) events among the general population is scarce. We sought to explore the association of eating behaviors with subsequent CVD using a nationwide epidemiological database.Medical records of 1,941,125 individuals without prior history of CVD were extracted from the Japan Medical Data Center contracting with more than 60 insurers from multiple regions in Japan, mainly including employed working-age individuals. Skipping breakfast3 times per week, late night dinner3 times per week, and bedtime snacking3 times per week were defined as optimal eating behaviors. Median age was 45 (interquartile range 39-53) years, and 1,138,676 were men. Median follow-up period was 978 (interquartile range 481-1790) days. Among them, 948,805 individuals (48.9%) had optimal eating behaviors, whereas 647,383 individuals (33.4%), 283,017 individuals (14.6%), and 61,920 individuals (3.2%) had single, double, and triple non-optimal eating behaviors, respectively. Individuals with non-optimal eating behaviors were younger and more likely to be men. Obesity and high waist circumference were more commonly observed in those with non-optimal eating behaviors. Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that, compared with no non-optimal eating behavior, having non-optimal eating behaviors would have higher risk of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, stroke, and heart failure. However, the dose-response relationship was not clear in the association between the number of non-optimal eating behaviors and incident CVD. Multivariable Cox regression analysis after multiple imputation for missing values also showed the association between non-optimal eating behaviors and incident CVD.Using a nationwide epidemiological database, we found a possible relationship between eating behaviors including skipping breakfast, late night dinner, and bedtime snacking, and subsequent cardiovascular events among the general population, suggesting the potential importance of maintaining optimal eating behaviors for the primordial and primary CVD prevention in the general population.

Background: Breakfast skipping has been related to poor mood, but the role of sleep in this relationship remains unclear. Aim: To evaluate whether breakfast skipping associated with mood independently of sleep, and whether sleep interacted with breakfast skipping. Methods: During an in-person research visit, a sample of 329 adults completed questionnaires regarding last night’s sleep, current morning breakfast intake, and mid-morning mood states. Sex-stratified linear regression models examined associations between breakfast skipping and mood and interactions with sleep. Results: Among males, those who did not consume breakfast had less vigor independent of sleep (β=−2.72 with 95% CI −4.91, −0.53). Among females, those who did not consume breakfast had higher feelings of anxiety (β=1.21 with 95% CI −0.04, 2.47). Interaction analyses revealed that males with longer time to fall asleep and longer night-time awake time had higher depression scores in the presence of breakfast skipping, and females with more night-time awake time and shorter duration had higher fatigue and less vigor if they were also breakfast skippers. Conclusion: Breakfast skipping and poor sleep may jointly affect mood.

Time-restricted feeding (TRF) initiated early during the dark phase prevents the metabolic consequences of a high-fat diet in rodent models. However, the metabolic consequences of delaying the initiation of TRF, akin to breakfast skipping in humans, is unclear. We assigned 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (n = 192) to chow or high-fat diet ad libitum (AL) for 4 weeks, before randomization to continue AL or 10 h of TRF, initiated at lights off (TRFe) or 4-h after lights off (TRFd) for a further 8 weeks. Oral glucose tolerance tests (1 g/kg), metabolic monitoring and body composition by echoMRI were performed, and tissues were collected at six time points. TRF reduced weight and fat mass vs AL, with a greater reduction in TRFe vs TRFd. TRF improved glucose tolerance and protected mice from high-fat diet-induced hepatosteatosis vs AL, with no difference between TRFe and TRFd. TRF increased the amplitude of Bmal1, Cry1, Per2, Nampt, and Nocturnin mRNA levels in liver. A phase delay in Bmal1, Cry1, Per2, Reverbα, Nampt, NAD, Sirt1, and Nocturnin was observed in TRFd. Thus, delaying TRF limited the weight benefit and induced a phase delay in the hepatic clock, but improved metabolic health. Allowing more flexibility in when TRF is initiated may increase the translational potential of this dietary approach in humans.

Limited data are available linking breakfast consumption to Heart Burn Syndrome (HBS). This study was done to investigate to find whether breakfast consumption is associated with HBS. This cross-sectional study was done to investigate the association between breakfast consumption and HBS among Iranian adults. This cross-sectional study was performed among 4763 general adults of Isfahan, Iran. Participants’ patterns of breakfast eating were assessed by asking two questions from them. How often do you eat breakfast in a week?” Participants were able to respond as: "never or 1 day/wk", "2–4 days/wk", "5–6 days/wk", "every day". HBS was defined as the presence of HBS at sometimes, often or always using a Persian version of validated self-administered modified ROME III questionnaire. Totally, 4763 patients with HBS completed this cross-sectional study, where about 32.4% of them intake breakfast less than one time per week. After controlling for potential confounders, participants who consumed breakfast every day had a 43% lower risk for having HBS as compared with those who had breakfast ≤ 1 times/wk (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.41–0.80). A significant inverse relationship was found between breakfast consumption and frequent than scare HBS (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.40–0.77) among the whole population, not in patients with HBS. No significant association was observed between breakfast intake and severity of HBS (OR 0.56; 95% CI 0.31–1.04). We found an inverse association between frequency of breakfast consumption and odds of HBS as well as the frequency of HBS among the adult population. Prospective studies are required to confirm these findings. Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Purpose Not enough attention has been paid to defecation habits in Japan. This study aimed to emphasize the importance of defecation habits on health and function in Japanese pupils. Methods Using multiple regression analysis, 2,722 questionnaires obtained from pupils in grades 5 to 12 were analyzed to determine lifestyle habits associated with defecation frequency. Results Significant regression formulae for defecation scores were obtained for all school types: elementary school (ES) (adjusted R2=0.08, p

"Eat breakfast like a king, lunch like a prince and dinner like a pauper" (Adelle Davis, 1904-1974) is a concept that appears to align with some contemporary evidence concerning the appropriate proportioning of daily meals. At the same time, with the popular and scientific dissemination of the concepts of intermittent fasting and time-restricted feeding, well-controlled clinical trials have emerged showing the safety or even possible benefits of skipping breakfast. In this comprehensive literature review, we discuss recent evidence regarding breakfast intake, cardiovascular outcomes and cardiovascular risk markers. Overall, breakfast omission appears to be associated with a higher risk for atherosclerotic and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, caution should be employed when deciphering these data as many complex, unmeasured confounders may have contributed. Unfortunately, long-term randomized, clinical trials with detailed dietary control that have assessed clinical outcomes are sparse. Notwithstanding the observational findings, current trials conducted so far-albeit apparently smaller number-have shown that breakfast addition in subjects who do not habitually consume this meal may increase body weight, particularly fat mass, through caloric excess, whereas skipping breakfast may be a feasible strategy for some people aiming for calorie restriction. To date, definitive benefits of breakfast omission or consumption are not supported by the best evidence-based research, and the question of whether skipping breakfast per se is causally associated with cardiovascular outcomes remains unresolved.

The circadian clock system is an evolutionarily conserved system by which organisms adapt their metabolic activities to environmental inputs, including nutrient availability. The disruption of this system has been pathogenically linked to the disintegration of metabolic homeostasis, leading to the development of metabolic complications, including obesity. Lifestyle factors that disrupt this system have recently been emerging and associated with the development of obesity, which is most evidenced by the finding that shift workers are at an increased risk of developing various disorders, such as obesity and obesity-related complications. Lifestyle factors that contribute to a misalignment between the internal clock system and environmental rhythms have also been identified in the pediatric field. A short sleep duration and breakfast skipping are prevalent in children and there is mounting evidence that these lifestyle factors are associated with an increased risk of pediatric obesity; however, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated in detail. Our current understanding of the impact of lifestyle factors that cause a misalignment between the internal clock system and environmental rhythms on the development of pediatric obesity is summarized herein with a discussion of potential mechanistic insights.

Breakfast skipping (BS) has been considered to be associated with obesity, particularly among younger generations. However, few studies have addressed this issue in a middle-aged population considering sex and the conditions prior to breakfast. Therefore, we investigated clinical parameters, self-reported BS, late-night dinner (LND) eating, and late-night snacking (LNS) in ten body mass index (BMI) categories in a cross-sectional study of 892,578 non-diabetic people aged 40–74 years old who underwent a checkup. BS and LND were more prevalent in men (20.7% and 40.5%, respectively) than women (10.9% and 17.4%), whereas LNS was more prevalent in women (15.0%) than men (12.2%; all p < 0.0001). The overall prevalence of BS increased linearly with increasing BMI. However, when subjects were divided into men and women, the prevalence of BS showed a U-shaped relationship with BMI in men (n = 479,203). When male subjects were restricted to those in their 40s or those reporting LND, the prevalence of BS further increased, maintaining a U-shaped form. Logistic regression analysis also showed a U-shaped relationship in the adjusted odds ratios of BMI categories for BS in men and a J-shaped curve in women. In conclusion, our study revealed an unexpectedly high prevalence of BS in middle-aged low-body-weight men.

Breakfast skipping increases with age, and an association with a high risk of being overweight (OW) and of obesity (OB), cardiometabolic risk, and unhealthy diet regimen has been demonstrated in observational studies with children and adults. Short-term intervention trials in adults reported conflicting results. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the association of breakfast skipping with body weight, metabolic features, and nutrition quality in the groups of young people that underwent randomized controlled (RCT) or intervention longitudinal trials lasting more than two months. We searched relevant databases (2000–2021) and identified 584 articles, of which 16 were suitable for inclusion. Overall, 50,066 children and adolescents were included. No studies analyzed cardiometabolic features. Interventions were efficacious in reducing breakfast skipping prevalence when multi-level approaches were used. Two longitudinal studies reported a high prevalence of OW/OB in breakfast skippers, whereas RCTs had negligible effects. Ten studies reported a lower-quality dietary intake in breakfast skippers. This review provides insight into the fact that breakfast skipping is a modifiable marker of the risk of OW/OB and unhealthy nutritional habits in children and adolescents. Further long-term multi-level intervention studies are needed to investigate the relationship between breakfast, nutrition quality, chronotypes, and cardiometabolic risk in youths.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation between body composition by investigating breakfast rate and total energy intake for one week. A total of 71 college students participated in the experiment. Surveys and experiment took place over two weeks, from March 18 to 25, 2019. The survey included breakfast by day, and the type and amount of food eaten each day for one week. Multi-way MANOVA was used to determine the relationship between breakfast and body composition. Also, Pearson’s correlation to analyze the correlation between the total energy intake and body composition. The results were following ; students who had breakfast were found to have lower body fat percentage and visceral fat area than those who did not eat breakfast. However, total energy intake and body weight, body mass index, waist circumference and visceral fat area showed positive correlation at the statistically significant level and negative correlation with muscle mass at the statistically significant level. Breakfast may be an important factor in maintaining college students’ health, but balanced nutrition should be a priority.

Objective: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the incidence of night eating in pregnancy and the relationship between night eating scores and nutritional status, insulin resistance, and lipid profile in pregnant women. Materials and Methods: In this study, 148 pregnant women who presented to the Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinics at Konya Training and Research Hospital in Konya were divided into two groups according to their night eating scores. These two groups were compared in terms of their nutritional attitudes and metabolic parameters. Results: Comparisons of participants meeting night eating syndrome (NES) scores versus women without NES indicated that patients with NES exhibited fever hunger at breakfast time, more breakfast skipping (p

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of breakfast cereal consumption on inhibitory cognitive control in competitive male collegiate athletes with habitual breakfa...

Background Evidence suggests that regular eating patterns (i.e., consistent day-to-day frequency and timing of consumption) may be favorable with respect to weight status, and breakfast may be a particularly important meal for weight maintenance. We examined the relationship between regular breakfast consumption habits and weight status among women. Materials and methods Modified Poisson regression models examined day-to-day regularity in breakfast consumption among 46,037 women in the prospective Sister Study cohort in relation to weight status. Cross-sectional outcomes included overweight (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25.0 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2); waist circumference (WC) ≥ 88 cm; and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) ≥ 0.85. Self-reported weight 5 years post-baseline was used to calculate 5 kg weight gain and incident overweight and obesity using BMI. Results Compared to women who reported eating breakfast 3 to 4 days/week (irregular breakfast eaters), women who ate breakfast 7 days/week were between 11% to 17% less likely to be obese as measured by WHR (prevalence ratio (PR): 0.89; 95%CI: 0.85, 0.94), WC (PR: 0.85; 95%CI: 0.82, 0.88), and BMI (PR: 0.83; 95%CI: 0.79, 0.87) after multivariable adjustment. Women who never ate breakfast were between 11% to 22% less likely to be obese as measured by WHR (PR: 0.89; 95%CI: 0.83, 0.96), WC (PR: 0.82; 95%CI: 0.78, 0.87), and BMI (PR: 0.78; 95%CI: 0.72, 0.84) compared to irregular breakfast eaters. Prospective analyses showed a 21% and 28% lower risk of 5-year incident obesity among participants who always (relative risk (RR): 0.79; 95%CI: 0.70, 0.90) or never (RR: 0.72; 95%CI: 0.59, 0.87) ate breakfast, respectively, compared to those who ate breakfast 3 to 4 days/week. No association was observed for incident 5 kg weight gain. Conclusions Results suggest that a regular breakfast consumption habit, comprising eating breakfast every day or never, may be important for maintaining a healthy weight.

Background There is growing recognition of the important role of breakfast in children’s nutrition, and the potential harms related to skipping breakfast, including its contribution to obesity and non-communicable diseases. The patterns associated with skipping breakfast may be related to the nutrition transition. This study aimed at exploring the composition of breakfast consumed by Palestinian school children and their perceptions toward this meal. It also aimed at exploring skipping breakfast prevalence, reasons, and its association with selected schoolchildren’s sociodemographic variables and behavioral patterns. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 12- to 14-year-old schoolchildren from 4 governmental schools in urban and rural areas of the Jenin district in Palestine. The questionnaire included information about children and parents sociodemographic and behaviours, breakfast patterns and composition, reasons for skipping breakfast, and items on schoolchildren’s perception toward breakfast. Statistical analysis of the relevant factors was undertaken using SPSS software. Results In a sample of 193 schoolchildren, only 32% reported consuming breakfast all year round. The main reasons reported for skipping breakfast were not feeling hungry, not having the time, and lack of appetite. The vast majority (79%) believed breakfast was beneficial for general health. Sleeping before 10 pm, regular exercise (p value p value Conclusion Understanding the reasons for missing or skipping breakfast factors which make skipping it more likely, should inform public health strategies to promote breakfast consumption. For example, our findings suggest that awareness of the importance of breakfast was not a significant contributor to skipping breakfast, compared to other structural and cultural factors.

Introduction There is an increasing awareness regarding the effects of chrono-nutrition on glycemic control and weight regulation. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between breakfast skipping and late-night eating to body mass index and glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes. Subjects and methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 310 patients with diabetes in Tabuk City, Saudi Arabia during the period from December 2020 to April 2021. A structured questionnaire was used to interview the participants, the following were reported: demographic data, breakfast skipping, late-night eating, smoking, level of exercise, family history of diabetes, and diabetes complications. Weight and height were measured to calculate the body mass index (BMI), and the last glycated hemoglobin was collected to estimate the degree of glycemic control. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Statistics, IBM Corp., Armonk, USA) was used for data analysis. The ethical committee of the University of Tabuk approved the research. Results Out of 310 patients with diabetes (54.8% women), nearly half (45.2%) were breakfast-skippers and 20% eat late at night. Breakfast skipping was correlated with BMI (Wald, 5.481, 95% CI, 0.154-0.847, P-value, 0.019). A positive direct correlation was evident between late dinner intake, BMI, and HbA1c (Wald, 4.210, 95% CI, 0.743-0.993, P-value, 0.04 for HbA1c, and Wald, 6.777, 95% CI, 1.0221-1.165, P-value, 0.009 for BMI). Conclusion Breakfast skipping and late dinner intake were associated with obesity, while only late dinner consumption was associated with poor glycemic control. Further larger multi-center studies investigating the chronotype and glycemic index are recommended.

Identifying life risk factors of obesity early will help inform policymakers to design evidence-based interventions. The following study aims to assess the trend of overweight and obesity over four years among pre-school Kuwait children, and to examine their association with breakfast skipping (BF), sugary and sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption, and screen time. Children aged 2–5 years (n = 5304) were selected from 2016 to 2019 national surveys. Overweight and obesity were defined according to the World Health Organization references. The children’s mothers were asked about the BF of their children the day of the survey, their frequency of SSB consumption, and their weekly screen time use. Logistic regression was used to identify the risk factors associated with overweight/obesity. No significant decline (p values ≥ 0.12) was found for both overweight and obesity. Contrastingly, BF skipping, SSB consumption, and screen time declined (p &lt, 0.0001). The BF skippers were found to have a 31% lower risk of being overweight. Daily TV watching, for 2–3 h, increases the odds of obesity by 5.6-fold. Our findings are encouraging regarding the decline in risky behaviours over time. However, more effort should be made both at the micro- and macro-level for a sustainable reduction in overweight and obesity.

Adolescence represents a critical transition phase during which individuals acquire eating behaviours that can track into adulthood. This study aims to characterise trends in eating behaviours throughout adolescence by investigating the presence of sub-groups of individuals presenting distinct trajectories of vegetable and fruit, sugary beverage, breakfast and fast-food consumption. Data from 744 MATCH study Canadian participants followed from 11 to 18 Years old (2013–2019) were included in the analyses. Participants reported how often they ate breakfast and consumed vegetables and fruits, sugary beverages and fast foods. Trajectories of eating behaviours over seven years were identified using group-based multi-trajectory modelling. For girls, three different groups were identified, namely ‘stable food intake with a decline in daily breakfast consumption’ (39.9%), ‘moderate food intake and worsening in overall eating behaviours’ (38.0%) and ‘stable high food intake’ (22.1%). For boys, five different groups were identified, namely ‘low food intake with stable daily breakfast consumption’ (27.3%), ‘breakfast-skippers and increasing fast food intake’ (27.1%), ‘low food intake with a decline in daily breakfast consumption’ (23.9%), ‘high food intake with worsening of eating behaviours’ (13.3%) and ‘average food intake with consistently high breakfast consumption’ (8.4%). Eating behaviours evolve through various distinct trajectories and sub-group-specific strategies may be required to promote healthy eating behaviours among adolescents.

Background: Children of school going age constitute a highly vulnerable and important group. During their growing period, all the nutrients should be included in their diet. Breakfast provides important nutrients for growing children. Skipping breakfast among school children is erratic. Therefore, the study was undertaken to assess the role of breakfast consumption affecting nutritional adequacy among schoolchildren. Methods: During the period 2015-2016, total of 200 school children in the age group of 10-12 years studying in government and private schools of North Bengaluru, Karnataka were selected through random sampling techniques. The breakfast consumption pattern was assessed using questionnaire. Dietary intake in terms of food and nutrients was assessed through 24 hours recall method. To measure adequacy of nutrient consumption, the obtained data was compared with recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for specific age group. Result: Gender wise segregation revealed that 109 were boys (54.5%) and 91 were girls (45.5%). The breakfast skipping was found more in the children of government school compared to private school (73% vs. 37%). When compared with the breakfast consumers, skippers had lower mean intake of all the nutrients studied. Similar results were observed among girls as in boys. The study provided new information on specific meal pattern i.e., breakfast that may be potential determinant of dietary adequacy and dietary quality.

During adolescence, healthy eating habits are important, and regular meal intake has an especially positive effect on future health. However, the rate of skipping breakfast has gradually increased. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the positive effects of a rice-based breakfast in Korean adolescents who usually skip breakfast. In this open parallel-group, randomized controlled trial, 105 middle and high school students aged 12–18 years who habitually skipped breakfast were recruited. They were randomly divided into three groups: the rice meal group (RMG, n = 35), wheat meal group (WMG, n = 35), and general meal group (GMG, n = 35). The RMG and WMG received a rice-based breakfast and wheat-based breakfast, respectively, for 12 weeks. After a 12-week intervention, the body fat mass (p &lt, 0.05) and body mass index (p &lt, 0.05) in the RMG were significantly lower than those in the other two groups, and the stress score was also significantly lower in the RMG (p &lt, 0.05). Moreover, after the intervention, in the RMG only, compared to baseline levels, the relative theta (RT) wave activity significantly decreased in eight electrode sites, and the relative alpha (RA) wave activity increased significantly. Eating a rice-based breakfast has positive effects on body fat accumulation and cognitive function in Korean adolescents. Furthermore, a rice-based breakfast plan that is preferred by adolescents should be developed to assist them in developing healthy eating habits.

BACKGROUND In healthy people, the lowest daily blood glucose concentration is usually observed in the early morning, after overnight fasting. However, the clinical relevance and the prevalence of fasting biochemical hypoglycemia (FBH) are poorly understood in people who do not have diabetes, although the clinical implications of such hypoglycemia have been extensively studied in patients with diabetes. FBH can be influenced by many factors, including age, sex, body mass, smoking, alcohol drinking, exercise levels, medications, and eating behaviors, such as breakfast skipping and late-night eating. AIM To determine the prevalence of FBH and investigated its association with potential risk factors in a population without diabetes. METHODS Clinical parameters and lifestyle-related factors were assessed in a cross-sectional study of 695613 people aged 40-74 years who had undergone a health check-up (390282 men and 305331 women). FBH was defined as fasting plasma glucose < 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) after overnight fasting, regardless of any symptoms. The absence of diabetes was defined as HbA1c < 6.5%, fasting plasma glucose < 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L), and no pharmacotherapy for diabetes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis, with adjustment for confounding factors, was used to identify associations. RESULTS FBH was present in 1842 participants (0.26%). There were significantly more women in the FBH group (59.1%) than in the non-FBH group (43.9%). Values of most of the clinical parameters, but not age, were significantly lower in the FBH group than in the non-FBH group. Logistic regression analysis showed that a body mass index of ≤ 20.9 kg/m2 (reference: 21-22.9 kg/m2) and current smoking were significantly associated with FBH, and this was not altered by adjustment for age, sex, and pharmacotherapy for hypertension or dyslipidemia. Female sex was associated with FBH. When the data were analyzed according to sex, men in their 60s or 70s appeared more likely to experience FBH compared with their 40s, whereas men in their 50s and women aged ≥ 50 years appeared less likely to experience FBH. The relationships of FBH with other factors including alcohol drinking and pharmacotherapies for hypertension and dyslipidemia also differed between men and women. CONCLUSION FBH occurs even in non-diabetic people, albeit at a very low frequency. FBH is robustly associated with low body mass and smoking, and its relationship with lifestyle factors varies according to sex.

BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency (VDD), defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels < 20 ng/mL [to convert 25[OH]D ng/mL to nmol/L, multiply by 2.5]) is prevalent in young adults and has been associated with adverse health outcomes, including stress fracture during periods of increased physical activity such as military training. Foods commonly consumed at breakfast provide an important source of vitamin D, yet breakfast skipping is common among young adults. However, whether breakfast skipping is associated with VDD in young adults is unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine whether breakfast skipping is associated with odds of VDD among recruits entering initial military training (IMT), and with changes in serum 25(OH)D during IMT. In addition, whether diet quality and vitamin D intake mediated these associations was determined. DESIGN Secondary analysis of individual participant data collected during five IMT studies. Breakfast skipping (≥ 3 times/week) was self-reported. Dietary intake was determined using food frequency questionnaires, and vitamin D status was assessed using circulating 25(OH)D concentrations pre- and post-IMT. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants were healthy US Army, US Air Force, and US Marine recruits (N = 1,569, 55% male, mean ± standard deviation age 21 ± 4 years) entering military service between 2010 and 2015 at Fort Jackson, SC; Fort Sill, OK; Lakeland Air Force Base, TX; or the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, SC. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcomes were VDD pre-IMT and change in 25(OH)D from pre- to post-IMT. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED Associations were determined using multivariate-adjusted logistic and linear regression and mediation models. RESULTS Forty-six percent of military recruits were classified as breakfast skippers pre-IMT, and 30% were VDD. Breakfast skipping was associated with a higher odds of pre-IMT VDD (odds ratio 1.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.9), and lower vitamin D intake and diet quality were partial mediators of the association. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations improved (P = 0.01) among habitual breakfast skippers versus nonskippers during IMT; however, regression to the mean could not be ruled out. Neither change in diet quality nor vitamin D intake were associated with change in 25(OH)D concentrations during IMT. CONCLUSIONS Breakfast skipping is prevalent among incoming military recruits and is associated with VDD. This relationship may be mediated by lower diet quality and vitamin D intake.

Background The association between breakfast skipping and abnormal metabolic outcomes remains controversial. A comprehensive study with various stratified data is required. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between abnormal metabolic outcomes and breakfast skipping by sex, age, and work status stratification. Methods We used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2013 to 2018. A total of 21,193 (9022 men and 12,171 women) participants were included in the final analysis. The risk of metabolic outcomes linked to breakfast skipping was estimated using the negative binomial regression analysis by sex, work status, and age stratification. Results A total of 11,952 (56.4%) participants consumed breakfast regularly. The prevalence of abnormal metabolic outcomes was higher among those with irregular breakfast consumption habits. Among young male workers, negative binomial regression analysis showed that irregular breakfast eaters had a higher risk of abnormal metabolic outcomes, after adjusting for covariates (odds ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.27). Conclusions The risk of abnormal metabolic outcomes was significant in young men in the working population. Further studies are required to understand the association of specific working conditions (working hours or shift work) with breakfast intake status and the risk of metabolic diseases.

Globally, increasing rates of obesity are one of the most important health issues. The association between breakfast skipping and body weight is contradictory between cross-sectional and interventional studies. The systematic review and meta-analyses aim to summarize this association based on observational longitudinal studies. We included prospective studies on breakfast skipping and overweight/obesity or weight change in adults. Literature was searched until September 2020 in PubMed and Web of Science. Summary RRs with a 95% CI were estimated in pairwise meta-analyses by applying a random-effects model. In total, 9 studies were included in the systematic review and 6 of them were included in the meta-analyses. The meta-analysis indicated an 13% increased RR for overweight/obesity when breakfast was skipped on ≥ 3 days per week compared to ≤ 2 days per week (95% CI: 1.06, 1.21, n=3 studies). The meta-analysis on weight change displays a 21% increased RR for weight gain for breakfast skippers compared to breakfast eaters (95% CI: 1.05, 1.40, n=2 studies). The meta-analysis on BMI change displayed no difference between breakfast skipping and eating (RR=1.02, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.05, n=2 studies). This study provides low meta-evidence for an increased risk for overweight/obesity and weight gain for breakfast skipping.

Although multiple studies have identified skipping breakfast as a risk factor for weight gain, there is limited evidence on the clinical impact of skipping lunch and dinner on weight gain. This retrospective cohort study including 17,573 male and 8860 female university students at a national university in Japan, assessed the association of the frequency of breakfast, lunch, and dinner with the incidence of weight gain (&ge, 10%) and overweight/obesity (body mass index &ge, 25 kg/m2), using annual participant health checkup data. Within the observation period of 3.0 &plusmn, 0.9 years, the incidence of &ge, 10% weight gain was observed in 1896 (10.8%) men and 1518 (17.1%) women, respectively. Skipping dinner was identified as a significant predictor of weight gain in multivariable-adjusted Poisson regression models for both men and women (skipping &ge, occasionally vs. eating every day, adjusted incidence rate ratios, 1.45 (95% confidence interval: 1.04&ndash, 2.01) and 1.67 (1.33&ndash, 2.09) in male and female students, respectively), whereas skipping breakfast and lunch were not. Similarly, skipping dinner, not breakfast or lunch, was associated with overweight/obesity (1.74 (1.07&ndash, 2.84) and 1.68 (1.02&ndash, 2.78) in men and women, respectively). In conclusion, skipping dinner predicted the incidence of weight gain and overweight/obesity in university students.

AIM Breakfast plays an important role in the academic performance and mental health of adolescents. This study explored factors associated with breakfast skipping in high school students in South Korea. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was completed by 1684 high school students. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the factors associated with skipping breakfast, including sociodemographic factors, mental health problems (such as depression and anxiety), sleep and smartphone use patterns. RESULTS A total of 29.2% of the adolescents reported skipping breakfast and girls were significantly more likely to skip breakfast than boys (P

Breakfast is an important source of key nutrients in the diet. For this reason, the aim of this review was to investigate the associations between breakfast consumption and daily micronutrients intake in both children and adolescents (aged 2–18 years). A peer-reviewed systematic search was conducted in three datasets (PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library) in February 2020 in English and Spanish. Two independent reviewers evaluated 3188 studies considering the AXIS critical appraisal and PRISMA methodologies. Meta-analysis was carried out comparing results according to type of breakfast consumed (Ready to eat cereals (RTEC) breakfast or other types of breakfast) and breakfast skipping. Thirty-three articles were included in the systematic review (SR) and 7 in the meta-analysis. In the SR, we observed that those children and adolescents who usually consume RTEC at breakfast had a higher consumption of B-vitamins than those not consuming RTEC at breakfast. Breakfast consumers had a higher mineral intake (iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, zinc, and iodine) than breakfast skippers. In the Meta-Analysis, RTEC consumers had significantly higher vitamin C intake than breakfast skippers (Standard Mean Difference (SMD), −4.12; 95% confidence intervals (CI): −5.09, −3.16). Furthermore, those children who usually consume breakfast had significantly higher daily intake of calcium than breakfast skippers (SMD, −7.03; 95%CI: −9.02, −5.04). Our review proposes that breakfast consumption seems to be associated with higher daily micronutrients intake than breakfast skippers.

Background and Objectives: Recently, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korea has increased rapidly. Current knowledge reflects the importance of dietary control in relation to the metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of skipping breakfast on the metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017 for the second year. A total of 3864 adults aged 20 to 64 were included in the study. We stratified the study population into three groups, based on breakfast patterns: the regular group, irregular group, and skipping group. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between skipping breakfast and the presence of metabolic syndrome. Results: We noted an increase in the proportion of metabolic syndrome cases as follows: skipping group (3.3%), irregular group (5.4%), and regular group (8.5%) (p &lt, 0.001). The multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of metabolic syndrome in the skipping and irregular groups compared with the regular group were 0.68 (95% CI, 0.35 to 1.35) and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.51 to 1.28), respectively. In the 40&ndash, 65-year-old age group, which had a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of metabolic syndrome in the skipping group compared with regular group were 0.78 (95%CI, 0.39 to 1.62). Conclusions: There was no significant correlation between skipping breakfast and risk factors of metabolic syndrome (after adjusting for risk factors), but a tendency of skipping breakfast to lower the risk of metabolic syndrome was observed. A rationale for these results is proposed through the association between skipping breakfast and intermittent fasting.

OBJECTIVES: This study explored the relationship between skipping breakfast and physical fitness in a group of school-aged adolescents in China. METHODS: This cross-sectional study from the Chinese National Surveillance on Students’ Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) survey in Ningbo, China, used a standardized questionnaire to assess the frequency of breakfast consumption. Physical fitness was measured through standing long jump, 50-m sprint, 1,000 (or 800)-m run, and vital capacity tests. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the frequency of breakfast consumption and physical fitness. RESULTS: Our study included a total of 1,849 school-aged adolescents (aged 15.53±1.80 years). Among boys, non-breakfast-skippers had good scores for 50-m sprints, 1,000-m run, and vital capacity tests when compared with breakfast skippers (all p

Inadequate dietary habits in youth are known to increase the risk of onset of various diseases in adulthood. Previously, we found that female college students who skipped breakfast had higher incidences of dysmenorrhea, suggesting that breakfast skipping interferes with ovarian and uterine functions. Since dietary habits can be managed by education, it is preferable to establish a convenient screening system for meal skipping that is associated with dysmenorrhea as part of routine services of health service centers. In this study, we recruited 3172 female students aged from 18 to 25 at Kanazawa University and carried out an annual survey of the status of students&rsquo, health and lifestyle in 2019, by a questionnaire. We obtained complete responses from 3110 students and analyzed the relationship between dietary habits, such as meal skipping and history of dieting, and menstrual disorders, such as troubles or worries with menstruation, menstrual irregularity, menstrual pain, and use of oral contraceptives. The incidence of troubles or worries with menstruation was significantly higher in those with breakfast skipping (p &lt, 0.05) and a history of dieting (p &lt, 0.001). This survey successfully confirmed the positive relationship between breakfast skipping and menstrual pain (p &lt, 0.001), indicating that this simple screening test is suitable for picking up breakfast skippers who are more prone to gynecologic disorders. In conclusions, since dysmenorrhea is one of the important clinical signs, breakfast skipping may become an effective marker to predict the subsequent onset of gynecological diseases at health service centers. Considering educational correction of meal skipping, breakfast skipping is a potential and preventable predictor that will contribute to managing menstrual disorders from a preventive standpoint in the future.

Although several studies have revealed an association between skipping breakfast and overweight (OW) or obesity (OB) in older children and adolescents, less is known about that association in younger children. The purpose of our study was to assess the association between skipping breakfast and OW/OB in children in the first grade. The sample included 4360 children (51.5% boys) aged 5.6 to 7.4 years who participated in the annual health examination in Iceland during 2016 and 2017, completed by 91% of all first graders in Iceland. Binary logistic regression analysis with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was used to assess the association between skipping breakfast and OW/OB. Skipping breakfast was assessed as not eating breakfast on the day of the assessment, whereas OW or OB was based on measured height and weight relative to the International Obesity Task Force reference. The final analyses were adjusted for bedtime, well-being in school, commuting to school and physical activity. 7.2% of the boys (n = 162) and 7.5% of the girls (n = 158) had not eaten breakfast. After multivariable adjustment, a statistically significant association emerged between skipping breakfast and OW/OB in girls (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.17-2.36) but not in boys (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.63-1.63). Because the study's results suggest an association between skipping breakfast and OW/OB only in first-grade girls in Iceland, sex-based differences should be further investigated to inform future strategies for preventing OW and OB in young children.

Objective:We examined whether breakfast frequency was associated with chronic inflammatory, as assessed by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Kailuan community, China.Participants:Included were 70 092 Chinese adults without CVD and cancer in 2014 with CRP concentrations Results:Breakfast frequency was associated with CRP concentration (P-trend < 0·001). The adjusted mean CRP was 1·33 mg/l (95 % CI 1·23, 1·44) for the ‘no breakfast’ group and 1·07 mg/l (95 % CI 1·0, 1·14) for the ‘breakfast everyday’ group (P-difference < 0·001), adjusting for age, sex, diet quality, total energy, obesity, education, occupation, marital status, smoking, alcohol consumption, blood pressure, sleep parameters, fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles. Consistently, the adjusted OR for CRP ≥ 1·0 mg/l and CRP ≥ 3·0 mg/l were 1·86 (95 % CI 1·73, 2·00) and 1·27 (95 % CI 1·15, 1·40), respectively, when comparing these two breakfast consumption groups (P-trend < 0·001 for both). The associations were more pronounced among older adults, relative to those who were younger (P-interaction < 0·001). Significant association between breakfast skipping and elevated CRP concentration was observed in those with poor diet quality, but not those with good diet quality.Conclusions:Habitually skipping breakfast is associated with elevated concentrations of CRP. Future prospective studies including repeated assessment of inflammatory biomarkers and a collection of detailed information on type and amount of breakfast foods are warranted.

Breakfast consumption is of utmost importance for adolescents to attain nutritional adequacy. The association of breakfast skipping with overall nutritional status has been supported with little causal evidences. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to examine this conjecture. A total of 500 adolescent girls from rural and urban government schools of Ludhiana District in the Punjab State of India in the age group of 16-18 years were randomly interviewed to assess their breakfast consumption pattern. Based on their breakfast consumption pattern, 90 subjects out of 500 interviewed girls were selected and categorized in three groups of regular, occasional, and never breakfast consumers. They were further assessed for body composition and hematological profile including hemoglobin level, red blood cell count, packed cell volume to evaluate the association with breakfast consumption. Consequently, a higher percentage of regular breakfast (83%) consumers were found in the normal category of BMI as compared to occasional (30%) and never (27%) consumers. There was a significant (p ≤ 0.05) association of body mass index and muscle mass with breakfast consumption. Similarly, a higher percentage of regular breakfast consumers (60%) were found non-anemic in comparison to occasional (13%) and never (3%) and showed a significant association with breakfast consumption.

PurposeLactose intolerance (LI) is a disturbing gastrointestinal disorder with a high prevalence in all parts of the world, especially in Asian countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of LI in students from Zabol, Iran.Design/methodology/approachBased on cluster random sampling method, 887 subjects were selected for the study. Of all, 54.7 per cent of the students were boys. The mean (±SD) of age, weight and body mass index (BMI) for participants were 13.27 ± 1.14 years, 42.12 ± 10.25 kg and 18.7 ± 3.9 kg/m2, respectively. LI was assessed using a validated self-administered questionnaire. After measuring the anthropometric indices, students were asked to ingest 200cc of milk. The questionnaires were completed 2 h after the ingestion of milk.FindingsIn total, 25.8 per cent of the adolescents had LI. Of all, 1, 4.6, 11, 30.2 and 53.2 per cent of affected students had severe, relatively severe, moderate, relatively mild and mild LI, respectively. The association between LI and gender, and BMI was not significant (p> 0.05 for both); however, the association between LI and the history of LI in parents (OR = 2.06; 95 per cent CI: 1.47-2.88;p< 0.001), and breakfast consumption was significant (OR = 1.49; 95 per cent CI: 1.04-2.14;p= 0.028).Originality/valueAlthough the prevalence of LI is noticeable, majority of adolescents had mild and relatively mild LI. Parents’ history and breakfast consumption are related to the rate of LI prevalence. Appropriate strategies should be considered to prevent breakfast skipping.

The authors investigate the association of breakfast skipping and its interaction with a dietary inflammatory index (DII) with the severity of psychological disorders. A total of 2876 Iranian general adults were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Psychological problems profile score was calculated using the regression method in the framework of factor analysis based on depression, anxiety and psychological distress. The higher scores indicate more severity of mental problem. The frequency of breakfast eating in a week was assessed. Dietary intakes were assessed using a food-frequency questionnaire and twenty-seven items were included in the calculation of DII. In the crude model, individuals who ate breakfast seldom had the highest odds for having worse psychological problems profile (OR 3⋅59; 95 % CI 2⋅52, 5⋅11). Adjustment for various confounders did not change the associations (OR 3⋅35; 95 % CI 2⋅11, 5⋅32). In the adjusted multinomial logistic regression model, participants with high DII (>median) who skipped breakfast had highest risk of being in the higher tertiles of psychological problems profile compared with those who had low DII (

Breakfast skipping is a public health issue which affects nutrient intake among adolescents worldwide. However, there have been few reports comparing intake and reference values to assess the deficiency of nutrient intake between breakfast consumers and skippers. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the relationship between breakfast skipping and adequacy of total habitual nutrient intake among junior high school female students. The participants were 516 Japanese female junior high school students. Dietary habits during the preceding month were assessed using a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. Inadequacy of each nutrient intake was assessed by the cut-point method, based on the estimated average requirement for fourteen nutrients and on dietary goal values for five nutrients. The overall nutritional inadequacy in participants was assessed by the number of consumed nutrients which did not meet the requirements as per the dietary reference intakes for Japanese, 2015 version. The participants were classified into two groups according to the frequency of breakfast eating: breakfast consumers (seven times/week) and breakfast skippers (0–6 times/week). Adequacy of vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C, Ca, Fe, Zn and K was higher among breakfast consumers than among skippers. Breakfast consumers had more intakes of fruits, vegetables and dairy products. Our findings suggest that breakfast skipping was related to deficiencies in vitamin and mineral intakes, and to an unfavourable dietary pattern, among Japanese female junior high school students.

Introduction: Breakfast skipping has been associated with poor diet, obesity, and risk of diabetes, but less is known about skipping lunch and dinner. We hypothesized that regular meal skipping by employees is associated with less healthy workplace food purchases, poorer dietary quality, and higher body mass index (BMI). Methods: This is a secondary analysis of baseline data from 602 hospital employees who regularly purchased from workplace cafeterias and enrolled in a workplace health promotion study in 2016-18. Hospital cafeterias used traffic-light labels (green = healthy, yellow = less healthy, red = unhealthy) for all foods. We calculated a Healthy Purchasing Score (HPS) using 3 months of employees’ purchases and weighting the proportion of items purchased (red=0, yellow=0.5, green=1; range 0-1, higher=healthier purchases). Healthy Eating Index (HEI; range 0-100, higher=healthier diet) was estimated using 24-hour dietary recalls. Meal skipping frequency was self-reported via questionnaire. Linear regression analyses examined differences in HPS, HEI, and BMI by meal skipping frequency (never skip, 1-2 days/week, 3+days/week), adjusting for age, sex, race, ethnicity, education, job type, shift work, marital status, and number of purchases. Results: Participants’ mean age was 43.6 years; 79% (N=478) were female and 81% (N=488) white. Mean BMI was 28.3 kg/m 2 (SD: 6.5), and 63% (N=377) were overweight/obese. Mean number of items purchased was 146 (SD: 71); mean HPS was .69 (SD .14) and mean HEI was 60.4 (SD: 12.5). The table shows that frequent meal skippi was associated with less healthy purchases at work, and breakfast skipping was associated with lower dietary quality. Meal skipping was not associated with BMI. Conclusions: Employees who skipped meals purchased less healthy food at work and breakfast skippers had poorer overall dietary intake. Results suggest that meal skipping may be an important factor in unhealthy eating habits of employees and should be considered in workplace health promotion efforts.

ObjectiveBreakfast skipping is regarded as a public health issue among adults worldwide. Nutrition knowledge has been reported to be one of predictors of dietary behaviour. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the association between nutrition knowledge and breakfast skipping.DesignData regarding nutrition knowledge were obtained by using a validated, self-administered general nutrition knowledge questionnaire for Japanese adults (JGNKQ). Participants were classified into three nutrition knowledge level groups according to total JGNKQ score: Low, Middle and High. In addition, participants reported the frequency of meal consumption per week and rated the difficulty in finding time to eat breakfast, lunch and dinner in the lifestyle questionnaire. The differences in frequency of breakfast, lunch and dinner consumption among Low, Middle and High nutrition knowledge groups were determined by using ANCOVA adjusted for potential confounding factors.SettingKanto region, Japan.ParticipantsJapanese adults aged 18–64 years (n1165, 57·3% women).ResultsMean age of the participants was 43·8 (sd8·9) years. There were no significant differences found in the proportion of respondents reporting difficulty in finding time to eat each meal among the three groups. However, the frequency of breakfast consumption was significantly different among Low, Middle and High groups, while lunch and dinner frequency did not differ among the three groups.ConclusionsThe present study suggests that nutrition knowledge level is related to breakfast skipping among Japanese adults.

Traditionally, breakfast skipping (BS), and recently late-night dinner eating (LNDE), have attracted attention in public health because they can predispose to cardiometabolic conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Intriguingly, it has become evident that short duration of sleep elicits similar health risks. As LNDE, BS, and short sleep can be closely related and can aggravate each other, these three should not be considered separately. In this context, LNDE (or its equivalents, snacking or heavy alcohol consumption after dinner) and BS may be representative unhealthy eating habits around sleep (UEHAS). While it is important to take energy in the early morning for physical and intellectual activities, attaining a fasting state is essential for metabolic homeostasis. Our previous UEHAS studies have shown that BS without LNDE, i.e., BS alone, is not associated with obesity and diabetes, suggesting the possibility that BS or taking a very low energy breakfast, which could yield fasting for a while, may prevent obesity and diabetes in people with inevitable LNDE. Further studies considering UEHAS and short sleep simultaneously are needed to elucidate the effects of these unhealthy lifestyles on cardiometabolic diseases.

To assess the breakfast consumption pattern and nutritional status, a total of 500 adolescent girls in the age group of 16-18 years were selected randomly from rural and urban government schools of Ludhiana district. An interview schedule was used to assess their meal pattern, frequency of breakfast consumption and reasons behind their skipping of breakfast. Their height and weight was measured and BMI was also calculated. The results revealed that the prevalence of breakfast consumption on daily basis was higher among urban adolescent girls (51%) than rural (46%) and frequency decreased with increase in age. The major reasons behind skipping of breakfast were lack of appetite (37%), time (28%) and family meal pattern (17%). A higher percentage of rural adolescent girls were found to be underweight as compared to their urban counterparts but out of underweight category more of urban adolescent girls were found to be severely thin.

OBJECTIVE To systematically review the results of the association between breakfast skipping and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. METHODS The articles were searched in May 2020 from PubMed, Virtual Health Library, Scopus, Web of Science and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). The review included observational studies conducted with adolescents (10–19 years old), which estimated the association of breakfast skipping with at least one outcome (markers of body adiposity, blood pressure, serum lipid and glucose levels). Regarding the risk of bias, the articles were evaluated using the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) Item Bank on bias risk and accuracy of observational studies. The quality of the evidence was assessed by the Grade rating. RESULTS A total of 43 articles involving 192,262 participants met the inclusion criteria and were considered in this review. The prevalence of breakfast skipping ranged from 0.7% to 94% and 60.5% of studies were classified with low risk of bias. The significant association between breakfast skipping and cardiometabolic risk factors was found in twenty-nine cross-sectional articles (n = 106,031) and four longitudinal articles (n = 5,162) for excess adiposity, in three articles (n = 8,511) for high total cholesterol levels, low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides, and in three studies (n = 6,303) for high blood pressure levels. However, there was no significant association between breakfast skipping and glycemic profile. According to the Grade rating, all the associations had low quality of evidence. CONCLUSION The results of this review suggest that breakfast skipping is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. However, considering the low quality of the evidence, the present results should be interpreted carefully. In addition, our findings highlight the importance of standardizing the definition of breakfast skipping and that more prospective studies are needed to determine how skipping breakfast can affect cardiometabolic risk factors in the long time.

Background It remains unknown whether sustained daily feeding-fasting patterns modify the acute response to specific feedings on a given day. Objective We conducted a randomized controlled trial to establish if daily breakfast consumption or fasting until noon modifies the acute metabolic and appetitive responses to a fixed breakfast and ad libitum lunch. Methods With the use of a parallel group design, we randomly assigned 31 healthy, lean men and women (22–56 y) to 6 wk of either consuming ≥700 kcal of self-selected items before 1100 or fasting (0 kcal) until 1200 daily. Following 48 h of diet and physical activity standardization, we examined metabolic and appetite responses to a standardized breakfast and ad libitum lunch before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using 3- and 2-way ANCOVA. Results Systemic concentrations of energy balance regulatory hormones total and acylated ghrelin, leptin, and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine) responded similarly to breakfast and lunch before and after 6 wk of either morning fasting or regular breakfast, with the exception of a tendency for increased glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations from baseline to follow-up in the Breakfast Group compared with a decrease over that period in the Fasting Group [P = 0.06, partial eta squared value (ƞ2) = 0.16]. Subjective appetite sensations also did not differ over the course of the day, and ad libitum energy intake at lunch was not systematically affected by either intervention, decreasing by 27 kcal (95% CI: −203, 149 kcal) with fasting and by 77 kcal (95% CI: −210, 56 kcal) with breakfast. Similarly, glycemic, insulinemic, lipemic, and thermogenic responses to breakfast and lunch were very stable at baseline and follow-up and, thus, did not differ between treatment groups. Conclusions Our results indicate that a sustained period of either extended morning fasting or eating a daily breakfast has minimal effect upon acute metabolic and appetite responses in lean adults. This trial was registered at www.isrctn.org as ISRCTN31521726.

Introduction: Breakfast is often referred to as the most important meal of the day. Evidence suggests that breakfast contributes to wellbeing in a number of areas. First, it is a central component of nutritional wellbeing, contributing to total daily energy and nutrient intake. Nearly 15% of college girls rarely or never ate breakfast, and those who ate breakfast almost every day (and did not often eat between meals) reported slightly but significantly better physical health than skippers. Eating breakfast is important for the health and development of young women. From clinical experience, there is great evidence that the frequency of irregular menstruation and intensity of dysmenorrhea was increased in young women, who were currently skipping meals, suggesting that diet in adolescence has long-lasting adverse effects on reproductive function in young women. Menstrual disorders frequently affect the quality of life of adolescents and young adult women. Breakfast as a part of healthful diet and lifestyle can positively impact children’s and young adults’ health and wellbeing. Daily eating habits significantly influence menstrual function in young women. We conducted the study to explore the association of skipping breakfast on menstruation. Objectives • To find out the proportion of girls with menstrual irregularity in those skipping breakfast; • To find out effect of breakfast skipping on menstruation among girls of age group 17–22 years. Method and Material: A cross-sectional study was used. The studied sample consisted of 90 female students of a selected college of Bhopal city. Data were collected by using an interviewing questionnaire. Analysis of the findings was done using Epi Info 7 software. Results: Mean age of the study participants was 20+3.66 years. Out of 90 students, 82% were found to have been skipping breakfast for more than 3 days a week. The study also revealed that dysmenorrhea was more in girls who skipped breakfast than in those who had breakfast (P=0.0001). Conclusion: From the above finding, we can conclude that episodes of dysmenorrhea occurred more in female students who skipped the breakfast meal more than those who took breakfast regularly.

Background: Medical nutritional therapy is an important aspect of diabetes care, there is an increasing awareness of breakfast skipping, late dinner and meal contents on diabetes control. Aim: To assess dietary habits, physical activity and diabetes perception among patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This case-control study was conducted among patients with diabetes mellitus at the diabetes center in Tabuk City, Saudi Arabia during the period from March through June 2017. One hundred patients with type 2 diabetes and 150 control subjects were interviewed to collect demographic data regarding, breakfast skipping, late dinner intake, and fruit, vegetables, sweet food, and fast food consumption. Diabetic patients’ perception of their disease was also assessed. (If diabetes is serious, it can be prevented and reversible). Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20 using Chi-square and independent-samples t-test. Results: In the present study, body mass index (BMI) (p

Background Adolescents frequently skip meals, doing so even more than once per day. This is associated with more mental health problems. Purpose This study identified mental health problems' associations with skipping meals and the frequency thereof among adolescents. Methods This cross-sectional population-based study used a data set of 1,413 adolescents from the 2010 to 2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Hierarchical multivariable logistic regression was conducted to determine the risk of mental health problems, including stress, depressive mood, and suicidal ideation in relation to skipping meals and the frequency thereof per day. Findings Breakfast skipping significantly increased the risks of stress and depressive mood. Stress, depressive mood, and suicidal ideation were significantly prevalent as the daily frequency of skipping meals increased. Conclusion Specific strategies should be developed at government or school level to decrease the frequency of skipping meals per day, associated with serious mental health problems in adolescents.