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Objective:As a result of using different scales while preparing disability reports, different rates are determined for the same person. Comparing the disability rates measured by the Scales in the annex of “Capacity to Work and Vocational Permanent Disability Rates Detection Operations Regulations (CVPR)” and the Scale in the annex of “Regulation on Disability Criteria on Classification and Health Board Reports to Be Issued to the Disabled (RDC)”, this research aims at identifying differences between the scales, thereby indicating various hardships experts encounter.Methods:The cases’ gender, occupation and trauma history as well as the request letters, the injuries related to the event and the examination findings were recorded forms. After calculating each case’s profit loss rate in profession and disability rate, the components that led to different rates were evaluated.Results:It was found that following trauma, tibial, fibula and vertebral injuries occurred at most. The most frequent sequelas (52%) were a limitation of movement at a joint and a gait disorder. Since the disorders of almost half of the cases (48.1%) identified with sequela in CVPR do not appear in the A Scale, the discretionary power was enacted. Within the scope of RDC, the discreationary power was employed in 5 cases (3.1%). Average disability ratio of the cases (9.01%) appeared to be significantly lesser (p

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the publication rate of Forensic Medicine specialty theses in national and international journals. Materials and Methods: The Thesis Center database of Council on Higher Education was searched for medical specialty theses written between 1983-2016. Another screening was done using the resident and mentor names as well as thesis title on Ulakbim, Türk Medline, Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed databases. The years in which the theses were done and the articles were published, database of the journal, resident’s order among the authors, type of research, thesis subjects were recorded. Results: It was found that 77 (32.6%) out of a total of 236 theses written between 1983-2016 were published. Fifteen-point two percent of these theses were published in Science Citation Index-Expanded/Social Sciences Citation Index, 11.9% were published in international, and 5.5% in national indexed journals. The mean publication time was 2.95±2.49 years. It was also found that the resident was the first author in 85.7% of the articles, and 53.2% of the published theses were prospective studies. Most frequently article subjects were in the fields of Forensic Pathology (26%) and Forensic Psychiatry (23.4%). Conclusion: Publishing rate of theses in Forensic Medicine was similar to the data regarding publication rates of theses in different medical specialty fields in our country and abroad; however, it is below the level desired. It is of utmost importance to generate solutions to facilitate the process including but not limited to mentors that are encouraging and instructive,...

Nowadays considering that the compensation to be paid in the presence of medical malpractice is serious, it is prominent for physicians to have professional liability insurance. The table created by comparing the number of all physicians in Turkey and the number of coverage belonging to professional insurance for medical malpractice, It shows that the number of coverage belonging to professional insurance is far below the number of physicians. Considering that a policy has more than one coverage in some cases such as dual specialization, it is concluded that a significant number of physicians do not have professional liability insurance, which has become compulsory since 2010.The fact that physicians have more information about the physician professional liability insurance, which is mandatory to be made, will reduce the victimization of medical malpractice and the presence of medical malpractice and the tendency to defensive medicine which is harmful to the health economy., Günümüzde, tıbbi uygulama hatası varlığında ödenecek tazminatın ciddi boyutlara ulaştığı göz önüne alındığında, hekimlerin mesleki sorumluluk sigortası yaptırması ön plana çıkmaktadır. Türkiye’deki tüm hekim sayısı ve tıbbi kötü uygulamaya ilişkin mesleki sigortaya ait teminat sayıları karşılaştırılarak oluşturulan tablo, ülkedeki sigorta teminat adetinin, hekim sayılarının çok altında kaldığını göstermektedir. Çift uzmanlık gibi bazı durumlarda bir poliçenin birden fazla teminat adeti bulunduğu da dikkate alınırsa, ciddi sayıda hekimin 2010 yılından itibaren zorunlu hale gelen mesleki sorumluluk sigortasını yaptırmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmaktadır. Yaptırılması zorunlu olan hekim mesleki sorumluluk sigortası hakkında hekimlerin daha çok bilgi sahibi olmaları, tıbbi uygulama hatası iddiasında ve varlığında meydana gelecek mağduriyetleri ve sağlık ekonomisine zararı olan defansif tıbba yönelmeyi bir nebze de olsa azaltacaktır.

Erektil disfonksiyon, cinsel ilişki için yeterli ereksiyonun elde edilememesi veya sürdürülememesidir. Bu olgu sunumunda; trafik kazasına bağlı multitrav-malı olguda gelişen erektil disfonksiyonu adli-tıbbi açıdan değerlendirmek ve yaralama suçlarının adli tıp açısından değerlendirilmesi amacıyla kullanılan kıla-vuza katkıda bulunmak amaçlandı.Tıbbi evrakta; olaya bağlı pelvik kırıklar, mesane ve üretra rüptürü ve diğer yaralanmaları olduğu kayıtlıydı. Olgunun Anabilim Dalımıza başvurusu sonrası istenen Üroloji konsültasyonu sonucunda; mevcut bulgularla ereksiyonu gerçek-leştirmek için organik açıdan yeterli olmadığı anlaşıldı.Travmanın erektil disfonksiyona yol açtığı belirlenen olguda, yaralanmanın ürolojik açıdan kişinin organlarından birinin işlevinin sürekli yitirilmesine yol açtığı sonucuna varıldı.Erektil disfonksiyonun, cinsel fonksiyon bozuklukları başlığı altında ilgili kılavuzda yer almasının, adli rapor düzenleme sürecine yar-dımcı olacağı düşünülmektedir., Erectile dysfunction is the inability to maintain or to obtain adequate erec-tion for sexual intercourse. in this case report; it was aimed to evaluate erectile dysfunction which developed after a traffic accident due to multi-trauma and to contribute to the guideline for the evaluation of the crimes in forensic medicine.Medical records included pelvic fractures, bladder and urethra ruptures as well as other injuries. Urology consultation was requested after the application of the case to our department. As a result of this, regarding the current find-ings, it was found that the case was not enough to perform erection in terms of organic aspects.It was concluded that the trauma led to the permanent loss of one of the or-gans in terms of urology.The inclusion of the erectile dysfunction in the relevant guidelines under the heading of sexual dysfunctions is thought to be helpful in the process of forensic report-making.

Objective Myostatin is a growth factor which is investigated regarding musculoskeletal system. Albeit its effect on muscle mass is known, it is considered likely having other unknown effects as well, particularly on central nervous system. With this study, it is aimed to find out that what type of effect electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) does on myostatin in patients with treatment resistant depression. Methods Twenty-nine patients with treatment resistant major depression and thirty healthy volunteers were included in the study. Pre- and post-ECT levels of myostatine were compared; also this results were compared to healthy controls. Results For 29 patients with treatment-resistant major depression, the pre-treatment mean myostatin level was 0.95±0.32 ng/ml and post-therapy myostatin level was 11.05±6.97 ng/ml. As a result of this study, it is found that ECT affects serum myostatin levels to a significant degree (t=4.17, p＜0.05). It is also found that there was a significant relation between serum myostatin levels and depression scores (r=0.392, p＜0.05). Conclusion With the present study and similar ones, it can be understood that how ECT achieves its effectiveness biologically.

Son yillarda ani kardiyak olum oranlarinda artis gorulmektedir. Gunumuzde, implante edilebilir kardiyoverter defibrilator (implantable cardioverter defibrilator, ICD) ani kardiyak olumleri onlemede kullanilan bir cihazdir. Travma sonucunda cihazda birtakim problemler meydana gelebilmektedir. Kablo kirigi bu problemlerden biridir. Literaturde, kunt travmaya bagli ICD komplikasyonlarinin, ozellikle kablo kiriginin oldukca nadir goruldugu belirtilmektedir. Bu olgu sunumunda; eski esi tarafindan sol kolu cekilerek kunt travmaya maruz kalan ve olusan kablo kirigi nedeniyle uygunsuz soklara maruz kalan kadin olgu medikolegal acidan degerlendirildi. Olguda, gogse direkt bir travma olmadan, sol kolun cekilmesine bagli olarak lead kirigi meydana gelmistir. Hafif siddetteki bir travmanin bile, yasamsal tehlike olusturabilecek, ciddi klinik sonuclara neden olabilecegine dikkat cekmek amaclandi.

Introduction Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in the regulation of many neuronal processes, including neurogenesis. Therefore, it is thought to be closely associated with many psychopathologies with a neurodevelopmental basis, for example, schizophrenia. Methods The patients admitted to the Psychiatry Department of the Faculty of Medicine with a diagnosis of non-affective drug-naive first-episode psychosis (FEP) were included in the study. The relationship between laboratory and clinical findings and psychometric data (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) was examined. Results The study population consisted of 34 FEP and 34 healthy control (HC) volunteers. Mean BNDF levels of FEP and HC groups were 14.95 ± 6.13 and 17.89 ± 4.84 pg/ml, respectively. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (t = 2.197; p = .032). There was a negative correlation between mean BDNF levels and PANSS general psychopathology subscale scores (r = .358; p = .038), and total PANSS scores (r = .356; p = .039). Discussion There is a consensus on low serum BDNF levels both in FEP and in schizophrenia. However, it is still not clear which clinical findings are associated with lower serum BDNF levels. The relationship between BDNF levels and psychopathologies in schizophrenia has to be investigated.

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic demonstrated to be superior in the treatment of refractory schizophrenia. Despite all this effectiveness, it has side effects that can be serious and bothersome. Sialorrhea is the most common adverse drug reaction that occurs during clozapine treatment. It is usually persistent, may impair the patient's quality of life and reduce treatment compliance. However, there is limited evidence to guide possible treatment strategies for sialorrhea. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is a powerful antioxidant. It acts directly as a scavenger of free radicals, in particular oxygen radicals. The antioxidant NAC also modulates glutamatergic, neurotrophic and inflammatory pathways. The first time we examined and reported the effect of NAC (1200-2400 mg/day) on clozapine-induced sialorrhea in a patient group of five patients. After four weeks of follow-up, the severity of sialorrhea decreased significantly with NAC augmentation. There were no significant side effects of NAC as measured by the UKU scale.

10th International Congress on Psychopharmacology & 6th International Symposium on Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology[Abstract:0110] [Addiction]Cessation of cigarette smoking in adolescents: s...

Divalproex sodium/valproic acid (VPA) is an antiepileptic drug which is frequently prescribed in neurology and psychiatric clinics. Common side effects of VPA are side effects of the digestive system, weight gain, tremor, sedation, hematologic side effects and hair loss. Valproate-induced hyperammonemia is almost seen in 50% of patients treated with VPA, some of which may develop encephalopathy. Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy (NE) is a well-known subject and there are numerous publications in the current literature. Although there is substantial evidence for this side effect in patients with neurological disorders, the data in the psychiatric area are limited. When we look at publications, it seems that VHE is seen more often because it starts earlier in psychiatric patients, but we think that it is often missed. Here, we presented five cases in which we followed up and treated with VHE diagnosis in our clinic within one year and other reports published previously in a table.

Object: Synthetic Cannabinoid (SC) use is becoming more widespread throughout the world. Studies that revealed user profiles indicate that the drug is especially popular among young men. Knowledge on sociodemographic, clinical characteristics and motivation for SC users in our country is limited. On the other hand, in spite of the increase of information known about symptoms of acute intoxication of SC use, physical and psychiatric consequences and loss of function due to longterm use of SC is limited. In this study, we aimed to investigate socio-demographic and clinical characteristics associated with SC use and the negative consequences caused by the use of SC. Methods: 166 male patients who admitted to the psychiatric outpatient clinic due to SC use disorder between November 2014 to April 2015 were enrolled in the study. Demographic data of patients, substance use characteristics, familial substance use, reasons for substance use, medical history, the problems related to drug use was questioned. Results: The age of onset for SC use was found to be 17.25 ± 2.30. SC using duration was 3.79 ± 2.15 years. The most common agents accompanying SC use were smoking (95.8%) and cannabis (88.6%). It was determined that 62.7% developed suicidal ideas due to SC use. Among psychiatric side effects, most common were euphoria, hallucinations, skepticism and suicidal ideation. About 1/3 of cases were found to live loss of business and legal issues depending on long-term SC use. 76.5% of the patients' consumed SC through inhalation and 22.9 % orally. It was determined that oral users began SC use at an earlier age than users via inhalation. Discussion: Despite the physical, mental, occupational, social and legal problems caused by the use of SC, it has become an important public health problem, especially among young men. Effective intervention programs for the use of outbreaking SCs need to be developed.

Cengizhan Acikel,1 Yesim Aydin Son,2 Cemil Celik,3 Husamettin Gul4 1Department of Biostatistics, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, 2Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, 3Department of Medical Psychiatry, 4Department of Medical Informatics, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey Background: Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) is a nonparametric approach that can be used to detect relevant interactions between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The aim of this study was to build the best genomic model based on SNP associations and to identify candidate polymorphisms that are the underlying molecular basis of the bipolar disorders. Methods: This study was performed on Whole-Genome Association Study of Bipolar Disorder (dbGaP [database of Genotypes and Phenotypes] study accession number: phs000017.v3.p1) data. After preprocessing of the genotyping data, three classification-based data mining methods (ie, random forest, naïve Bayes, and k-nearest neighbor) were performed. Additionally, as a nonparametric, model-free approach, the MDR method was used to evaluate the SNP profiles. The validity of these methods was evaluated using true classification rate, recall (sensitivity), precision (positive predictive value), and F-measure. Results: Random forests, naïve Bayes, and k-nearest neighbors identified 16, 13, and ten candidate SNPs, respectively. Surprisingly, the top six SNPs were reported by all three methods. Random forests and k-nearest neighbors were more successful than naïve Bayes, with recall values >0.95. On the other hand, MDR generated a model with comparable predictive performance based on five SNPs. Although different SNP profiles were identified in MDR compared to the classification-based models, all models mapped SNPs to the DOCK10 gene. Conclusion: Three classification-based data mining approaches, random forests, naïve Bayes, and k-nearest neighbors, have prioritized similar SNP profiles as predictors of bipolar disorders, in contrast to MDR, which has found different SNPs through analysis of two-way and three-way interactions. The reduced number of associated SNPs discovered by MDR, without loss in the classification performance, would facilitate validation studies and decision support models, and would reduce the cost to develop predictive and diagnostic tests. Nevertheless, we need to emphasize that translation of genomic models to the clinical setting requires models with higher classification performance. Keywords: Bipolar disorders, GWAS, MDR, Data Mining, SNP, Decision Support

Amaç: Çalışmamızda; trafik kazası sonucu meydana gelen kemik kırıklarına uygulanan tedavilerin başarıları ile bu tedavi sonucunda kalan sekellere ait meslekte kazanma gücü kaybı ve özürlülük oranlarının hesaplanarak kıyaslanması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem:01 Şubat 2016 – 01 Şubat 2017 tarihleri arasında travma sonucuEge Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Anabilim Dalında tedavi uygulanmış ve Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Adli Tıp Anabilim Dalımıza sekel oranının hesaplanması için başvuru yapılması istenmiş tek taraflı ekstremite kırığı olan 142 olgu değerlendirildi. Bulgular:En sık kırık saptanan ilk üç kemik olan tibia, femur, tibia+fibula kırıklarının anlamlı olarak motosiklet kazalarında daha fazla gözlendiği saptandı. Alçı-atel tedavisi ile plak vida ve intramedüller çivi tedavileri arasında sekel oranları yönünden anlamlı fark olduğu saptanmıştır (p

Objective Findings about inflammatory processes in schizophrenia are increasing day by day. Inflammatory processes in schizophrenia are associated with both its etiology and clinical symptoms. Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is also one of these inflammatory processes. Particularly, it is thought to be closely related to clinical findings of patients with schizophrenia. Methods In this study, the relationship between clinical findings of hsCRP levels of patients with drug-naIve first-episode psychosis (FEP) and patients with schizophrenia in acute exacerbation phase is investigated. Clinical findings, psychometric properties (the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale), and hsCRP levels of patients were compared. Results Forty-eight patients with FEP, 74 patients with schizophrenia in acute exacerbation phase and 54 healthy controlled volunteers are included in the study. The most substantial finding in the study is that there is a positive correlation between hsCRP levels and severity of positive symptoms of both patient groups, with FEP and with schizophrenia. The second most substantial finding is there is no significant difference between patients with FEP and schizophrenia, in terms of hsCRP. Conclusion The relationship between hsCRP and positive symptom severity in two groups of patients supports the inflammatory hypothesis in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia. This finding is supportive of close relation between inflammatory processes and clinical findings of patient with schizophrenia.

Objective Youth is a period during which individuals undergo rapid physical and psychological changes in their transition from childhood to adulthood. This study aimed to determine the psychological problems of young males from different socio-cultural backgrounds living in different cities of Turkey and to examine the socio-cultural factors possibly associated with these problems. Methods The study was conducted in six different cities in Turkey with the participation of 3655 young male adults. Participants were administered a questionnaire to collect socio-demographic data such as age, marital status, educational background, the history of smoking and alcohol use, income level, occupation, place of residence and the history of chronic disease and allergies. Psychological symptoms were detected via the Symptom Check List (SCL-90 R). The study data were transferred to the SPSS-15 database for statistical analysis. Results The median age of the participants was 20.49 ± 1.48 years (20–29 age range, median age = 20). Based on the SCL-90 R scores, the mean General Symptom Index (GSI) score of the study participants was found to be 0.44 ± 0.27 (0.00–2.61). 13.5% of the participants (n = 493) were recorded to have above-the-average GSI scores (≥1.0). Occupation, smoking and alcohol use were found to effect depression. Factors effecting anxiety were occupation, smoking, alcohol use and place of residence. Conclusion Psychological symptoms that young people suffer from can be diagnosed at early stages and the psychological problems that are triggered by these symptoms can be prevented with the help of such questionnaires. These questionnaires can easily be administered in primary care settings.

Background: Dissociation is a disruption of and/or discontinuity in the normal, subjective integration of one or more aspects of psychological functioning, including memory, identity, consciousness, perception, and motor control. A limited number of studies investigated combat-related dissociation.Objective: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between dissociative symptoms and combat-related trauma.Method: This study included 184 individuals, including 84 patients who were exposed to combat and diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Group I), 50 subjects who were exposed to combat but were not diagnosed with PTSD (Group II), and 50 healthy subjects without combat exposure (Group III). The participants were evaluated using the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) to determine their total and sub-factor (i.e., amnesia, depersonalization/derealization, and absorption) dissociative symptom levels. In addition, Group I and Group II were compared with respect to the relationship between physical injury and DES scores.Results: The mean DES scores (i.e., total and sub-factors) of Group I were higher than those of Group II (p30) was highest in Group I, followed by Group II and Group III. When we compared combat-exposed subjects with high total DES scores, Group I had higher scores than Group II. In contrast, no relationship between the presence of bodily injury and total DES scores could be demonstrated. In addition, our results demonstrated that high depersonalization/derealization factor scores were correlated with bodily injury in PTSD patients. A similar relationship was found between high absorption factor scores and bodily injury for Group II.Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that the level of dissociation was significantly higher in subjects with combat-related PTSD than in subjects without combat-related PTSD. In addition, combat-exposed subjects without PTSD also had higher dissociation levels than healthy subjects without combat experience.Keywords: Combat exposure; posttraumatic stress disorder; dissociation; dissociative symptoms; physical injuryResponsible Editor: Ruth Lanius, Western University of Canada, Canada.(Published: 28 April 2015)Citation: European Journal of Psychotraumatology 2015, 6: 26657 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.26657

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Dear Editor, We read with great interest the article by Han and colleagues, entitled "Relationship between neck length, sleep, and cardiovascular risk factors," in which the investigators explored the association of neck length with sleep and cardiovascular risk factors by measuring midline neck length (MNL) and lateral neck length. They showed that a short neck, as measured by the MNL, is probably associated with snoring, and also that MNL is related to cardiovascular disease risk factors in women. 1) However, we believe that some points warrant discussion. Sleep and psychiatric disorders are often concurrent, and untreated sleep disorders can increase the risk of developing psychiatric conditions.2,3) The most common psychiatric disorders associated with sleep complaints include depression, anxiety, and substance (illicit drug and alcohol) abuse.3,4) The researchers examined 240 patients aged 30 to 75 years who visited a health examination center. They excluded from the study patients with a history of depression or sleep disorders, or those currently on related medications.1) However, many psychiatric disorders, including alcohol/substance use disorders, affect all parameters of sleep, mainly including sleep latency and total sleep time.3,4) We believe that not only depression and sleep disorders, but also other psychiatric disorders, should have been excluded from the study. The researchers indicated that sleep latency, total sleep time, and the number of apneas were identified by a self-reporting questionnaire in the study.1) However, specific sleep parameters, such as sleep latency and the number of apneas, can be determined accurately with polysomnography.5,6) Findings from a list of questions are subjective and may lead to misinterpretation.6) In conclusion, although this study contributes valuable information to the medical literature, clarifying these concerns will certainly provide a clearer picture.

Background Major depression (MD) is accompanied by systemic immune activation or an inflammatory response with the involvement of phagocytic cells, T cell activation, B cell proliferation, and an acute phase response with increased levels of positive and decreased levels of negative acute-phase proteins. In this study, we aimed to determine any differences in serum haptoglobin (Hp) concentrations among patients with melancholic and nonmelancholic MD and the healthy controls. Methods This study involved 125 male patients who were admitted to the Department of Psychiatry, Gulhane Military Medical Academy (GMMA), in Ankara, Turkey. They were diagnosed with MD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) and agreed to participate in the study. The melancholic group consisted of 37 patients and the nonmelancholic group had 45 patients. A healthy control group of 40 subjects was selected from the staff of GMMA. These subjects had not had any lifetime psychiatric diagnosis or psychiatric treatment in their medical histories. Peripheral venous blood samples were obtained from the patients and the control group for a complete blood count, routine biochemistry, and the detection of serum Hp levels. Results There was no statistically significant difference among the melancholic MD, the nonmelancholic MD, and the healthy control groups in terms of age, level of education, and gender. Serum Hp concentrations are significantly higher in melancholic patients as compared with non-melancholic depressed patients and controls. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the nonmelancholic MD and the control group in terms of Hp concentrations. Conclusion The results of this study are important in terms of showing different serum Hp concentrations in patients with melancholic and nonmelancholic MD.

TO THE EDITOR: In a recent issue of the Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, we were very interested in the article by Lee et al1 entitled “The Effect of emotional stress and depression on the prevalence of digestive diseases” in which the investigators reported that stress and depression are related to various digestive diseases and may be predisposing factors for functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome, and that depression may be a predisposing factor for gastric cancer. This study is well designed but we would like to comment on some of the factors that can affect depression and stress as these may shed new light on the author’s interpretations. Large-scale studies that aim to determine psychological processes such as depression and stress levels in psychosomatic diseases such as gastrointestinal diseases should meticulously consider the risk factors that affect these processes. At the same time, the inclusion and exclusion criteria should be well structured. For example, the main factors that affect stress and depression levels are psychotropic medication and regular exercise. We know that both psychotropic medication2 and regular exercise3 decrease levels of depression and stress. The study by Lee et al1 did not specify whether or not participitants used psychotropic medication or exercised regularly, nor did it specify if these factors were used as exclusion or inclusion criteria. In addition, most women begin to experience emotional changes before and during menstruation period which are known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS).4 Symptoms of PMS include affective, physical, cognitive, and behavioral changes. Affective symptoms include irritability (ie, a cardinal symptom), mood swings, anxiety, and depression.5–6 These psychological symptoms do not only occur during PMS but can also be seen during and after menopause. Upon entering menopause, women may experience a wide range of feelings, from anxiety and discomfort to release and relief.7–8 Thus, stress and depression levels show fluctuations during the menstrual cycle and menopausal period. In this study, the authors did not state the menstrual status of female individuals which could cause unnaturally lower or higher stress and depression levels. We think that it is highly important to examine these issues in order to reliably interpret the study results. Clarifying these 2 concerns will provide a clearer picture when interpreting stress and depression levels among participants.

AYYILDIZ, Mustafa/0000-0002-6594-3080 WOS: 000186897000001 PubMed: 14602538 The effects of ethanol consumption on the levels of lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the cerebral hemispheres of male rats were investigated. The rats were randomly divided into eight groups: control, 10%, 25%, 35% ethanol-consuming groups, and four groups given vitamin E The level of lipid peroxidation increased 34.32% (right brain), 35.67% (left brain) in 10% ethanol-consuming rats; 32.05% (right brain), 31.81% (left brain) in 25% ethanol-consuming rats; and 33.45% (right brain), 39.72% (left brain) in 35% ethanol-consuming rats. The GSH level of the right and left brains significantly decreased: 19.39%, 19.56%; 27.58%, 29.34%; 35.34%, 33.22% in rats consuming 10%, 25%, and 35% ethanol, respectively. These effects were partly antagonized by administration of vitamin E (100 mg/kg/day i.p.) to ethanol-consuming rats for 20 days. The results suggested that the cerebral hemispheres of adult rats are susceptible to the oxidative neurotoxic effects of ethanol, which may be blocked by vitamin E.

9th Bieannual Meeting of the European-Shock-Society -- MAY 25-27, 2000 -- NIJMEGEN, NETHERLANDS WOS: 000176809900019 PubMed: 12131392 Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature on oxidative stress in brain stem tissue induced by hemorrhagic shock. We researched the hemorrhagic oxidative stress at various core temperatures using reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) as markers of lipid peroxidation in brain stem homogenate. Methods: Forty rats were divided into four groups, of which one constituted the nonbleeding normothermia control group. In all of the three study groups, 40% of estimated blood volume was removed while they were being held at normothermia, mild hypothermia (32degreesC), or moderate hypothermia (28degreesC). Parameters including mean arterial pressure, rectal temperature, and heart and breathing rates were monitored and recorded during the procedures. After an hour at shock state, tissue samples were removed by craniectomy. Results: The tissue levels of TBARS increased significantly in normothermic and mild hypothermic hemorrhagic shock groups (10.74 nmol/g and 8.26 nmol/g) as compared with the control group (3.50 nmol/g) (p < 0.001). However, the tissue TBARS level in the moderate hypothermia group was only minimally increased (4.53 nmol/g). GSH showed a slight decrease in normothermic and mild hypothermic bleeding rats, and were unchanged in the moderate hypothermic rats. Conclusion: Moderate systemic hypothermia (28degreesC) appears to protect brain stem tissue from oxidative stress during severe hemorrhagic shock in rats, as indicated by insignificant change in tissue TBARS and GSH concentrations. These results suggest antioxidant protective effects of moderate systemic hypothermia in metabolically active brain stem tissue during hemorrhagic shod:. Similar effects in humans remain to be studied. European Shock Soc

Objectives: Defense mechanisms may be directly related to psychiatric diagnoses. There is an association between depression and maladaptive defenses, especially, the immature defenses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the defense mechanisms used by endogenous and non-endogenous patients by comparing those used by controls. Methods: The sample was composed of 92 treatment-naive patients with major depressive disorder (MDD; 46 endogenous type and 46 non-endogenous type) and 40 controls. The diagnosis of MDD in each participating patient was confirmed by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, Turkish version, conducted by trained interviewers. Endogeneity of depression was assessed with Newcastle Depression Diagnostic Scale. Defense mechanisms were evaluated by using the Defense Style Questionnaire 40. Results: Immature defense mechanisms differentiated controls from all patients as well as they distinguished endogenous depressive patients from non-endogenous patients. The analyses indicated that endogeneity is characterized by passive-aggression, acting out, isolation, autistic fantasy, rationalization and somatization. Additionally, total scores of the immature defenses had a positive correlation with severity of depression in the endogenous group. Conclusions: The results of the present study showed evidence of some differences in defense mechanisms among endogenous depression and non-endogenous depression diagnoses, specifically the maintenance of a high immature defense style in endogenous depression patients when compared with non-endogenous depression patients.

WOS: 000167243200008 PubMed: 11223704 This study was performed on 38 preeclamptic women, including 26 severely preeclamptic and eclamptic cases, as well as 50 normotensive pregnant controls. Twenty cases in the preeclamptic group and 34 cases in the control group were in labor. Serum nitric oxide levels were measured as total nitrites after reduction of nitrates to nitrites, Among the control subjects, nitric oxide levels were significantly lower in the cases in labor when compared to those not in labor (p < 0.05), but glutathione levels were not significantly different (p > 0.05), Among the preeclamptic patients, although nitric oxide levels were not significantly different between the cases in and not in labor (p > 0.05), glutathione levels were significantly higher in the latter group (p < 0.05), Thus, in preeclamptic patients there might be a compensatory increase in nitric oxide production during labor in order to maintain the systemic circulation. Glutathione levels might also be systemic circulation, Glutathione levels might also be increased to compensate for the marked oxidative stress. Copyright (C) 2001 S. Karger AG. Basel.

WOS: 000078771600004 PubMed: 10190666 Objective: To evaluate lipid peroxidation and the serum levels of the antioxidant vitamin E in pre-eclampsia according to the disease severity. Method: Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and vitamin E levels were measured in 18 pre-eclamptic, 15 eclamptic and 25 normotensive pregnant women in Ondokuz Mayis University Hospital. The correlation of these levels with the factors indicating disease severity was tested. Mann-Whitney U-test and correlation coefficients were used for the statistical analysis. Result: Both the pre-eclamptic and the eclamptic patients had higher MDA and lower vitamin E levels compared with control (P < 0.05); but these values were not significantly different from each other (P > 0.05). MDA levels were significantly correlated with the systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) and with serum uric acid levels. There was significant but negative correlation with the vitamin E levels. Conclusion: There is an imbalance between lipid peroxidation and serum vitamin E levels in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Increased lipid peroxidation is well correlated with the increase in systolic and diastolic BP measurements and serum uric acid levels. (C) 1999 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics.

Introduction In the treatment of bipolar disorder, mood stabilizers (MS), antipsychotics (AP), antidepressants (AD) and anxiolytics can be used according to the type and severity of the episode. Aim The frequency of somatic and pharmacological treatments in hospitalized bipolar patients were investigated in this study. Methods In this study the data of 108 bipolar type I patients who were admitted to psychiatry clinic of a university hospital due to manic episode between 2007–2009 were examined. Results The rate of the treatments for mania was %6.6 for MS, %88.8 for MS + AP and %4.4 for AP. For depressive episode it was %33.3 for MS+AD, %38.8 for MS+AP, %38.8 for MS+AD+AP. Lithium (55.5%) and valproic acid (42.5%) were the most preferred MS drugs. Average dose was 1330 ± 43.2 for lithium and 1118 ± 27.9 mg / day for valproic acid. Most frequently (46.2%) preferred antipsychotics was Olanzapine. Average dose was 16.1 ± 0.8 mg / day. 12.9% of the patients had received electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) at an average of 9.7 ± 5.2 sequences. Conclusions Lithium treatment in bipolar disorder seems to be first choice for the treatment and prevention of acute episodes. There is an increase in the using of the atypical antipsychotics as mood stabilizers. ECT may be an effective method for patients who do not respond to medications. Considering the diagnosis of patients hospitalized in our clinic, drug selection and treatment modalities were consistent with treatment guidelines.