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This paper summarizes eight types of error of terminology in the patent text in the output of Machine Translation from English into Chinese, including term being mistranslated as a verb, term being mistranslated as a common noun, term being redundantly translated, term being mistranslated as a homophone, term being mistranslated as a wrong term, term being mistranslated due to Chinese expression, term being mistranslated without initial, and term being mistranslated due to wrong acronym. These errors can be solved by the translator before Machine Translation and the translator can identify and correct these errors by pre-editing of the source text.

Background: Children with the immature intestinal immune system are prone to Salmonella infection through the fecal-oral route causing diarrhea. Non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) is difficult to treat and eliminate due to its zoonosis. Salmonella typhi, including typhoid and paratyphoid A, B, and C, only infect humans and cause invasive infectious diseases. Salmonella typhi infection is serious and requires antibiotic treatment. The bacterial resistance caused by conventional antibacterial drugs brings great difficulties to treatment. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of S. enterica in children with diarrhea in Chengdu, China. Methods: Fresh stool specimens or rectal swabs from 6656 children aged 1 day to 13 years with diarrhea were collected, cultured, identified, and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Analytical Profile index 20E was used for biochemical identification, and the Kirby-Bauer method was used for the bacterial sensitivity test. The whole process was conducted in accordance with the fourth edition of the National Clinical Examination procedures, and the drug sensitivity test was conducted in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2020 guidelines. Results: A total of 649 Salmonella strains were isolated from 6656 children with suspected Salmonella infection, among which the isolation rates of NTS and S. typhi were 8.92% and 0.83%, respectively. The infection rate of S. typhimurium was the highest every year (74.88%). Salmonella infections are on the rise, especially typhimurium, Dublin, Typhi, and London. Paratyphi is unstable, presenting a phenomenon of transition and replacement (the male to female ratio:1.12:1). The infection rate was the lowest within 1 day and 6 months (P < 0.05). Salmonella mainly infected children under 3 years of age, and the positive rate was reported as 88.29%. Within June-September, the infection rate of Salmonella was the highest, with a positive rate of 72.73%. The isolated 649 Salmonella strains had good susceptibility to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin (87.67% and 79.20%, respectively), almost no susceptibility to ampicillin, and a drug resistance rate of 92.91%. Conclusions: The typhoid and paratyphoid vaccines should be considered together, and vaccines should focus on children under 3 years of age. Antibiotics should be rationally selected according to the drug sensitivity test and disease condition.

Background: Clear evidence shows that tumor could secrete microRNAs (miRNAs) via exosomes to modulate tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the mechanisms sorting specific miRNAs into exosomes are still unclear. Methods: In order to study the biological function and characterization of exosomal miRNAs, we performed whole-transcriptome sequencing in 59 patients’ whole course cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) small extracellular vesicles (sEV) and matched glioma tissue samples. Results: The results demonstrate that miRNAs could be divided into exosome-enriched miRNAs (ExomiRNAs) and intracellular-retained miRNAs (CLmiRNAs), and exosome-enriched miRNAs generally play a dual role. Among them, miR-1298-5p was enriched in CSF exosomes and suppressed glioma progression in vitro and vivo experiments. Interestingly, exosomal miR-1298-5p could promote Immunosuppressive effects of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to facilitate glioma. Therefore, we found miR-1298-5p had different effects on glioma cells and MDSCs. Mechanically, downstream signaling pathway analyses showed that miR-1298-5p plays distinct roles in glioma cells and MDSCs via targeting SETD7 and MSH2, respectively. Moreover, reverse verification was performed on the intracellular-retained miRNA miR-9-5p. Conclusions: Thus, we hypothesized that tumor-suppressive miRNAs in glioma cells could be eliminated through exosomes and target tumor-associated immune cells to induce tumor-promoting phenotypes. Glioma could get double benefit from it. These findings uncover the mechanisms that glioma selectively sorts miRNAs into exosomes and modulates tumor immunity.

Background The prognosis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is optimistic with a 5-year event-free survival (EFS) rate of 70%-85%. However, the major causes of mortality are chemotherapy toxicity, infection and relapse. The Guangdong(GD)-2008-ALL collaborative protocol was carried out to study the effect of reduced intensity in terms of duration in ALL chemotherapy on chemotherapy related mortality. The study was designed to elucidate weather the reduced intensity of induction is effective and safe for children with ALL, compared with Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster (BFM) backbone treatment. Methods The clinical data was obtained from February 28, 2008 to June 30, 2016. A total of 1,765 childhood ALL cases from 9 medical centers were collected and data was retrospectively analyzed. Bone marrow morphology, prednisone response, age, genotype, and karyotype information was evaluated for the stratification of chemotherapy intensity. Patients were stratified into 3 groups: standard risk (SR), intermediate risk (IR) and high risk (HR). The dose of cyclophosphamide (CTX), Cytarabine (Ara-c) and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) during induction for the SR group was half that of the BFM backbone treatment. Results The 5-year and 8-year overall survival (OS), event-free survival (EFS) and cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) were 83.5±0.9% and 83.1±1.0%, 71.9±1.1% and 70.9±1.2%, and 19.5±1.0% and 20.5±1.1%, respectively. The 2-year treatment-related mortality (TRM) was 5.2±0.5%. The 5-year and 8-year OS were 90.7±1.4% and 89.6±1.6% in the SR group, while the 5-year and 8-year EFS were 81.5±1.8% and 80.0±2.0%. In the SR group, 74 (15.2 %) patients measured minimal residual disease (MRD) on Day 15 and Day 33 of induction therapy. Among them, 7 patients (9.46%) were MRD positive (≥ 0.01%) on Day 33. The incidence of relapse in the MRD Day33 positive group (n=7) was 28.6%, while the incidence of relapse in the MRD Day33 negative group (n=67) was 7.5% (p=0.129).Conclusions The results of GD-2008-ALL protocol are outstanding for reducing treatment related mortality in childhood ALL in China with excellent long term EFS. This protocol provided the evidence for further reducing intensity of induction therapy in the SR group according to the risk stratification. MRD levels on Day 15 and Day 33 are appropriate indexes for stratification.

Background The prognosis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is optimistic with a 5-year event-free survival (EFS) rate of 70–85%. However, the major causes of mortality are chemotherapy toxicity, infection and relapse. The Guangdong (GD)-2008-ALL collaborative protocol was carried out to study the effect of reduced intensity on treatment related mortality (TRM) based on Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster (BFM) 2002 backbone treatment. The study was designed to elucidate whether the reduced intensity is effective and safe for children with ALL. Methods The clinical data were obtained from February 28, 2008 to June 30, 2016. A total of 1765 childhood ALL cases from 9 medical centers were collected and data were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were stratified into 3 groups according to bone marrow morphology, prednisone response, age, genotype, and karyotype information: standard risk (SR), intermediate risk (IR) and high risk (HR). For SR group, daunorubicin was decreased in induction IA while duration was reduced in Induction Ib (2 weeks in place of 4 weeks). Doses for CAM were same in all risk groups - SR patients received one CAM, others got two CAMs. Results The 5-year and 8-year overall survival (OS), event-free survival (EFS) and cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) were 83.5±0.9% and 83.1±1.0%, 71.9±1.1% and 70.9±1.2%, and 19.5±1.0% and 20.5±1.1%, respectively. The 2-year treatment-related mortality (TRM) was 5.2±0.5%. The 5-year and 8-year OS were 90.7±1.4% and 89.6±1.6% in the SR group, while the 5-year and 8-year EFS were 81.5±1.8% and 80.0±2.0%. In the SR group, 74 (15.2%) patients measured minimal residual disease (MRD) on Day 15 and Day 33 of induction therapy. Among them, 7 patients (9.46%) were MRD positive (≥ 0.01%) on Day 33. The incidence of relapse in the MRD Day 33 positive group (n=7) was 28.6%, while in the MRD Day 33 negative group (n=67) was 7.5% (p=0.129). Conclusions The results of GD-2008-ALL protocol are outstanding for reducing TRM in childhood ALL in China with excellent long term EFS. This protocol provided the evidence for further reducing intensity of induction therapy in the SR group according to the risk stratification. MRD levels on Day 15 and Day 33 are appropriate indexes for stratification.

With the gradual development of electronic transformer and smart substation, the detection technology of electric energy meter with digital input has become a bottleneck problem in the development of digital substation. At present, most of the digital input watt-hour meters in digital substations adopt off-line detection or no detection, and off-line detection has no corresponding traceability support. Based on the technology of digital quantity input electric energy meter in the existing digital substation, this paper proposes a real load digital input watt-hour meter detection scheme that operates online. And a scheme of digital input watt-hour meter testing equipment compatible with various protocols and synchronous traceability online real load verification technology is proposed.

PHG (parallel hierarchical grid) is an open source toolbox, developed by the State Key Laboratory of Scientific and Engineering Computing at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, for writing parallel adaptive finite element programs. Among the many adaptive finite element toolboxes and software packages, PHG is characterized by the following features: 1)\\ The ability to provide the most recent vertex bisection-based parallel local mesh refinement of unstructured conforming tetrahedral meshes. 2)\\ It supports $h$-$p$ adaptive finite element computations. 3)\\ It incorporates massively parallel with transparent dynamical load balancing. 4)\\ It provides flexible preconditioning and solutions of large sparse linear systems of equations. In this paper, the main modules and some core algorithms of PHG are described, and some parallel applications based on PHG, including the computation of iron-loss for large power transformers, simulation of ionic transport in ion channels, parasitic extraction of interconnects in integrated circuits, ice sheet simulation, and spectral element simulation of elastic waves with PML, are introduced.

Regarding urban flooding issues, applying Artificial Intelligence (AI) methodologies can provide a timely prediction of imminent incidences of flash floods. The study aims to develop and deploy an effective real-time pluvial flood forecasting AI platform. The platform integrates rainfall hyetographs embedded with uncertainty analyses as well as hydrological and hydraulic modeling. It establishes a large number synthetic of torrential rainfall events and their simulated flooding datasets. The obtained data contain 6000 sets of color-classified rainfall hyetograph maps and 300,000 simulated flooding maps (water depth) in an urban district. The generated datasets are utilized for AI image processing. Through the AI deep learning classifications, the rainfall hyetograph map feature parameters are detected and extracted. The trained features are applied to predict potential rainfall events, recognize their potential inundated water depths as well as display flooding maps in real-time. The performance assessments of the platform are evaluated by Root Means Square Error (RMSE), Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency Coefficient (NSCE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The results of RMSE and NSCE indicators illustrate that the methodologies and approaches of the AI platform are reliable and acceptable. However, the values of MAPE show inconsistency. Ultimately, the platform can perform and be utilized promptly in real-time and ensure sufficient lead time in order to prevent possible flooding hazards.

The bending sheet metal inevitably exist bending errors including angle error, linearity error and length error of sideline for reasons that the structure of press brake, the manufacturing precision of press brake and mould and the inhomogeneous characteristics of processed sheet metal. The processing errors of sheet metal can affect the assemblage, increasing subsequent repair to the mold and forming calibration, extending the product development cycle, restricting the further promotion and application of bending forming, especially on the forming high strength and high spring-back sheet metal. The PBH110-3100 CNC press brake in Jiangsu Yawei Co.Ltd. is studied to increase the bending precision of press brake in this study. The bending errors in press break are analyzed in depth according to the elastic mechanics theory, and the rule that the manufacturing precision of press brake affect the press precision is educed. The analysis results have real significance on improving the press precision and reliability of press brakes.

Hydraulic engine mounts (HEMs) are important vibration isolation parts in vehicle powertrain mounting systems. The structural parameters of HEMs are the main factors which determine their vibration isolation characteristics. It is of great significance to discover the influences of the structure parameters on their vibration isolation characteristics in the design and study of HEMs. HEMs with different rubber materials, lengths and cross-sectional areas of the inertia tracks are designed and manufactured, and their frequency response characteristics are investigated by experimental and analytical methods. The influences of these structural parameters on the vibration isolation characteristics of HEMs are educed. The analytical methods and conclusions are instructive for the design and tuning of the vibration isolation characteristics of HEMs.

The torsional vibration of crankshaft is an important factor in the vibration caused by the engine and causing fracture. An inline 4-cylinder engine crankshaft system will be the object to research. Finite element model of crankshaft is built by ANSYS. And analysis torsional vibration characteristics of shafting are based on the model, which include natural vibration and forced vibration. It gets main harmonic times, minor main harmonic times and corresponding engine speed in commonly used speed range. Designs parameters of torsional vibration damper (TVD) based on classical optimal approach. And tests the damping effect under different conditions based on the finite element model. The results show that the design meets the requirements of the damper, and has good damping effect. Research methods and conclusions can be applied to actual research. It can be used in similar crankshaft torsional vibration system analysis, design and analysis of torsional damper.

Cement-stabilized macadam has good mechanical property, but also has the advantages of plate nature, water stability and frost resistance, and it is widely used in the pavement base or sub-base course of expressway. Based on the fundamental mechanical theory of the strength and the global stability of cement stabilization macadam, this article discusses how to design the grading of the cement stabilization macadam and the influencing factors, besides, it also presents the construction control methods of the cement stabilization macadam, which is of guiding significance to the design and construction of the cement stabilization macadam.

More and more research works have been focused on the quadruped walking robot because of its flexibility for the dangerous and complex environment. The Straight and turning gaits of a quadruped robot (JQRI00) were planned by the principle of stability margin. The virtual prototype model of the JQRI00 was constructed, and the results of the simulation and analysis of the designed gaits using ADAMS simulation software indicate that the straight and turning gaits are feasible. Moreover, the S-curve used as displacement control makes the robot more stable.

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of the procalcitonin (PCT) test for diagnosis of bacterial sepsis in pediatric cancer patients with febrile neutropenia. Methods Three major databases, MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies that evaluated the diagnostic value of PCT alone or compared with other laboratory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) to identify bacterial sepsis in children with fever and neutropenia. A bivariate model was used to derive summary sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic tests. Results A total of 10 studies looking into PCT tests and 8 studies looking into CRP tests were included in the final analysis. The prevalence of bacterial sepsis was 304 of 1031 (29.5%) in PCT studies and 741 of 1316 (56.3%) in CRP studies. In terms of area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, PCT had comparable discrimination to CRP (area under the curve: 0.75 versus 0.74). PCT was not as sensitive as the CRP test. The pooled sensitivity of PCT was 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.42-0.74) as compared with 0.75 (95% CI: 0.61-0.85) for CRP. PCT was more specific than sensitive whereas CRP was more sensitive than specific in this population. The pooled specificity was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.64-0.85) for PCT and 0.62 (95% CI: 0.49-0.73) for CRP. PCT had greater likelihood ratio positive (2.50; 95% CI: 1.64-3.81), making it the better rule-in test. Conclusions Of three markers potentially useful for diagnosing bacterial sepsis in children with fever and neutropenia, PCT had comparable diagnostic accuracy to CRP.

Objective: The objective of this retrospective review is to investigate the long-term effect of skin rejuvenation by the intense pulsed light (IPL) source for the treatment of photoaging. Methods: From 5300 clinical cases that our department has treated with the IPL, the first 2534 were chosen for this study. Each patient received a minimum of 3 IPL treatments during this time—many were yearly treatments. Clinical photographs were taken on a yearly basis for up to 12 years and sent to a blinded independent panel to study the effects of continuous IPL treatments. Results: Results showed that the effective rate for the IPL was between 88.24% and 96.45%. Conclusions: IPL therapy is an effective treatment for photoaging and can truly have an effect on reversing the signs of photodamage on skin.

The rigidity of the sheet-metal shears blade carrier affects the shearing quality greatly. The straightness of the processed sheet-metal will decrease and burrs will increase if the rigidity is too low, which even leads to crack of the blade and decrease of the shearing ability of the sheet-metal shear. The model of the blade carrier in a new guillotine sheet-metal shear in Yawei Machine Tool Co., Ltd was established to study its rigidity. The distortion principle of the blade carrier was deduced using a finite element method. The analysis results are coinciding to the measurement result well. The method proposed in this study provides a guide to the design and intensity alignment of the blade carrier in guillotine sheet-metal shear.

The design optimization of two-stage cylindrical helical gear reducer is discussed in this paper. The volume and the center gear distance are adopted as objective functions separately, and the particle swarm optimization(PSO) method is used to improve the design quality. The design variables contain discrete variables, which are converted to discrete variables by the nearby principle in order to improve the running efficiency. Inertia weight coefficient is used in the PSO algorithm to adjust the coverage speed. The optimization result shows that our method is better than other optimization method, and it proves that PSO method is meaningful to the reducer’s design.

Selection schemes between neural-network (NN) and multiple-regression (MR) outputs of a virtual metrology system (VMS) are studied in this paper. Both NN and MR are applicable algorithms for implementing virtual-metrology (VM) conjecture models. A MR algorithm may achieve better accuracy only with a stable process, whereas a NN algorithm may have superior accuracy when equipment property drift or shift occurs. To take advantage of both MR and NN algorithms, the simple-selection scheme (SS-scheme) is first proposed to enhance the VM conjecture accuracy. This SS-scheme simply selects either NN or MR output according to the smaller Mahalanobis distance between the input process data set and the NN/MR-group historical process data sets. Furthermore, a weighted-selection scheme (WS-scheme), which computes the VM output with a weighted sum of NN and MR results, is also developed. This WS-scheme generates a well-behaved system with continuity between the NN and MR outputs. Both the CVD and photo processes of a fifth-generation TFT-LCD factory are adopted in this paper to test and compare the conjecture accuracy among the solo-NN, solo-MR, SS-scheme, and WS-scheme algorithms. One-hidden-layered back-propagation neural network (BPNN-I) is applied to establish the NN conjecture model. Test results show that the conjecture accuracy of the WS-scheme is the best among those solo-NN, solo-MR, SS-scheme, and WS-scheme algorithms.

Finite simple shear test characteristics like specimen geometry and boundary conditions could affect the deformation homogeneity during the test. In order to ensure that the parameters of constitutive equations obtained from finite simple shear tests are appropriate, the deformation homogeneity of the specimen during simple-shear test should be examined. The Fourier transform moire method (FTM) was used to examine the deformation uniformity of a porcine skin specimen in a finite simple shear test. The effects of clamping prestrain (0.15 and 0.3 engineering strain) and specimen geometry (5×5, 5×3.75, and 5×2.5 cm) were investigated. These effects include in-plane deformation altered by clamping prestrain, slippage between specimen and clamps, and out-of-plane deformation. The experimental results showed that the wide specimen had more severe deformation alteration by clamping prestrain and was easier to slip out of the clamps when the shear angle is large. Furthermore, in all test configurations, the out-of-plane deformation is significant when the shear angle is large, and a narrow specimen is prone to have out-of-plane deformation. This study may provide guidelines for the selection of specimen aspect ratio and clamping prestrain when studying the material response of soft tissues under simple-shear tests.

Objective: To assess the concentrations of interleukin-15 (IL-15) in peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis and fertile disease-free controls. Study design: Peritoneal fluid samples were obtained from 50 women with endometriosis and 29 fertile women having tubal ligation. Concentrations of IL-15 were measured. Results: The mean (S.D.s) concentration of IL-15 in peritoneal fluid was 11.17 pg/mL (3.89) for women with endometriosis, and 12.59 pg/ mL (4.11) for fertile disease-free controls. The difference of peritoneal IL-15 concentrations between endometriosis and control women was not statistically significant. However, peritoneal IL-15 concentrations were significantly lower in women with moderate/severe endometriosis when compared with those in women with minimal/mild endometriosis, and in controls (P < 0.05). In addition, peritoneal IL-15 concentrations did not correlate with the phase of menstrual cycle in endometriosis or control women. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the decreased peritoneal IL-15 concentrations in women with moderate/severe endometriosis imply a role of IL-15 in the pathogenesis of advanced endometriosis as compared to those with minimal/mild endometriosis and fertile disease-free controls.

In this paper, topology optimization in design of suspensions for high-density magnetic recording systems is studied. With the development of higher data density and the faster data streaming, a hard-disk drive (HDD) is required to move faster with greater positioning accuracy. At this situation, even small mechanical vibration induced by seeking motion may result in error in data reading. According to the operational characteristics of HDD suspension, the present work is focused on the topology design of HDD suspension for the dynamic shock response problem. As a result of this research, several new topological structures of HDD suspension are obtained, which are largely different from previous work, and dynamic response under shock force and stability of passive structure are also improved.

Selecting optimization ship form scheme is an important content in the process of concept design of ship. Multi-objective fuzzy decision-making model for ship form demonstration is set up according to the fuzzy pattern-recognition theory. Weight coefficients of each target of ship form scheme are determined by information entropy and individual subjective partiality. This model is used to select the optimal ship form scheme, the example shows that the model is exact and the result is credible. It can provide a reference for choosing the optimization scheme of ship form.

To enhance the resolution of two-photon microscopy, structured illumination was applied with a line scanning geometry. Using the square proportionality between two-photon emission and excitation intensity, a ~3-fold resolution improvement was shown in the results.

Pedestrian detection technology which is based on vision is one of the core technologies in the intelligent transportation system. This paper focuses on the image and video in traffic system. The image and video are normalized and are extracted of histograms of oriented gradients (HOG) by using the linear support vector machine (SVM) to construct efficient classifier. It can realize accurate detection of pedestrians in traffic image. Moreover, the pedestrian detection technology is proved in disclosed INRIA database and experiments of actual traffic video image, and the method can rapidly achieve accurate detection results.

A low power successive approximation register ADC (SAR ADC) using a high performance integer-based split capacitor array combining with a mixed switching strategy is presented in this work. The split capacitor is chosen to be 2 times unit capacitance rather than the traditional non-integer value which is difficult to get. This array features high linearity, low area and power consumption. Besides, a mixed switching strategy combining the merged capacitor switching with monotonic switching is also used to save half of total capacitance. And a time domain comparator is used to achieve better offset performance. Implemented in a 0.18-μm CMOS technology, the proposed ADC is measured to have a 65.5 dB signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratios(SNDR) which leads to a 10.6 effective number of bits(ENOB) at 200KS/s sampling rate. Its power consumption is 1.49-μW and figure of merit (FOM) is only 4.87 fJ/c-s at a voltage supply of 0.9V.

A 2-DOF dynamics model of vibration isolation in vibratory piling is built up. Based above, the optimization model of parameters of vibration isolation is derived. Then, the parameters of vibration isolation are solved by complex method. Finally, the optimal result is compared with that by experience.

With the respect to the special environment of dyke emergency, this paper is focused on the kinematics analysis, pace programming of the walking machine of the piling platform. Firstly, the general design of the walking machine of the piling platform is designed, and its kinematics solution is analysed. Based above, the pace programming of the walking machine is studied. The horizontal pace is researched. According to the pace drawing, every leg's swing sequence in different walking direction is presented.

Two methods is proposed to modify the shape of combined subdivision surface. One is to realize the shape modification of the combined subdivision surface by editing the curve network and updating the surface by the overlapping subdivision method, and the other one combines vertex constraint with the shape optimization method based on discrete PDE(partial differential equation), and realizes the shape modification of inner surface far away from the interpolating curves. The two methods effect on combined subdivision surface's different areas during shape modification. They can complement each other to realize the shape modification of the combined subdivision successfully.

Background Previous meta-analysis suggested that transdermal fentanyl was not inferior to sustained-release oral morphine in treating moderate-severe cancer pain with less adverse effects. Now, we updated the data and performed a systematic review. Methods Updated cohort studies on transdermal fentanyl and oral morphine in the treatment of cancer pain were searched in electronic databases including CBMdisc, CNKI, VIP, Medline, EMBASE and Cochrane Library. Primary end points assessed by meta-analysis were remission rate of pain and incidence of adverse effects. Quality of life was assessed by systematic review, which was the second end point. Results 32 cohort studies, which included 2651 patients, were included in present study. The remission rate in transdermal fentanyl group and sustained-release oral morphine group were 86.60% and 88.31% respectively, there was no significant difference [RR = 1.13, 95% CI (0.92, 1.38), P = 0.23]. Compared with oral morphine group, there were less adverse effects in terms of constipation [RR = 0.35, 95% CI (0.27, 0.45), P < 0.00001], nausea/vomiting [RR = 0.57, 95% CI (0.49, 0.67), P < 0.00001], and vertigo/somnolence [RR = 0.59, 95% CI (0.51, 0.68), P < 0.00001] in transdermal fentanyl group. Six of selected trials supported either transdermal fentanyl or sustained-release oral morphine improved QOL of cancer patients and one of them showed more patients got better QOL after sustained-release oral morphine transferred to transdermal fentanyl. Conclusions Our study showed again that both transdermal fentanyl and oral morphine had the same efficacy in the treatment of moderate-severe cancer pain in Chinese population, but the former might have less adverse effects and better quality of life.

Advanced Studies of selection schemes between neural-network (NN) and multiple-regression (MR) outputs of a virtual metrology system (VMS) are presented in this paper. Both NN and MR are applicable algorithms for implementing VM conjecture models. But a MR algorithm may achieve better accuracy only with a stable process, whereas a NN algorithm may has superior accuracy when equipment property drift or shift occurs. To take advantage of the merits of both MR and NN algorithms, the simple-selection scheme (SS-scheme) was proposed in CASE 2008 to enhance virtual-metrology (VM) conjecture accuracy. This SS-scheme simply selects either NN or MR output. Recently, with advanced studies, a weighted-selection scheme (WS-scheme), which computes the VM output with a weighted sum of NN and MR results, has been developed. Besides the example with the CVD process of fifth generation TFT-LCD used in the CASE 2008 paper, a new example with the photo process is also adopted in this paper to test and compare the conjecture accuracy among solo NN, solo MR, SS-scheme, and WS-scheme. One-hidden-layered back-propagation neural network (BPNN-I) is adopted for establishing the NN conjecture model. Test results show that the conjecture accuracy of the WS-scheme is the best among those of solo NN, solo MR, SS-scheme, and WS-scheme algorithms.

Oil-gas reservoirs often respond with weak seismic amplitude enshrouded by strong background signals, making it difficult to extract critical reservoir information using traditional spectral analysis technology. This paper describes a method using sparse wavelet decomposition that separates the weak oil-gas signals from the strong background reflections. Spectral imaging of the separated components is then effective in extracting the information required for interpretation.

This paper proposes a selection scheme (S-scheme) between neural-network (NN) and multiple-regression (MR) outputs of a virtual metrology system (VMS). Both NN and MR are applicable algorithms for implementing VM conjecture models. But a MR algorithm may achieve better accuracy only with a stable process, whereas a NN algorithm may has superior accuracy when equipment property drift or shift occurs. To take advantage of the merits of both MR and NN algorithms, the S-scheme is proposed to enhance virtual-metrology (VM) conjecture accuracy. Two illustrative examples in the CVD process of fifth generation TFT-LCD are used to test and compare the conjecture accuracy among solo NN, solo MR, and S-scheme. One-hidden-layered back-propagation neural network (BPNN-I) is adopted for establishing the NN conjecture model. Test results show that the conjecture accuracy of S-scheme can achieve superior accuracy than solo NN and solo MR algorithms.

A method for evaluating reliance level of a virtual metrology system (VMS) is proposed. This method calculates a reliance index (RI) value between 0 and 1 by analyzing the process data of production equipment to decide if the virtual metrology result is reliable. A RI threshold is also defined in this method. If a RI value is higher than the threshold, the conjecture result is reliant; otherwise, the conjecture result needs to be further examined. In addition to the RI, the method also proposes process data similarity indices (SIs). The SIs are defined to evaluate the degree of similarity between the input set of process data and those historical sets of process data used to establish the conjecture model. Two kinds of SIs are included in the method: global similarity index (GSI) and individual similarity index (ISI). Both the GSI and ISI are applied to assist the RI in gauging the reliance level and locating the key parameter(s) that cause major deviation, hence the VMS manufacturability problem is resolved. An illustrative example with 300-mm semiconductor foundry production equipment in Taiwan is demonstrated in this work. The real experimental results show that this method is applicable to the VMS of (such as semiconductor and TFT-LCD) production equipment.

This paper studies a new type of dependent channel errors and examine its effect on the performance of the three basic ARQ protocols. The errors occur in burst and affect a random number of consecutive bits. Previously the error analysis was done on packet basis. Most prior works concentrate only on the throughput performance analysis, while in our work delay performance is also analysed. >

We fabricate efficient bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic (OPV) device based on poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV), with copper(Ⅱ) phthalocyanine (CuPc) used as a donor and -phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) serving as an acceptor. The power conversion efficiency of the MEH-PPV/PCBM OPV device with 15% CuPc (1.41%) increases by 12% compared with that of the standard MEH-PPV/PCBM device (1.26%). The efficiency improvement can be attributed to the CuPc supplemental absorption and higher mobility than MEH-PPV, leading to increased short-circuit current density.

The quality of the information directly affects the optimal contract and the expected output in principal-agent theory. In this paper, with Bayesian rules, we design an IT service outsourcing model under the framework of the principal-agent in order to analyse the effects of the quality of information gathered by principal on optimal contract and expected payoff to him and discuss the strategic problem how principal uses these high-quality information. It is significant to explain the information gathering in the outsourcing of IT services and guide enterprise's services outsourcing with these conclusions.

We present a model-based remotely-sensed image interpretation expert system embeded in a knowledge-based geographic information system (K. BIS). The KBIS consists of four sub-systems: a pictorial data base system, an image interpretation expert system, a computer-aided planning system and a computer-aided cartographic system. The image interpretation expert system represents ecological knowledge and other expert knowledge by frames. Its reasoning process consists of a forward reasoning based on the Bayes classification of Landsat imagery, a backward reasoning using frame knowledge and reasoning using a spatial consistency model. A forest inventory study was conducted in Shaxian county, in the southern part of China, using this expert system. The results have shown a significant improvement. Building image interpretation expert systems within knowledge-based pictorial systems is very convenient and efficient because there are well-organized data, knowledge and procedures available.