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This research aimed to determine the effect of management ownership to the informativeness of accounting earnings, with the quality of audit as moderating. The sample consisted of 110 firms (non-financial) listed at Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2012 - 2014 by using a purposive sampling method. The theory in this research is signalling theory. And proxy of the informativeness of accounting earnings is earnings response coefficient (ERC).The results of this research showed the effect of management ownership didn’t negative to the informativeness of accounting earnings. Then, the quality of audit (dummy variable) found moderating the effect of management ownership to the informativeness of accounting earnings.

The objective of this research is to analyse the effect of audit fees, audit working period, audit alternation and audit committee on audit quality in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) listed manufacturing corporation during 2018-2020. Every influence factors is examined by measuring and calculating according to the reference: The audit quality is estimated by dummy variables by Big Four and Non Big Four KAP categories; The audit fee is calculated using the In (fee) formula with audit fee data taken from the professional fee account; The audit tenure is calculated by duration in years of KAP bond with clients; The audit rotation is measured using a dummy variable; The audit committee is measured based on the number of audit committees. This study uses secondary data and documentation methods for data collection as reference. With the purposive sampling method and research population of 193 manufacturing companies, 61 companies are eligible becoming samples according to following requirements: the corporation is recorded on the Indonesian stock exchange, the corporation presents audited reports, the corporation uses the rupiah currency in its reports and the corporation provides the required datasheet during 2018-2020. Procedure of this study is logistic regression to analyse the influence of these factors. This study outcome is about how the audit working period and the audit personel could bring positive impact on the audit quality, while the auditor alternation and the audit fee have no influence on the audit quality.

Fraud is a threat to an entity and is a problem that continues to this day. Thus the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of variables from elements of the diamond fraud theory which include financial stability, external pressure, financial targets, personal financial needs, number of audit committee members, nature of industry, auditor turnover, and auditor turnover on fraudulent financial statement of financial and manufacturing industry companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The samples used in this study were 67 financial industry companies and 67 manufacturing industrial companies in the 2014-2019 period. The data were analyzed using logistic regression because the fraudulent financial statement variable in this study is a dummy variable whose determination is based on the calculation of the Altman Z Score. The findings of this study indicate that of the 8 elements of the diamond fraud theory variable, only external pressure and financial target variables have an effect on fraudulent financial statements in financial industry companies, while in the manufacturing industry only external pressure and nature of industry variables have a significant effect. Keywords : diamond fraud theory, fraudulent financial statement, financial stability, personal financial need, number of audit committee members, nature of industry, change of auditors, and change of directors

Although tuberculosis (TB) incidence has significantly declined in high-income, low-incidence (HILI) countries, challenges remain in managing TB in vulnerable populations who may struggle to stay on anti-TB treatment (ATT). Factors associated with non-adherence to ATT are well documented; however, adherence is often narrowly conceived as a fixed binary variable that places emphasis on individual agency and the act of taking medicines, rather than on the demands of being on treatment more broadly. Further, the mechanisms through which documented factors act upon the experience of being on treatment are poorly understood. Adopting a relational approach that emphasizes the embeddedness of individuals within dynamic social, structural, and health systems contexts, this scoping review aims to synthesize qualitative evidence on experiences of being on ATT and mechanisms through which socio-ecological factors influence adherence in HILI countries. Six electronic databases were searched for peer-reviewed literature published in English between January 1990 and May 2020. Additional studies were obtained by searching references of included studies. Narrative synthesis was used to analyze qualitative data extracted from included studies. Of 28 included studies, the majority (86%) reported on health systems factors, followed by personal characteristics (82%), structural influences (61%), social factors (57%), and treatment-related factors (50%). Included studies highlighted three points that underpin a relational approach to ATT behavior: 1) individual motivation and capacity to take ATT is dynamic and intertwined with, rather than separate from, social, health systems, and structural factors; 2) individuals’ pre-existing experiences of health-seeking influence their views on treatment and their ability to commit to long-term regular medicine-taking; and 3) social, cultural, and political contexts play an important role in mediating how specific factors work to support or hinder ATT adherence behavior in different settings. Based on our analysis, we suggest that person-centered clinical management of tuberculosis should 1) acknowledge the ways in which ATT both disrupts and is managed within the everyday lives of individuals with TB; 2) appreciate that individuals' circumstances and the support and resources they can access may change over the course of treatment; and 3) display sensitivity towards context-specific social and cultural norms affecting individual and collective experiences of being on ATT.

Flowsheet simulations of chemical processes on an industrial scale require the solution of large systems of nonlinear equations, so that solvability becomes a practical issue. Additional constraints from technical, economic, environmental, and safety considerations may further limit the feasible solution space beyond the convergence requirement. A priori, the design variable domains for which a simulation converges and fulfills the imposed constraints are usually unknown and it can become very time-consuming to distinguish feasible from infeasible design variable choices by simply running the simulation for each choice. To support the exploration of the design variable space for such scenarios, an adaptive sampling technique based on machine learning models has recently been proposed. However, that approach only considers the exploration of the convergent domain and ignores additional constraints. In this paper, we present an improvement which particularly takes the fulfillment of constraints into account. We successfully apply the proposed algorithm to a toy example in up to 20 dimensions and to an industrially relevant flowsheet simulation.

This study examines the effect of corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) on earnings quality (EQ) in member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Using 1845 firm-year observations covering the 2008–2016 period, this study performs panel data regressions to examine the association between CSRD as measured by a dummy variable and three common EQ measures, namely, value relevance (VR), accrual quality (AQ), and earnings persistence (PER). The study concludes that CSRD in three of the six GCC countries (Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) has a positive and significant association with EQ in terms of VR. The use of generalized least squares (GLS) shows that CSRD has an effect on AQ in Kuwait and Bahrain whereas CSRD has an effect on PER only in Kuwait. Regulators of capital markets should use CSR information as guidelines to improve financial reporting quality and achieve better allocation of resources in capital markets.

PurposeThis study aims to examine the influence of internal and external factors on the credit risk (represented by nonperforming financing [NPF]) of Indonesian Sharīʿah rural banks (SRBs) – a type of Islamic bank that provides Islamic financial services especially to small and medium businesses in Indonesia. Internal variables comprise capital adequacy ratio (CAR), financing to deposit ratio (FDR), return on assets (ROA), operating expense ratio (OER), financing to value (FTV) and profit and loss sharing (PLS) financing ratio. External variables comprise inflation, economic growth and interest rate.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses the annual reports of SRBs in Indonesia as secondary data for the years 2010–2019. Auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) is used as the analysis method to examine the short-run and long-run relationships between the variables.FindingsThe findings indicate that four variables experienced a lag in the short run, namely, NPF, inflation, CAR and PLS, with different results recorded for each of the variables. Furthermore, the long-run results show that CAR and ROA influence the NPF of SRBs positively, whereas inflation and PLS have a negative influence on NPF. The rest of the variables – notably economic growth, interest rate, FDR, FTV and OER – do not have an influence on NPF in SRBs.Research limitations/implicationsThe level of NPF in SRBs exceeds the provision of the Central Bank of Indonesia. The findings are expected to have implications for SRBs and the regulator to consider and to manage the factors related to NPF properly due to the important role of SRBs in small and medium businesses’ development.Originality/valueThis study measures the determinants of NPF using internal and external variables, including the addition of a dummy variable, notably FTV. This study also uses ARDL to analyze the financial policies involving data at the present time and lagged time.

A logarithmically transformed General Linear Model (GLM) is used to analyze secondary data from the following World Bank data bases: Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL), Spreadsheets for Carbon Emissions, and Country Development Profile. The hypothesis of renewable energy consumption as a determinant of inter-country differentials in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Africa is tested. CO2 emissions constitute the dependent variable (DV) while renewable energy consumption is the independent variable (IV). Four control variables, including 3 interval variables: level of urbanization, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, Gross National Product (GNP) per capita; and one binary variable, namely nationality of former colonial power, are included. Energy consumption is found to be inversely linked to CO2 emissions; it explains about 80% (R2 = 0.795, significant at the 0.05 level) of the inter-country differentials in CO2 emissions. These results confirm the study’s expectations and lend credence to findings extolling renewable energy consumption as a means of curbing CO2 emissions in Europe and North America.

PurposeContaminated food is a major source of illnesses around the world. This research seeks to learn how people assign responsibility for two food contamination risks and how they allocate costs to reduce these risks to four members of the food supply chain. The aims are to identify differences between countries and test options to control for cultural differences.Design/methodology/approachA random sample of online panellists from six countries (N = 6,090) was surveyed on how they assigned responsibility for controlling natural and accidental food contamination (traditional food safety) and for controlling intentional contamination (food defense) to farmers, transporters/distributors, retailer grocery stores/restaurants and consumers. They were also asked how they would allocate food safety and defense costs to the four groups. Differences between countries were tested with dummy variables and cultural measures.FindingsIn nearly every country, respondents assigned the least responsibility and allocated the smallest cost shares to consumers. In multivariate models, responsibility and cost-share results differed, suggesting that preferences varied by country and that respondents did not allocate costs the same way they assessed responsibility. The food safety and defense models also differed, implying that the respondents believed the two sources of contamination represented different risks.Originality/valueThis is the first study to examine how adults allocate the responsibility and costs for food safety and defense to farmers, transporters/distributors, retailer grocery stores/restaurants and consumers. Other research did not differentiate between these two food risks. This study also compared Hofstede's cultural measures with the recently developed Minkov's cultural measures.

This study aims to analyze the factors that affect the financing supply of Islamic banking during pandemic COVID-19 outbreak in Indonesia. The variable of financial performances of Islamic banking such as Return on Assets (ROA), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR) and Non-Performing Financing (NPF) are used as the independent variables. Meanwhile, the impact of COVID-19 pandemic is analyzed using dummy variable. Furthermore, each of the independent variables and the dummy variable are tested its influence to the dependent variable, namely the financing supply of Islamic banking by using a proxy of the total financing. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) with double log model used as a data analysis technique with the results of the study show that the variable of ROA has a positive but not significant effect to the financing supply. Variable CAR and FDR each shows a negative and not significant effect to the financing supply. Whereas, the variable of NPF shows a negative and significant effect to the financing supply. Meanwhile, COVID-19 pandemic contributes in giving a positive and significant difference effect to the financing supply than before the presence of COVID-19 in Indonesia. The results of this study prove that the phenomenon of credit crunch in Islamic banking relative can be addressed during pandemic COVID-19 outbreak in Indonesia.

This study examines the impact of the interactions of audit litigation and ownership structure on audit quality by Big 4 and non-Big 4 audit firms in Oman. This study uses modified audit opinion as proxies for audit quality, binary variable for audit litigation and percentage of shares owned by large shareholders and minority shareholders (consisting of Arab [non-GCC] shareholders) for ownership structure. The study uses size, risk, types of activity and ages of the firms as control variables. For the analysis and explanation of results descriptive statistics, correlation, regression techniques and T-test are used. Based on a sample of 107 listed companies on Muscat Securities Market (MSM) for 2013–2017, we find that audit litigation has a significant impact on audit quality for Big 4 audit firms, but not for non-Big 4 audit firms. Also, the results indicate that there is no difference between Big 4 and non-Big 4 audit firms as far as litigation risk is concerned.

This research aims to obtain empirical evidence of the effect of fraud diamond (pressure as proxied by financial stability, opportunity which is proxied by effective monitoring, rationalization which is proxied by total accruals, and proxied capability by change of directors) on financial statement fraud at Islamic Commercial Banks. The population in this study were banking companies that were on the list of Islamic Commercial Banks. Then the sample was taken using purposive sampling technique. The research used logistic regression because the dependent variable is a dummy variable. The results of this research indicate that the pressure variable has no effect on financial statement fraud. Opportunity variable has a negative effect on financial statement fraud. Then, the rationalization variable has a negative effect on financial statement fraud. And the capability variable has no effect on financial statement fraud. The results of this study are expected to be useful for companies, especially banking, as a material for consideration in preventing fraud on financial statements.

We investigate the change in adjustment speed of debt maturity for East Asian firms between 1990 and 2017 by including two exogenous shocks: the Asian Financial Crisis 1997-1998 (AFC) and the Global Financial Crisis 2007-2009 (GFC). We employ the least square dummy variable correction and find that East Asian firms have a slower adjustment of long-term debt over time. Besides, the decrease in adjustment speed of long-term debt after the GFC is more compared to the decrease after the AFC. Further analysis shows the optimal debt maturity differs across countries and industries. Another important implication of our results is that firms in high governance countries are more likely to close the gap between the actual and target debt maturity in time. Overall, debt holders and investors should consider financial uncertainties. © 2021 Ege Universitesi. All rights reserved.

Environmental damage and global warming has become an issue in the world. Developments in the construction project has a large influence in environmental change on the surface of the earth. Construction activities start from the constructing stage to the operating stage. Green construction is one part of the sustainable development that is required to participate in environmental sustainability. With this background, the author agreed to explain the criteria, stages of difficulty and obstacles in implementing Green Construction. Data collected by questionnaire method and data analysis using SPSS Statistics 26. The results of this study obtained the value of the Green Construction criteria that applied is waste project variables with an average value of 3,748 and the lowest is site project variables with average 3,198. The most dominant factor of difficulty in applying Green Construction is the water usage variable with an average value of 3,283 and the lowest difficulty in applying is the energy variable with an average of 2,817. The most challenging obstacle factor in implementing Green Construction is the cost factor with an average value of 4.00 and the lowest obstacle is the efficient design variable with an average of 2.96. Thus, from the results of this study is expected that the contractor can help more actively in improving the implementation of Green Construction in this construction project.

This study aims to determine and analyze the contribution of Islamic Commercial Bank’s (BUS) financing to the economic growth of East Java Province in the era of branchless banking. Three types of financing channeled by the BUS namely working capital financing, investment and consumption are used as the independent variables tested each effect on the dependent variable which is economic growth in East Java with a proxy of GDRP in the period of the quarter-I 2010 to quarter-I 2020. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) with dummy variable of branchless banking (0 = before the implementation of the branchless banking program (before November 2014) and 1 = after the implementation of the branchless banking program (after November 2014) is used as data analysis technique with the results of the study show that only consumer financing that have a positive and significant impact on economic growth of East Java. Whereas, the productive financing known to have positive impact but not significant toward the economic growth of East Java. Meanwhile, the branchless banking program known to give the positive and significant difference impact on economic growth in East Java compared to economic growth prior to the enactment of it. The results of this study beneficial for both the BUS and the regulator as an evaluation of the level of inclusiveness of the BUS’s financing to economic growth and the implementation of branchless banking in Islamic bank.

This paper utilizes the Least Squares Dummy Variables (LSDV) technique in investigating the effect of financial depth on economic growth within a sample of middle-income countries, over the period 2005–2017. The research finds that financial depth has a negative impact on real GDP growth within middle-income countries. This result is robust to the use of alternative measures of financial depth, the use of per capita GDP growth as a proxy for economic growth, the inclusion of dummy variables to control for the 2007–2010 global financial crisis, the exclusion of countries with high average growth as well as across income levels. Based on its findings, this study recommends the need for robust regulations to ensure that the credit facilities of domestic financial institutions are channeled towards productive investments rather than debt servicing.

This study aims to examine the effect of financial distress on audit report lag and how the size of CPA Firm moderate the effect between financial distress and audit report lag. This study was held at manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017-2019. The final sample there were 318 observations, with a purposive sampling method. The variable financial distress is measured by the Altman Z Score proxy, which is the best model for measuring the state of financial distress being experienced by the company. The size of CPA Firm is measured by dummy variables, given a value of 1 if it is a Big Four CPA Firm and 0 if it is not a Big Four CPA Firm. This study use multiple linear regression to analyze the data. Based on the results of the analysis found that financial distress has negative and significant effect on audit report lag. It means that the smaller the Z Score of a company (which means the company is experiencing financial distress), the longer the financial statement audit process will be. This negative relationship between financial distress is strengthened by the size of CPA Firm.

This study aims to empirically examine the effect of characteristics corporate governance (managerial ownership, institutional ownership, board of commissioners, independent commissioners, board of commissioners, audit committee) on financial distress. This study uses data collection methods using the method of library research. In this study the type of secondary data used is in the form of financial statements from transportation companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2013-2017. Research data is data that is presented in time series. Data analysis was performed through descriptive statistical tests, followed by testing the feasibility of the regression model, testing the overall Fit Test model, the coefficient of determination test, and the classification matrix. Logistic regression analysis is used because the dependent variable used in this study is a dummy variable, which is a company with the possibility of financial distress. The results of this study indicate that: Managerial ownership has a significant effect on financial distress, Institutional ownership is proven to have a significant influence on financial distress, the Board of Commissioners is proven to have a significant influence on financial distress, independent commissioners is proven to have a significant influence on financial distress, The board of directors is proven to have a significant influence on financial distress and the Audit Committee is proven to have a significant effect on financial distress

This research explains the correlation between corporate governance, risk management, bank performance, and ownership structure. The research has used a set of independent variables related to revelation and precision. The data from 39 banks working in Pakistan have been used for the time period of 2010 to 2015. Two variables are used for risk management including VAR (Value At Risk) and CAR (Capital Adequacy Ratio). Family ownership, managerial ownership, and ownership concentration are used as instrumental variables for ownership structure. Board independence, the board size, CEO, and audit committee are used as proxy variables for corporate governance, whereas, dummy variables are used for bank performance. The results indicate that three types of bank ownerships are the same; therefore, they cannot affect VAR type of bank ownership and compare as a whole with risk management. The regression consequences display that family ownership has an unconstructive outcome on VAR and CAR that show a negative association between the variables. While managerial ownership and concentration ownership show a positive association between VAR and CAR. The results indicate that board size and audit committee has a negative effect on VAR and CAR that means there is a negative relationship between the variables, whereas board size and CEO have a positive relationship with VAR and CAR. Firm size, firm profitability, and growth opportunities represent a variety of bank performance. The results reveal that firm size, firm profitability and growth opportunities have a positive effect on CAR and VAR. The results also indicate that corporate governance has a positive effect on bank performance that means if a bank can adopt good corporate governance rules, the performance will be excellent. The result emphasizes that risk management has a positive correlation with bank performance that means if a bank manages risk, the performance of that bank will be increased. But in Pakistan, the rules and regulations are the same for all types of banks including private, public, and foreign, therefore, the ownership structures of all banks are the same.

This research aimed to analyze the effect of good corporate governance on stock prices. It was conducted on companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange which were included in the KOMPAS100 Index in 2014-2018 by using a purposive sampling technique. Data analysis used was a panel data regression method with a fixed-effect model - least square dummy variable. The results of the study show that the number of board of the commissioner meetings, return on assets, earnings per share and price to book value had significant effects on stock prices in a positive direction; the number of directors, education/training for corporate secretaries, and price to earnings ratio had positive but insignificant effects; the number of independent commissioners and the number of board of the director meetings had negative but insignificant effects on share prices. The novelty in this study was the addition of the variable of company secretary as an indicator of corporate governance, which was not found in previous studies. Besides, this study added a dummy interaction to see the effect of the level of corporate compliance on corporate governance. Keywords : good corporate governance, stock price, panel data * School of Business, IPB University, Jl. Raya Pajajaran, RT.03/RW.06, Babakan, Kecamatan Bogor Tengah, Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat 16128 https://doi.org/10.21632/irjbs.13.3.293-306

This study examines the effect of female boards of director, female boards of commisiioners, and the quality of corporate social responsibility disclosure on earnings management. This research is a type of causative research. This population in this study are companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and publish sustainability reports in 2015-2018. The research sample was obtained using purposive sampling methodwhich resulted 76 observations. The dependent variable earnings management is measured using the discretionary accrual proxy of the Modified Jones Model (1991). The independent variable of female boards of director and female boards of commisiioners is measured using dummy variables, while the quality of corporate social responsibility disclosure is measured using the content analysis method adopted from the research of Anggraini and Djakman (2017). The results of this study explain that women boards of director, women boards of commissioners and the quality of corporate social responsibility disclosure have no significant effect on earnings management practices. For further research, it is better to focud in one industrial sector only, add other independent variables and increase the research time span so that it will give better results.

This study aims to provide empirical evidence regarding the factors that affect the timeliness of financial reporting on manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017-2019. Timeliness is information that ready to be used before losing meaning by companies who use financial statements and their capacity is still available for make a decision. The determinant factors in this study are profitability, solvency and firm size. By using purposive sampling method, obtained research samples of 30 companies. The dependent variable of this study is timeliness measured by the date the audited annual financial statement is submitted to BAPEPAM by using a dummy variable. The independent variables in this study are profitability, solvency, and firm size. Profitability is measured using return on assets (ROA), solvency is measured by the debt to assets ratio (DAR), and firm size is measured by natural log of total assets. The analysis technique used is multiple regression analysis. The results of this study are the solvency has a significant and positive effect on the timeliness of financial reporting, while profitability and company size do not have an influence on the timeliness of financial reporting

Over the last decade, the health care system in Russia has carried out significant reforms: changes in the budget network regulation, the introduction of financing standards, the May Decree No. 597 implementation regarding specific categories medical organizations employees’ salaries, the transition to single-channel financing. At the same time, the results are ambiguous: against the background of noticeable optimization achievements, while maintaining the indicators of surgery operations performed, and patients served, there was an increase in the overall mortality rate in the country. This study aims to evaluate the effect of health care reforms in the 2010s. The data envelopment analyses (DEA) used to estimate the government regional health sector efficiency to reveal the most and the least efficient regions. Then the factors with the most significant impact on the resulting performance indicator are identified. Among such factors, the organizational and legal structure of the region budget network and the transition to single-channel financing dummy variable are analysed. The results show that the transformation of institutions into autonomous ones according to the Federal law 83-FZ did not have a positive impact on the efficiency of the regional health care system. At the same time, the transition to single-channel funding has had some positive effects, which, however, has not been sustainable over time, and therefore more research is needed after the later periods’ data accumulation. Although the changes had some impact on the performance of the budget network institutions, they did not solve the fundamental problems of the health system, such as chronic underfunding and regional differentiation.

Modern cable-stayed bridges are spatial, multicable systems. The cable force needs to be adjusted during the construction phase and maintenance phase. The existing calculation methods of cable force adjustment mainly considered the rationality of structural force, but only few research studies have been conducted on how to reduce the number of stay cables which need to be adjusted. This study aims to propose an optimization calculation method including the optimization module with the sensitivity analysis and updating design variable module (UDVM), which are used for cable force adjustment in cable-stayed bridges. Based on the finite difference method, the sensitivity analysis is adopted in the optimization module, which can capture the response of structures as design variables vary; the particle swarm optimization method is adopted for structural optimization. The proposed method can dramatically reduce the number of stay cables which need to be adjusted and ensure the main girder stresses remain in a reasonable state during stay cable adjustment progress by UDVM. Moreover, the proposed method can continuously update the objective function, constraint conditions, and design variables. Finally, this proposed optimization calculation method is applied to two different cable-stayed bridges to validate the reliability and feasibility of the method.

PurposeRelying on the importance-performance theory first established by Martilla and James (1977), this research paper utilizes a unique statistical analysis instrument embedded into the SmartPLS software. It explores the importance and performance of key project management constructs and indicators with a purpose to make practical and actionable recommendations for project managers to identify and improve project management practices.Design/methodology/approachThe data used were derived from 3,130 system delivery projects in the facilities management industry. The data was analyzed with Partial Least Squares Modelling (PLS) software SmartPLS, using its embedded importance-performance functionality.FindingsThe findings indicate the importance and performance of the project management constructs and their respective indicator variables in an importance-performance (IPMA) map. All three project management phases (constructs); proposal, installation and commissioning, were significantly related to satisfaction. The installation phase (construct) showed the highest potential for performance improvement in project management. With regard to the specific indicator variables, the variable “Coordinating their work with other contractors (or the owner's staff)” received a strong “Do better” recommendation.Originality/valueThe approach and results provide an easy to use and visual tool for project managers to assess the importance and performance of the various elements of project management. The instrument provides a project management direction for the identification of strategic enhancement areas as it is essential to recognize what facets of project management contribute most to the improvement of project management performance over a longer period of time (Cronin and Taylor, 1992; Palmer, 1998).

Since oil price crash has big impact on oil and gas firm value, it is important to implements information technology for value improvement, such as enterprise resource planning implementation. This research is aimed to examine the effect of enterprise resource planning implementation on oil and gas firm value. Research sample are oil and gas firms which listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange 2013-2018. Enterprise resource planning implementation is measured by dummy variable. Firm value is measured by return on assets and market to assets value. Based on random effect regression analysis, enterprise resource planning implementation increases firm value. Enterprise resource planning provides higher information quality, integrated relationship between firms’ functions and departments, integrated relationship between supplier and customer, also efficiency in resource usage.Keywords: enterprise resource planning, firm value, Indonesian stock exchange, oil and gas, return on assets, market to assets valueJEL Classifications: M15, O33, Q40DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10044

The highly-praised and influential study, “Getting Tough?,” was published in 2001. Briefly, while controlling for a host of student, school, state, and educator background variables, the study regressed 1988 to 1992 student-level achievement score gains onto a dummy variable for the presence (or not) of a high school graduation test at the student’s school. The 1992-1988 difference in scores on the embedded cognitive test in a US Educational Department longitudinal survey comprised the gain scores. The study was praised for its methodology, controlling for multiple baseline variables which previous researchers allegedly had not, and by some opposed to high-stakes standardized testing for its finding of no achievement gains. Indeed, some characterized the work as so far superior in method it justified dismissing all previous work on the topic. Moreover, the article was timely, its appearance in print coincident with congressional consideration of the No Child Left Behind Act (2001) and its new federal mandate requiring annual testing in seven grades and three subjects in all U.S. public schools. The article also served as the foundation for a string of ensuing studies nominally showing that graduation exams bore few benefits and outsized costs (e.g., in dropout rates). Graduation exam opponents would employ these critical studies as evidence to political effect. From a high number of more than thirty states around the turn of the millennium, graduation tests are now administered in only seven or eight states. The multivariate analysis in “Getting Tough?” should have had the advantage of authenticity — an analysis of a phenomenon studied in its actual context. But that should mean that the context is understood and specified in the analysis, not ignored as if it couldn’t matter. And, it could have been understood and specified. Most of the relevant information left out of “Getting Tough?” — specific values for other factors that tend to affect test performance or student achievement — was available from the three contemporary surveys, and the rest could have been obtained from a more detailed evidence-gathering effort. The study could have been more insightful had it been done differently, perhaps with less emphasis on “more sophisticated” and “more rigorous” mathematical analysis, and more emphasis on understanding and specifying the context — how testing programs are organized, how tests are administered, the effective differences among the wide variety and forms of tests and how students respond differently to each, the legal context of testing in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and so on.

As a part of advanced technology society, South Korean youth have been accessing the Internet at a very high pace. The Internet overuse could yield addiction where may be a serious psychological disorder of this century. The literature remarks that gender could make a significant difference on internet addiction. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of gender variable on internet addiction for a sample of South Korean university students (n = 815; 312 females and 503 males). The instrument had two sections; the demographics and twenty Internet Addiction survey items based on a five level scale; “Rarely, Occasionally, Frequently, Often and Always”. The results showed that general tendency among the participants appeared between “Occasionally” and “Frequently” for internet addiction. In order to test five derived study hypotheses, the researchers conducted comparative statistical tests. The t-tests revealed that gender made statistically significant differences on nineteen items where males were higher than females showing that males significantly spend more time on the Internet than females. Additionally, t-tests results showed that seventeen of the survey items showed statistically significant differences with respect to types of technology dominant environment. The researchers created two dummy variables to combine gender and technology dominant environment variables and gender and school year variables, to have a better understanding the gender effect with one-way ANOVA. The gender difference still exists following its merge to technology dominant environment showing that the gender surpasses IT related environment. When school year combines to gender, males show higher scores for certain items, especially for freshman year.

This study, in the context of Pakistan, analyzes to which extent the financial integration and domestic investment are responsible for the phenomenal growth rate of Pakistan economy. The relationship is based on time series data covering a period from 1980 to 2018. In analytical techniques, the Augmented Dicky-Fuller unit root test for the stationarity of data, Johansen Co-integration for co-integrating factor, and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) for phenomenal relation between domestic investment, financial integration and growth of Pakistan economy were applied. The results obtained through regression analysis were statistically significant and showed the effective role of the causality of domestic investment and that of financial integration on the economic growth rate of Pakistan economy. The effect of political and economic stability captured through the dummy variable also shows an impressive role in the growth of Pakistan's economy. The study recommends that sturdy efforts are required of the government of Pakistan for target investment especially in the agriculture and manufacturing sector for a more fruitful outcome.

This study reviews literature on mobile banking adoption in organizations to identify its influential factors and its operationalization in prior literature. We classify the factors that influence mobile banking adoption using the three contexts suggested by the Technology, Organization and Environment (TOE) framework, namely, technology, organization, and environment. The finding suggests that the influences of these factors vary across studies and most of the studies have operationalized mobile banking adoption using intention to adopt mobile banking or binary variable, rather than the actual use of the technology.

Semi-quantitative exposures, such as smoking and alcohol consumption, are common in clinical studies. Their association with outcomes is captured using either a single quantitative variable that includes nonexposed with a value of zero, or using two variables by adding an additional binary variable exposed versus not exposed. Herein, we propose two approaches to determine a lower bound on the amount of such an exposure (eg, number of cigarettes smoked per day) that significantly increases the risk of outcomes. Using smoking as illustration, the first approach consists of sequentially testing the effect of 1, 2, and so on, cigarettes per day, which requires an adjustment for multiplicity to protect the overall type-I error. An alternative gatekeeping approach is also described. The proposed methods are illustrated for the association of smoking with clinically confirmed neuropathy in a logistic regression model, and for the association of smoking with the risk of CVD in a Cox PH regression model.

Background The health hazards of indoor air pollution are well-established but studies of the health effects due to pollution from heating are rare. This study investigated the association of heating and disability for activities of daily living among Chinese middle-aged and elderly. Methods We used two consecutive surveys in a cohort of over 17,000 adults aged 45 or older, who were interviewed first in 2011–2012 and then in 2013. In these surveys, taking advantage of random survey time, we applied a random effects logit regression model that included an interaction between pollution-producing heating fuel and a dummy variable, which measured interview time based on whether or not it was heating season. Results Exposure to pollution-producing heating fuel was associated with a 39.9% (OR 1.399; 95%CI 1.227–1.594) and 71.0% (OR 1.710; 95%CI 1.523–1.920) increase in the likelihood of disability in activities of daily living (DADL) and disability in instrumental activities of daily living (DIADL), respectively. In heating season between year 2011 and 2013, moving from clean heating energy for heating to pollution-producing fuel was linked with an increase in the likelihoods having DADL and DIADL, with the OR of 2.014 (95%CI 1.126–3.600) and 1.956 (95%CI 1.186–3.226), respectively. However, disability increases due to change from clean energy to pollution-producing heating energy did not appear in advantaged education respondents. Conclusions We found that exposure to heating by burning of coal, wood, or crop residue was associated with disability in performing daily living activities. Health policymakers should take indoor pollution due to heating into consideration as it is a major determinant of activities of daily living in elderly people; especially, such policy should focus on elderly people who have disadvantaged education.

The purpose of the article is to present the results of the author’s research on best current practices in studying the effectiveness of the country’s foreign trade (on the example of the Republic of Belarus) and wording of proposals for improving approaches to its statistical assessment.The author analyzes the traditional methodology directions to evaluate the effectiveness of activities of the national economic authorities by the state. The article provides some modern approaches to assessing the efficiency of foreign trade at the state level. Current econometric methods for estimating the efficiency of foreign trade which are not quite popular with domestic authors but are extensively used by foreign researchers are examined in detail. Based on actual data, the author conducted the analysis of foreign trade efficiency for the EAEU member countries using gravity models of foreign trade with dummy variables and the stochastic frontier method. The results indicate a positive trend in increasing the efficiency of foreign trade activities of the Republic of Belarus and Russia for the period from 2011 to 2019 with the other EAEU, CIS member states, as well as with Lithuania, Latvia and Poland.In the final section of the article, are formulated the directions for improving national statistics of foreign trade based on international experience in terms of its segment, which reflects the effectiveness of foreign economic activity.

A common challenge in time series is to forecast data that suffer from structural breaks or changepoints which complicate modeling. If we naively forecast using one model for the whole data, the model will be incorrect, and thus, our forecast error will be large. There are two common practices to account for these changepoints when the goal is forecasting: (1) preprocess the data to identify the changepoints, incorporating them as dummy variables in modeling the whole data, and (2) include the changepoint estimation into the model and forecast using the model fit to the last segment. This article examines these two practices, using the computationally exact Pruned Exact Linear Time (PELT) algorithm for changepoint detection, comparing and contrasting them in the context of an important Software Engineering application.

The paper explores the tools of travel distribution information systems for decision-making concerning pricing of hotel and restaurant complex (HRC), the purpose of which is to use open data to form the optimal price of hotel rooms. The development of the tour program takes into account many factors (travel route, list of partner travel companies, list and composition of services provided during the tour, range of entertainment activities, etc.) developed for tourists using such information as systems Saber, AMADEUS, Galileo, Worldspan. By modeling pricing through the means of RStudio software tool for hotel and restaurant complexes using the open data of the Booking and g.port system, it was obtained that a better pricing forecast for the Zaliznyy Port HRC allows the resource g.port, which is more popular in this market segment due to more attractive financial conditions for the owners of HRC. Substantial price differentiation on Booking worsens the quality of the price forecasting. The coefficient of determination for pricing model on Booking is 33%, while on g.port is 71%. Among the main influencing factors that are statistically significant are the distance to the sea, the comfort of the room and the availability of a swimming pool. Estimated average room price with and without kitchen and confidence interval for the forecast price based on open data for Booking and g.port. Prepared recommendations for the formation of pricing taking into account statistically significant factors. Price of vacation package will decrease on 1,34 UAH if at the distance to the sea increase on 1 meter. Price of vacation package will increase on 1641 UAH if there are conditions in the room. Dummy variable (the presence of a swimming pool) will increase on about 966 UAH if hotel includes swimming pool. Average room price will be 9,537 UAH for a room with a kitchen and 6,228 UAH for a room without a kitchen. With a probability of 95% price confidence interval will vary from 7750 UAH up to 11636 UAH for g.port for a room with a kitchen and from 4979 UAH up to 7792 UAH for a room without a kitchen. Using Booking.com Analytics or other open data, we can access big data that reflect sales level in the hotel. This data can help to form the optimal price per room.

Microinsurance is one of the fastest growing new markets for the billions at the bottom of the financial pyramid – low-income customers previously precluded from traditional insurance. Will insurers really benefit from serving a larger amount of customers? This paper attempts to provide answers by examining the performance of life insurers in Taiwan. Our results show that microinsurance dummy variables are negatively related to efficiency scores and premium income in both OLS and Tobit models. Providing microinsurance products will increase competition between micro and traditional insurance products and reduce market demand for traditional insurance. The efficiency and premium income of traditional insurers will decrease if the price of microinsurance is regulated at marginal cost.

Goods and Services Tax (GST) reform introduced by the Indian government in 2017 was considered as the utmost radical and comprehensive indirect tax regime undertaken since independence. The new tax reform had creataed a shock wave among the Indian business houses, especially to the Small and Medium Enterprises short term working capital requirements. This research paper analyzes the working capital constraints created by the implementation of GST on the SMEs. Three research models have been developed by including the major working capital components namely average collection period, average payables period, inventory conversion period and a dummy variable to capture the effect of GST. The mathematical model presented in the paper has been tested using Random effects GLS method. The results of the study reveals that during the sample period the SMEs production capacity had deteriorated, collections and payments were delayed, profit margins were diminished and the credit requirements had escalated. This research outcome will provide an insight to the policymakers and financial institutions in India to implement and revamp strategies that will enable the SMEs to revive from this challenging environment successfully.

Education is a Nation’s strength. Association analysis of academic performance and its influential factors has remained research interest for all education researchers all over the world. India being an agriculture dominated country, for its development in agricultural front it requires ahuge numberof efficient technocrats having strong academic background. In this study an attempt has been made to examine the associationship of academic performance of the agriculture graduates, as measured through overall grade point average (OGPA) with the factors supposed to influence the academic performance. Special emphasis has been given to visualize the performance in presence of the influences of nominal factors. Students at masters level were surveyed for their social, economic, demographic and family and educational background through a designed questionnaire and tested accordingly. Statistical tools, starting from frequency, percentage, Chi-square test, test for normality, Cramer’s V test, multiple regression analysis with the inclusion of dummy variables were employed. Dependency of OGPA with gender, caste and expenditure on education is recorded. The dependency of educational expenditure on OGPA is quite obvious. But the dependency of OGPA with those of gender and caste is most probably not a good sign for a healthy higher education system. This study will help the education planners to take group oriented action plan for improving the education standard in higher education institutions.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of formulation categories (parent brand and extension product) and research and development (R&D) cooperation types on electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) volume for extension products.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses data from 109 extension products in the Korean dessert market whose formulations were changed between 1 February 2014 and 19 February 2019. The formulation categories and R&D cooperation types are transformed into dummy variables to conduct a linear regression.FindingsThe formulation categories and R&D cooperation types play key roles in proliferating eWOM for formulation change products. The most effective way to proliferate eWOM is through product extension by changing the formulation of ice cream, beverage and snack category products. Furthermore, vertical R&D cooperation positively affects the proliferation of products' eWOM.Originality/valueThese findings contribute to increasing the chance of successful food product development by providing information on the formulation changes that are effective at inducing consumers' interest.

The increase in the frequency of natural disasters in recent years and its consequent social, economic and environmental impacts make it possible to prioritize areas of risk as an essential measure in order to maximize harm reduction. This case study, developed in the city of Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, aims to identify and evaluate areas susceptible to mass movements, through the development of a model based on logistic regression, associated to Geographic Information System (GIS). The construction of the model was based on the use of only four independent variables (slope, geological aspects, pedological aspects and land use and coverage) and a binary variable, which refers to the occurrence of mass movements. In total, 123,308 pixels were used as samples for the logistic regression modeling in SPSS software. As a result, we have the spatialization of a mass movement probability map with 87.3% of the correctly sorted pixels. A validation with the landslide susceptibility map built by the Brazilian Geological Survey was also performed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, indicating a prediction accuracy of 82.5%. This research showed the efficiency of the integrated use of GIS and logistic regression, with emphasis on the relative simplicity of the model, speed of application and good ability to identify areas susceptible to landslides. The proposed model allowed the determination of the probability of occurrence of landslides with good predictive capacity, surpassing the usual model used by the Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM).

Using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test with dummy variables and the Toda-Yamamoto approach; this paper investigated the relationship between electricity consumption, foreign direct investment and economic growth in Benin for the period of 1980-2014. Confirming the growth theory for Benin, the results show evidence of unidirectional causalities from electricity consumption to both economic development and foreign direct investment and a long run relationship with a speed of adjustment of 60.72%. These findings suggest that the government of Benin should target the implementation of new strategies to improve access to electricity in order to attract more foreign investment and achieve a rapid and sustainable economic growth.Keywords: Electricity Consumption, Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth, Benin.JEL Classifications: F21, F43, Q43.DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.9415

This study aimed to examine whether government financial assistance influences the financial performance of state-owned enterprises. Commercial state-owned enterprises in South Africa that are listed under the Public Financial Management Act during the post-apartheid era from 1995 to 2017 were sampled. Government guarantees were measured as a dummy variable, while financial performance was measured by accounting measure: return on assets (ROA). Endogeneity issues were addressed, and data analysis was performed on an unbalanced panel using the two-step system GMM. The empirical evidence indicated that support by the government in the form of guarantees and subsidies has a significant negative effect on the financial performance of state-owned enterprises. This is an indication that continued government bailouts to poor performing state-owned enterprises exacerbates their poor financial performance and encourages these enterprises to become too reliant on government assistance, burdening the national fiscus. AcknowledgmentsThe author gratefully acknowledges the National Research Foundation of South Africa for the research grant and Dr Farai Kwenda for his supervision during the study.

Purpose This study aims to examine the permit changes enacted by the city of Portland, Oregon, USA, on the construction and subsequent short-term rental of tiny homes. The permitting process was eased by the city in 2014. The city’s enforcement of occupancy and rental ordinances, sometimes called Airbnb laws, were tightened in 2019. The new code restrictions are tighter than the rental codes that existed previously. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses time-series data to first consider the thesis that relaxing building permit requirements for tiny homes has encouraged legal construction and increased the number of applications filed with the city planning office. The number of permits was the dependent variable and time-sensitive dummy variable was the independent variable. An adjusted T-statistic was calculated using a least-squares regression model with a moving average autocorrelation adjustment. The second regression model considers the financial relationship between active listings on Airbnb and HomeAway to a housing price coverage ratio and the aggregated dynamic-factor model used to calculate the economic activity index for Portland. Findings There were two reported case study findings. The first regression used a dummy variable measuring the application response to permit easing. It was positive and significant. The second finding measures active host listings on Airbnb whether they are directly associated with the calculated multiple of the changes in the S&P/Case–Shiller housing price index low tier divided by weekly employee income. Higher numbers for this coverage ratio suggest that listings on short-term rental platforms are increasing directly with the ratio. The economic activity index is insignificant when predicting the level of listings. Regression results indicate that property owners are financially motivated to list dwellings as visitor rentals and possibly motivated to install tiny homes behind their primary residences as short-term rental units. Local economic conditions do not seem to influence the number of properties listed on short-term rental websites. Research limitations/implications Higher coverage ratios encourage property owners to list dwellings on short-term rental websites in the absence of enforceable rental restrictions. Without a method to quickly and feasible identify owners violating short-term rental restriction legislation and enforce fines there is a tendency for active listings to grow in a locale. San Francisco, California, under its new short-term rental ordinance requires online websites such as Airbnb to enforce permit requirements. San Francisco’s ordinance change seems to have resulted in a dramatic drop in active listings available for visitor rentals. Practical implications Information published by Inside Airbnb and Airdna does not separate entire dwelling information into categories such as single-family detached houses; tiny homes; apartments; or condominiums ownership types. Even public housing units are sometimes listed as short-term rentals. The aggregate data makes the relationship between active listings and the coverage ratio difficult to interpret. Listing information is limited and only available for a three-year rolling cycle on a quarterly basis for the city of Portland, Oregon. Social implications Future research studies could consider how tiny homes might play a role in providing permanent housing to local residents or for providing a shelter for the homeless in cities experiencing acute long-term rental shortages. Does limiting the number of homes available as short-term visitor rentals noticeably increase the quantity of housing and lower the monthly rental rates available to permanent residents of the city? Cities have passed short-term rental codes with the objective of increasing the availability of rental housing available to residents at affordable prices. Originality/value Prior research studies focused on who purchases tiny homes; tiny homes used as housing for the homeless; communities composed of tiny homes; and the connection between tiny home living and political activism. The study herein links permit changes to tiny-home building applications. It uses the home price index low tier and the economic condition index for the Portland metropolitan area to predict the number of active listings on Airbnb and HomeAway websites pre-regulation enforcement.

The research entitled Effect of Third Party Funds and Problematic Loans on Credit Distribution at Village Credit Institutions (LPD) in Kediri District, Tabanan Regency. The formulation of the problem is: How to Influence Third Party Funds and Troubled Loans simultaneously and partially on Credit Distribution LPD in the Kediri District. The Research Objective is to find out how the influence of Third Party Funds and Problematic Loans Against Credit Distribution In the LPD of Kediri District. Data analysis is done by dummy variables and hypothesis testing with multiple linear regression analysis methods. The results showed that partially Third Party Funds had a positive and significant effect on Credit Distribution while Problematic Loans had a negative and not significant effect on Credit Distribution. Simultaneously Third Party Funds and Troubled Loans significantly influence Credit Distribution at the Kediri District LPD.

Paper purpose is to analysis the value generated by the Japanese and Non Japanese financial institutions in Indonesia banking from 2013-2018. The paper concentrated on the 16 foreign banks contained of seven affiliates of Japanese banks and nine affiliates of Asian Non-Japanese Banks. The shareholders’ origination will be the independent parameter, and the main financial measurements are the capital structure, credit risk, efficiency, profitability, and firm size, will be the dependent parameter. This paper used non-parametric Mann Whitney Test, besides parametric by Regression of Dummy Variable. The empirical outcomes indicate that there are variances in capital structure, credit risk, efficiency, and firm size. There is no significant variance in profitability ratio. Japanese banks are more noticeable in terms of firm size and well in efficiency ratio and loan to deposit ratio. However, Japanese banks have a higher non-performing credit. The outcomes are significant at a = 1% for capital structure and efficiency ratio.

PurposeThis research paper uses a novel methodological approach to investigate the spillover effects among the key sectors of the US economy.Design/methodology/approachThe paper links the US sectors via a node theoretic scheme based on a general equilibrium framework, whereas it estimates the general equilibrium equation as a Global Vector Autoregressive process, taking into consideration the potential existence of dominant units.FindingsBased on our findings, the dominant sector in the US economy, for the period 1992–2015, is the sector of information technology, finance and communications, a fact that gives credence to the view that the US economy is a service-driven economy. In addition, the US economy seems to benefit by the increased labour mobility across knowledge-intensive sectors, thus avoiding the ‘employment trap’ which in turn enabled the US economy to overcome the financial crisis of 2007.Originality/valueFirstly, the paper models by means of a network approach which is based on a general equilibrium framework, the linkages between the US sectors while treating the sector of information, technology, communications and finance as dominant, as dictated by its degree of centrality in the network structure. Secondly, the paper offers a robustness analysis regarding both the existence and the identification of dominant sectors (nodes) in the US economy. Thirdly, the paper studies a wide period, namely 1992–2015, fully capturing the recent global recession, while acknowledging the impact of the global crisis through the introduction of the relevant exogenous dummy variables; Lastly and most importantly, it is the first study to apply the GVAR approach in a network general equilibrium framework at the sectoral level.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to empirically examine the effect of family involvement in ownership, management and directorship on audit fees during the crisis and non-crisis periods. Design/methodology/approach Following Anderson and Reeb (2003), this paper uses a two-way fixed effect model to examine the impact of family control on audit fees in crisis and non-crisis periods. The fixed effects include dummy variables for each year and each industry code in the sample. Findings This paper finds that during normal economic periods, family firms pay lower audit fees relative to non-family firms because of the incentive alignment or monitoring effect. While, during crisis periods, family firms pay higher audit fees because of the shareholder expropriation effect. Research limitations/implications The results reported in this paper have both practical and policy implications for the demand and supply of audit services to firms having different ownership structures. Originality/value This is the first study of its kind to examine the effect of family ownership and involvement on audit fees during the crisis period.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine whether analysts’ cash flow forecasts improve the profitability of their stock recommendations and whether the positive effect of cash flow forecasts on analysts’ stock recommendation performance varies with firms’ earnings quality. Design/methodology/approach To test the authors’ predictions, they identify a sample of 161,673 stock recommendations with contemporaneous earnings forecasts and/or cash flow forecasts and regress market-adjusted stock returns on a binary variable that proxies for the issuance of cash flow forecasts while controlling for contemporaneous earnings forecast accuracy, earnings quality, analysts’ forecast experience and capability and certain firm characteristics. The authors’ test results are robust to alternative measures of recommendation profitability, earnings quality and the use of recommendation revisions instead of recommendation levels. Findings The authors find that when analysts issue cash flow forecasts concurrently with earnings forecasts, their stock recommendations lead to higher profitability than when they only issue earnings forecasts, after controlling for analysts’ forecast capability. Moreover, the authors document that the contemporaneous positive relationship between cash flow forecasts and recommendations profitability is stronger for firms with low earnings quality than for firms with high earnings quality. The findings suggest that cash flow forecasts issued by analysts in response to market demand likely play a more important role in firm valuation than cash flow forecasts issued by analysts mainly because of supply-side considerations. Research limitations/implications Future research could build on these findings to conduct further investigation on the alternative incentives for analysts’ forecasts of sales growth and long-term growth rates. Practical implications These findings may also help investors to better assess the quality of analysts’ research outputs and to identify superior stock recommendations. Originality/value This study provides insight into the role of cash flow forecasts in firm valuation and adds fresh evidence to the debate on the usefulness of cash flow forecasts. It extends the stream of research on the characteristics of analyst forecasts and increases our knowledge about the role of analysts in the financial market.

This study aims to determine the influence of management change, financial distress, auditor firm’s size, and audit opinion to auditor switching. Auditor switching, management change, and audit opinion are measured by using dummy variable. Financial distress is using Zmijewski Model, and audit firm size is measured by using an ordinal scale based on the big or small of the audit firm.The populations in this study were companies in property and real estate sector which listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2012-2016. Total of 36 samples were obtained using a purposive sampling method. Hypothesis in this research are tested by logistic regression analytical method. The result of the analysis shows that management change and financial distress have significant effect on the auditor switching. while the audit opinion and audit firm size doesn’t have significant effect on the auditor switching.

PurposeThis study investigates the role of financial access in moderating the effect of governance on insurance consumption in 42 sub-Saharan African countries using data for the period 2004–2014.Design/methodology/approachTwo life insurance indicators are used, notably: life insurance and non-life insurance. Six governance measurements are also used, namely: political stability, ‘voice and accountability’, government effectiveness, regulation quality, corruption-control and the rule of law. The empirical evidence is based on the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) and Least Squares Dummy Variable Corrected (LSDVC) estimators.FindingsEstimations from the LSDVC are not significant while the following main findings are established from the GMM. First, financial access promotes life insurance through channels of political stability, ‘voice and accountability’, government effectiveness, the rule of law and corruption-control. Second, financial access also stimulates non-life insurance via governance mechanisms of political stability, ‘voice and accountability’, government effectiveness, regulation quality, the rule of law and corruption-control.Originality/valueThis research complements the sparse literature on insurance promotion in Africa by engaging the hitherto unexplored role of financial access through governance channels.