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BackgroundUK state pension eligibility ages are linked to average life expectancy, which ignores wide socioeconomic disparities in both healthy and overall life expectancy.ObjectivesInvestigate whether there are occupational social class differences in the amount of time older adults live after they stop work, and how much of these differences are due to health.MethodsParticipants were 76 485 members of the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study (LS), who were 50–75 years at the 2001 census and had stopped work by the 2011 census. Over 10 years of follow-up, we used censored linear regression to estimate mean differences in years between stopping work and death by occupational social class.ResultsAfter adjustment for age, both social class and health were independent predictors of postwork duration (mean difference (95% CI): unskilled class vs professional: 2.7 years (2.4 to 3.1); not good vs good health: 2.4 years (1.9 to 2.9)), with LS members in the three manual classes experiencing ~1 additional year of postwork duration than professional workers (interaction p values all ConclusionsLower social class groups are negatively affected by uniform state pension ages, because they are more likely to stop work at younger ages due to health reasons.

Background The concept of “intersectionality” is increasingly employed within public health arenas, particularly in North America, and is often heralded as offering great potential to advance health inequalities research and action. Given persistently poor progress towards tackling health inequalities, and recent calls to reframe this agenda in the United Kingdom and Europe, the possible contribution of intersectionality deserves attention. Yet, no existing research has examined professional stakeholder understandings and perspectives on applying intersectionality to this field. Methods In this paper we seek to address that gap, drawing upon a consultation survey and face-to-face workshop (n = 23) undertaken in the United Kingdom. The survey included both researchers (n = 53) and policy and practice professionals (n = 20) with varied roles and levels of engagement in research and evaluation. Topics included familiarity with the term and concept “intersectionality”, relevance to health inequalities work, and issues shaping its uptake. Respondents were also asked to comment on two specific policy suggestions: intersectionally targeting and tailoring interventions, and evaluating the intersectional effects of policies. The workshop aims were to share examples of applying intersectionality within health inequalities research and practice; understand the views of research and practice colleagues on potential contributions and challenges; and identify potential ways to promote intersectional approaches. Results Findings indicated a generally positive response to the concept and a cautiously optimistic assessment that intersectional approaches could be valuable. However, opinions were mixed and various challenges were raised, especially around whether intersectionality research is necessarily critical and transformative and, accordingly, how it should be operationalized methodologically. Nonetheless, there was general agreement that intersectionality is concerned with diverse inequalities and the systems of power that shape them. Conclusions We position intersectionality within the wider context of health inequalities policy and practice, suggesting potential ways forward for the approach in the context of the United Kingdom. The views of policy and practice professionals suggest that intersectionality has far to travel to help counter individualistic narratives and to encourage an approach that is sensitive to subgroup inequalities and the processes that generate them. Examples of promising practice, albeit mostly in North America, suggest that it is possible for intersectionality to gain traction.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans+ (LGBT+) people report poorer health than the general population and worse experiences of healthcare particularly cancer, palliative/end-of-life, dementia and mental health provision. This is attributable to: (a) social inequalities, including ‘minority stress’; (b) associated health-risk behaviours (eg, smoking, excessive drug/alcohol use, obesity); (c) loneliness and isolation, affecting physical/mental health and mortality; (d) anticipated/experienced discrimination and (e) inadequate understandings of needs among healthcare providers. Older LGBT+ people are particularly affected, due to the effects of both cumulative disadvantage and ageing. There is a need for greater and more robust research data to support growing international and national government initiatives aimed at addressing these health inequalities. We identify seven key research strategies: (1) Production of large data sets; (2) Comparative data collection; (3) Addressing diversity and intersectionality among LGBT+ older people; (4) Investigation of healthcare services’ capacity to deliver LGBT+ affirmative healthcare and associated education and training needs; (5) Identification of effective health promotion and/or treatment interventions for older LGBT+ people, and subgroups within this umbrella category; (6) Development of an (older) LGBT+ health equity model; (7) Utilisation of social justice concepts to ensure meaningful, change-orientated data production which will inform and support government policy, health promotion and healthcare interventions.

Air pollution was severe in the 19th century, yet its health consequences are often overlooked due to a lack of pollution data. We offer a new approach for inferring local coal use levels based on local industrial structure and industry specific coal use intensity. This allows us to provide the first estimates of the mortality effects of British industrial coal use in 1851-1860. Exploiting wind patterns for identification, we find that a one standard deviation increase in coal use raised infant mortality by 6-8% and that industrial coal use explains roughly one-third of the urban mortality penalty observed during this period. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Are government finances and policy outcomes different under politicians with business experience? We study California city councils and implement a regression discontinuity strategy to provide causal evidence on this issue. Ultimately, we find no evidence that the election of a candidate with business experience impacts city expenditures, revenues, unemployment rates, and other outcomes. Future vote shares for candidates with business experience are also unaffected, which suggests that these politicians are not having an impact that is observed to voters but unobserved in our data.

Now that you’ve been creating resources in the cloud with PowerShell, you’ll need a simple and secure way to manage all those resources. AWS Systems Manager is a convenient set of management tools that lets you configure and manage your AWS resources at scale.

AWS Systems Manager includes several powerful features which can help you manage fleets of Amazon EC2 instances. In this chapter, we'll take a look at AWS Systems Manager Run Command, Automation, and State Manager which all use a shared object known as Systems Manager (SSM) Documents. Since SSM Documents are a common thread between all these features, it makes sense to dive into them first. So we’ll look at what documents are and how to work with them, and then we’ll see how they are used with Run Command, Automation, and State Manager.

An important area in which cloud can add value to your organization is in End-User Computing; this is because you are able to quickly and easily provision virtual desktops, streaming applications, without the need of purchasing expensive hardware and making a long-term financial commitment. There are two specific End-User Computing AWS services which we will focus on, Amazon WorkSpaces and Amazon AppStream 2.0. These services provide users access to their documents, applications, and other resources, from anywhere and anytime, as long as they, users, are on a supported device. These services both provide a pay-as-you-go model and also give you the flexibility to always have the resources running or run them when you need them.

In this chapter, we will cover the AWS Directory Service, which is a highly scalable and managed multi-directory store; it can be used for authentication and Single Sign-On services. As mentioned, there are multiple directories supported by AWS Directory Service, each one helping solve a unique business problem, including authentication services for traditional applications, support for SaaS application developers, and cloud applications with complex authentication relationships. The directories available include Amazon Cloud Directory, AD Connector, Amazon Cognito, Simple AD, and Microsoft AD. As one can imagine, each of these directories has enough depth, nuance, and complexity to warrant a dedicated chapter in this book. However, in this section we will focus on the services that are most frequently used with Microsoft Workloads and managed with PowerShell; these are Microsoft AD, AD Connector, and Simple AD.

Infants who are underweight at birth earn less, score lower on tests, and become less educated as adults. Previous studies have found mixed evidence that socioeconomic status mitigates these effects. In this paper, we reconcile these findings using a unique data set in which adoptees were quasi-randomly assigned to families. We find that median income within a zip code mitigates the effects of low birth weight, as in Currie and Moretti (2007). Interactions between low birth weight and other family characteristics are not statistically significant, which is consistent with Currie and Hyson (1999). These results cannot be explained by differences in genetics, prenatal health care, or neonatal health care.

Investment in water purification technologies led to large mortality declines by helping eradicate typhoid fever and other waterborne diseases. This paper seeks to understand how these technologies affected human capital formation. We use typhoid fatality rates during early life as a proxy for water quality. To carry out the analysis, city-level data are merged with a unique dataset linking individuals between the 1900 and 1940 censuses. Parametric and semi-parametric estimates suggest that eradicating early-life exposure to typhoid fever would have increased earnings in later life by 1% and increased educational attainment by one month. Instrumenting for typhoid fever using the typhoid rates from cities that lie upstream produces similar results. A simple cost-benefit analysis indicates that the increase in earnings from eradicating typhoid fever was more than sufficient to offset the costs of eradication.

In this chapter we are going to discuss Virtual Private Cloud (VPC). VPC allows you to configure a custom network topology, as well as manage IP routing and security. A network topology is the structure of the network and controls how data flows between nodes.

In the last chapter, we created a Virtual Private Cloud (VPC). In this chapter we are going to discuss configuring instances in the VPC.

If you are anything like me, you cannot wait to get started and launch an application in the cloud. But, before we dive in and start launching servers, let’s take a step back and look at the big picture. Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a global platform with data centers around the globe. A little time spent on the architecture will help you understand why, and not just what, we are doing with AWS.

This appendix includes a list of CloudWatch metrics and dimensions for the services we discussed in this book. You can use these to create alarms to warn you when something is wrong. This list is adapted from the Cloud Watch Developer Guide available from http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonCloudWatch/latest/DeveloperGuide.

This chapter is about architecting your application for high availability. It is also the last chapter on Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2). We have covered almost all of the PowerShell commands for EC2, but EC2 is only one of many services that AWS offers. In this chapter we will examine a few of the services that you can use in concert with EC2 to build a highly available application. These services include Elastic Load Balancers (ELB), Simple Notification Service (SNS), CloudWatch, Auto Scaling, and Route 53.

Simple Storage Service (S3) is used to store objects in the cloud. S3 can scale to enormous size. You can store an unlimited number of objects and access them from anywhere. You access S3 over HTTP or HTTPS using a REST API. This is the same service Amazon uses to store data for its web site!

Great! You’re done configuring your environment. I know the last chapter was a bit dull, but this chapter is where it gets exciting. You’ll jump right in and get started by creating an instance. An EC2 instance is, simply, a server running in the cloud. With a few quick clicks, you will have your first server up and running.

Infants who are underweight at birth earn less, score lower on tests, and become less educated as adults. Previous studies have found mixed evidence that socioeconomic status mitigates this effect. In this paper, we reconcile these findings using a unique dataset in which adoptees were quasi-randomly assigned to families. We find that the average income within a zip code mitigates the effects of low birth weight, as in Currie and Morreti (2007), whereas other family characteristics do not, as in Currie and Hyson (1999). These results cannot be explained by differences in genetics, prenatal healthcare or neonatal healthcare.

Population ageing has reshaped the notion of retirement. The changes carry important implications for aspirations to extend working life. Cultural expectations regarding work and retirement must adapt to the reality posed by longer lives. The modern world is characterised by perpetual - and sometime rapid - change. Transformation throughout the second half of the 20th century brought about substantial shifts in the health and longevity of people in societies across the world. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the impacts of population ageing have gathered greater awareness in public consciousness and within the policy arena. Notions of old age, retirement, and later life have been fundamentally transformed, presenting stark challenges alongside novel opportunities for individuals, communities, and governments. Many of the topics of interest with respect to ageing populations are themselves the result of shifts that were unforeseen.

Adaptive-predictive search (APS) is a new method by which systems can improve their search performance through experience. It is believed that the development of such methods is critical as currently a tremendous amount of computational results are potentially wasted by not integrating search and partial search results into the knowledge of a problem-solving system. In the adaptive-predictive search model pattern formation and associative recall are used to improve or replace search. In this paper the theory, background and motivations behind the model are presented and its application to two-player game-playing programs is discussed. In these programs, the system develops a knowledge base of patterns (boolean features) coupled with weights and using pattern-oriented evaluation performs only 1-ply search, yet competes respectably with programs that search more. The learning mechanism is a hybridization of machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques that have been successful in other settings. Specific examples and performance results are taken from the domains of Hexapawn, Tic-Tac-Toe, Pente, Othello, and Chess. [This report is much like 89-22, but focuses on 2-player games and gives new results.]

Former general practitioner Herefordshire (b 1931; q Birmingham 1954), died from carcinomatosis on 12 December 2005. John entered general practice with his wife, Hilary, nee Evans, in 1957, in Smethwick, and then Halesowen, but increasing urbanisation caused them to move to Weobley, Herefordshire, in 1969, where they built a thriving practice and continued to work until their retirement in 1991. He had a special interest in mental health. A lifelong country lover, he was a skilled horseman and pivotal member of the local hunt. He was a keen sailor. Predeceased by Hilary, he leaves two children and six granddaughters.​granddaughters. Figure 1