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Ultra-high voltage fast vacuum circuit breakers (FVCBs) could benefit a power system by promoting transient stability. This paper presents the design and verification of a prototype 363-kV/5000-A 63-kA multiple-break FVCB. The prototype consists of two parallel-connected circuit branches in each phase. Each branch comprises three breaking units. The breaking unit, arranged on a 330-kV-class insulating platform, is a double-break FVCB driven by two independent electromagnetic repulsion actuators. The breaking units include a specially designed 40.5-kV vacuum interrupter (VI) with an extended ceramic envelope and optimized contact contours. A 4.0-nF grading capacitor is connected in parallel with each break to achieve a uniform stressed voltage distribution across the break. The prototype performs controlled switching of short-circuit current with an arcing time of 2.0 ms. The feasibility of the 363-kV FVCB is verified by a dielectric test on one break of the prototype and a series of tests on a single-phase prototype. The tests include controlled switching of a short-circuit current in a short arcing time under different transient recovery voltages following test duties T100s(b) and T100a, short-time withstand current and peak withstand current tests, a temperature rise test, and an electromagnetic compatibility tes

Electromagnetic wave scattering suppression has applications in many scenes including radio communication and electromagnetic compatibility. A large amount of research focus on absorber structures with reflection suppression at -10 dB level, while scattering suppression beyond -10dB level is rather rare. In order to study the formation of higher suppression, metamaterial with absorption and scattering composite function is presented based on coding sequence of absorptive electromagnetic genetic components. Quantized experimental measurement result of scattering suppression reaches -22.4 dB in consecutive 7.152 GHz - 16.184 GHz band (relative bandwidth 77.4%), which shows consistent trend with simulation and validates the design process. Optimization with small gene coding variation rate (4.7%) makes scattering suppression effect surpass -30 dB line in 9.45 GHz - 13.8 GHz in simulation. Besides camouflage function, this metamaterial could alter the scattering information in spatial distribution with high suppression effect, which has a good chance to serve as transmitter in local area network with good privacy.

This article presents an electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) aware motor design method based on the prediction of the impedances of a stator winding structure. The stator structure is divided into several two-dimensional parts, and their network parameters are extracted by electromagnetic (EM) simulations. Through conversion and synthesis of the multiport network parameters, the input impedance can be found for the full-winding structure. The calculated input impedance approximately follows the measured impedance of tested induction motors. The impedance calculation method has been realized in a parametric analysis platform to enable the EMC-aware design of induction motors. By using the platform, the variations of the input impedances by different design parameters can be analyzed along with consideration of loss and torque ripple. To verify the proposed method, prototype motors were assembled and the common-mode (CM) currents were measured under driving operation. The results show that the CM current can be reduced up to 10 dB in the frequency range of interest when the number of parallel circuit is reduced, as estimated from the calculated input impedances.

The common‐mode inductor (CMI) is a very interesting device used to reduce electromagnetic compatibility and electromagnetic interference problems. When considering the performance of an electrical device, it focuses on the differential‐mode voltage and current. Common‐mode voltages and currents can lead to several system problems. The common‐mode current is the sum of the currents in the conductors of the set. It often leads to electromagnetic noise, which can degrade the performance of sensors and cause low‐voltage control hardware to fail. The common‐mode equivalent circuit is a useful tool in understanding a system's common‐mode behavior. The impact of asymmetry is that the differential‐mode currents will create a voltage term in the common‐mode equivalent circuit. The chapter considers the magnetic analysis of the CMI. The CMI current has two components: the differential‐mode current, and the common‐mode current. The chapter develops a design paradigm for the CMI.

AC steel arc furnaces are the most powerful units connected to the electrical grid, the operating mode of which is dynamic, asymmetrical and non-linear. That is why these furnaces cause the entire possible range of negative effects on the quality of electricity in the grid, in particular, fluctuations, asymmetry and non-sinusoidal voltage. Known proposals for improving the electromagnetic compatibility of electric arc furnaces are mainly focused on eliminating the consequences of their ne­gative impact on the power grid. The proposed approach and the corresponding technical solution are aimed at reducing the level of generation of a negative factor and at the same time reduce fluctuations, asymmetry and non-sinusoidal voltage. This result is obtained due to the fact that the proposed solution takes into account the peculiari­ties of the range of modes natural for arc furnaces. Optimal for such consumers is the use of a constant current power supply system I=const in the range of modes from operational short circuit to maximum load and the system U=const in the whole other range of modes. The implementation of such a system is carried out on the basis of a resonant converter «constant current – constant voltage». Studies have found that the use of such a power supply system, in comparison with the traditional circuit, makes it possible to reduce the non-sinusoidal voltage in a low-power grid from 3.2 % to 2.1 % and the unbalance coefficient from 3.66 to 1.35 %. Previously published data on a significant reduction in voltage fluctuations was also confirmed. The positive effect of such a system on the energy performance of the furnace itself is shown, manifes­ted in an increase in the arc power by 12.5 %, and the electrical efficiency by 5.1 %. This improves the productivity and efficiency of electric arc furnaces

The use of continuum manipulators in surgical applications can be beneficial because of their inherent safety from their structural compliance. However, the tip pose (position and orientation) accuracy of a continuum manipulator can be low when an external load or disturbance is applied. Closed-loop pose control is preferred to improve the pose accuracy. Considering the requirements stemmed from sterilization and medical device electromagnetic compatibility, the approach of fully utilizing the vision feedback from a stereo endoscopic camera for such a closed-loop pose controller is adopted. Wrist markers are attached to the end-effectors of the surgical continuum manipulators for pose information detection. And these wrist markers are designed in a well-considered way to generate enough variants. The closed-loop pose controller is then designed based on a stereo vision tracking algorithm that detects the position and orientation of the wrist marker. A switching feature is also incorporated into the controller to handle the situation when the closed-loop control is disrupted due to the visual occlusion or the operation transition in dual-arm manipulation. Experimental verification showed that the average errors of the pose feedback are 0.65 mm for the position and 1.05° for the orientation. The experiments of trajectory following under a 120-gram external load and automated dual-arm suturing were also conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

The switching operations of circuit breakers and disconnectors in substations can generate very fast transients, including transient earth voltage rise and intense electromagnetic radiation, causing severe disturbance of on-site electronic devices in substations and seriously affecting the development of smart power equipment. The power supply of an on-site electronic device provides a path along which the disturbance couples with the device. In this article, we investigated the coupling mechanism and measures to suppress this disturbance. We found that, for most on-site electronic devices, their power supply includes a power line that connects the exterior and interior of the shielding box, greatly reducing the shielding effectiveness and inducing disturbance from the outside to the inside. This article proposes a shielding–crossing isolation transformer as the power supply of which the primary winding is outside and the secondary winding is inside of the shielding box, without a power line across the shielding box. This arrangement proved to deliver the high performance in terms of eliminating disturbance from the power supply. This article provides an understanding of the mechanism according to which the electromagnetic disturbance couples through the power supply. A method to determine the electromagnetic compatibility of on-site electronic devices in a substation is also proposed.

This article presents the methods of complex computational and analytical assessment of ensuring electromagnetic compatibility of technical means (electrical, electronic and radio-electronic means of launch vehicles and spacecraft). These methods allow us to conduct a comprehensive computational and analytical assessment of the electromagnetic compatibility of the technical means of rocket and space technology, which in its essence allows us to assess the mutual influence of the technical means of rocket and space technology already at the design stage of rocket and space technology objects. The analysis of the results of the assessment of the electromagnetic compatibility of the technical means of rocket and space technology allows us to develop organizational and technical measures aimed at ensuring the electromagnetic compatibility of the technical means of rocket and space technology at all stages of the life cycle of objects of rocket and space technology. To assess the electromagnetic compatibility of the technical means of rocket and space technology, an integrated approach was chosen due to the large dimension of the initial data and the variety of possible variants of interference penetration.

Increasing the reliability requirements for electromagnetic compatibility of electronic equipment requires the creation of protective coatings that absorb electromagnetic radiation or the development of new radio-absorbing materials. In the frequency range up to 1 GHz, radio-absorbing materials based on Ni–Zn ferrites are of the greatest interest. The absorption of electromagnetic radiation by ferrites occurs owing to resonant phenomena at the level of domains and atoms. Improving the performance of ferrites is possible by modifying their surface properties. In this paper, gradient structures for products of electromagnetic radiation protection are obtained by treating the surface of Ni–Zn ferrite samples with a low-energy electron beam. To generate the electron beam, a unique installation was used—a fore-vacuum plasma electronic source that allows forming and transporting a beam with a power density of up to 105 W/cm2 under conditions of high pressure and high gas outflow. As a result of processing, gradient structures were found on the surface of ferrites. A theoretical analysis and experimental study was carried out for the obtained “nonmagnetic conductor–ferrite” structures characterized by an increased attenuation coefficient and a reduced reflection coefficient of electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range from 0.5 to 2.5 GHz. The possibility of obtaining near-surface layers depleted in zinc with increased electrical conductivity and reduced magnetic permeability is shown.

Chamber pressure test remains to be a difficult problem in the field of internal ballistics. Therefore, a new chamber pressure test method based on a double-layer and double-grid structure strain tester was proposed to test the chamber pressure for the small caliber weapons. The method has a simple design structure compared with the traditional chamber pressure test method. This method can also obtain the entire pressure test curve without destroying the barrel structure. Furthermore, the novel method has a high test accuracy with low cost, high reliability with long life, and good electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). The core idea was to test the strain on the outer wall of the barrel through the double-layer and double-grid strain tester, thereby calculating the chamber pressure according to thick-walled cylinder theory. First, the mechanism of this new test method was analyzed, and the fourth-order Runge–Kutta algorithm was used to establish a simulation model of the chamber pressure. Second, the sensitivity of the strain tester was obtained by calibrating the strain test system. The test method was compared with the lead wire electronic manometer test and the simulation modeling methods. The test curve was consistent with the lead wire electronic manometer test and the simulation curves, verifying the test accuracy and feasibility of the method. Finally, the simulations and experiments validated that the new test method had good EMC.

Direct current (DC) converters play an essential role in electronic circuits. Conventional high-efficiency DC voltage converters, especially step-up type, rely on switching operation, where energy is periodically stored within and released from inductors and/or capacitors connected in a variety of circuit topologies. Since these energy storage components, especially inductors, are fundamentally difficult to scale down, miniaturization of switching converters proves challenging. Furthermore, the resulting switching currents produce significant electromagnetic noise. To overcome the limitations of switching converters, photonic transformers, where voltage conversion is achieved through light emission and detection processes, have been demonstrated. However, the demonstrated efficiency is significantly below that of the switching converter. Here we perform a detailed balance analysis and show that with a monolithically integrated design that enables efficient photon transport, the photonic transformer can operate with a near-unity conversion efficiency and high voltage conversion ratio. We validate the theory with a transformer constructed with off-the-shelf discrete components. Our experiment showcases near noiseless operation and a voltage conversion ratio that is significantly higher than obtained in previous photonic transformers. Our findings point to the possibility of a high-performance optical solution to miniaturizing DC power converters and improving the electromagnetic compatibility and quality of electrical power., Conventional DC-DC converters rely on switching operations and energy storing components which face both noise and scaling difficulties. Here, the authors present an alternative design for a DC-to-DC converter based on closely coupled LEDs and photovoltaic cells, which exhibits high efficiency, low noise, and miniaturizability.

With the development and wide applications of wireless communication technology, the limited spectrum resources and the fixed spectrum allocation policy could no longer satisfy the demand for wireless communication. Just for this reason, many spectrum resources become spectrum holes because they are allocated but not used. Cognitive radio is now becoming one of the most important techniques for high utility of these spectrum holes. If the holes available to cognitive users are abundant over a certain time, it is a worth consideration to increase network throughputs by orthogonal multiplexing as many as spectrum holes. A multi-transceiver configuration is one of the possible solutions for this purpose. With such a schema, all transceivers within a cognitive user work in a concurrent or parallel mode, by which the throughput of the network can be increased. However, co-site working cognitive radios may incur electromagnetic interference between each other. When more cognitive radios are equipped, much electromagnetic interference may be incurred. Many techniques are proposed to mitigate such so-siting interference; however, none of them have addressed the probability that the interference will happen. If the probability could be estimated in advance, the user will make a better planning on the configurations of the co-siting working radios. Based on an elaboratedn-fold multiple integral model, we propose a novel method to decide how many cognitive radios can be installed for one cognitive user at most. This is our main contribution with this work, providing an enhanced ability to determine the optimal number of cognitive radios installed within each cognitive user. We make a strict deduction on electromagnetic compatibility probability with various parameters of cognitive radios. Simulations are performed and the results show that the electromagnetic compatibility of the simulated cognitive radio system meets the deducted probability by this method very well.

Thermal distortion of a memory state is demonstrated for data sanitization of static random access memory (SRAM). Data stored in SRAM are believed to be deleted when power is turned off. However, it has been reported that the data can remain for a certain time even in powered- OFF SRAM, especially in a low-temperature environment. When a cold boot attack is attempted at low temperature, the stored data in SRAM are secured by thermal distortion at induced high temperature. For an experimental demonstration of data sanitization, heat is intentionally applied to a commercial SRAM chip, which is connected with a Raspberry pi board to write and read data. Supportive circuit and thermal simulations are performed to analyze electrical and thermal characteristics during heat treatment.

Testing of electronic devices is an integral part of the technological process of any manufacturer of such equipment. In this case, an electronic device is understood as an energy-intensive unit such as a mobile phone, data center or spacecraft. One of the key stages of testing is to identify the effect of electric fields on various electronic components of the device. This stage often requires making a mock-up of some part of an unfinished device in order to fix interference with special equipment. This requires time, financial and human resource costs. In order to reduce these costs in the modern world, the use of mathematical modeling tools for testing noise immunity and electromagnetic compatibility is becoming popular. In this paper, it is proposed to use an algorithm for visualizing electric fields in three-dimensional space and time. The algorithm is easily embedded into applications as a component of a mathematical modeling system. The work considered three ways of visualizing the electric field strength: starting from a simple setting of points in space, on the basis of which the electric field will be built, around the source of electric field radiation, to the use of algorithms that make it possible to arrange points equidistantly based on a given number of points in space for the formation of an electric field. The performance and visual implications of these methods were analyzed. The proposed methodology will be useful to the developer community as an embedded solution for point visualization of the electric field in any project in any algorithmic language with the ability to animate in time.

High-speed switching capabilities of modern ICs cause generating more heat, and it must be ejected via metallic heat-sinks behaving as an antenna at certain frequencies. Having different radiation ...

The article presents the results of a study of the electromagnetic compatibility of SMART devices (SD) ofautomated technological control systems (ATCS) at a high voltage electrical substation. The interferenceimmunity of relay protection and automation devices associated with the use of electrical control cableshas been investigated. Possible sources of pulsed radiated noise at the electrical substation are listed. Thelevels of pulsed electromagnetic noise at the 220 kV Karatau substation of KEGOC JSC were determinedby the calculation and experimental method, which in some cases exceeded the noise immunity of theinstalled ATCS devices. An experimental method for determining the actual shielding coefficients ofcontrol cables at an electrical substation is presented, as well as the measurement results. The influence ofshielding of relay cables on the level of electromagnetic influences on SD is revealed. Possible levels ofradiated interference were determined, taking into account the screening factor of existing control cables,and the need to replace control cables was argued.

This work proposes a numerical methodology for the calculation of currents and voltages induced on underground pipelines by nearby overhead power lines. A previously developed quasi-3D methodology is extended, allowing the investigation of nonparallel routings of the pipelines with respect to the power lines. The proposed technique is based on a discretization of the pipeline path into several segments parallel to the power line. The section of the corridor corresponding to each pipeline segment is regarded as an electrical multi-port component, whose electrical parameters are extracted via finite element 2D analysis. Then, the obtained components are integrated into a network embodying the physical characteristics of the whole corridor. In this way, the circuital analysis is used to extend the capabilities of a standard two-dimensional field analysis. The proposed methodology is employed to simulate a pipeline running parallel to a power line for a distance of 12km. Afterwards, several nonparallel configurations – consisting of crossings between a pipeline and a power line – are assessed. The physical consequences of the crossing are discussed and a convergence study is performed to investigate the optimal pipeline subdivision procedure to be adopted for a set of different crossing angles.

Electric drive system with Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) power device is widely used in Electric vehicle (EV), which consists of inverter, cables and Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). Due to the fast switching in di/dt and dv/dt of IGBT device, the system produces serious radiated Electromagnetic interference (EMI) through the interconnection cables. Thus, modeling of EMI source, propagation path and load PMSM is the key to accurately evaluate the system’s radiation level. In addition, the system’s radiated EMI involves the integrated calculation of circuit, cable and electromagnetic field, which cannot be solved by using a single circuit or electromagnetic calculation method. Therefore, this paper develops an effective field-linecircuit coupling based method to investigate the radiated EMI problems for IGBT-PMSM drive system, which is validated by experimental measurement. Besides, the impact of power cable parameters on radiated EMI is discussed. The proposed approach has guiding significance for electromagnetic compatibility design of EV.

In recent years, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) has become progressively important because of the rise in the number of electronic auxiliary devices in motor vehicles. This article presents an angle modulated switching strategy for fractional horsepower drives. It allows decreasing the size of the necessary EMC filter, for the example case drive used, down to less than 50%, from nine to four capacitors. Simultaneously, it reduces the radiated electromagnetic emissions over a wide frequency range by almost 10 $\,\text{dB}_{\mu \text{V/m}}$ . The EMC measurements performed in a shielded chamber are compared with the results for two conventional switching strategies. Subsequently, the influence of the presented switching strategy on the efficiency and on the emitted airborne and structure-borne noise is investigated.

Microwave absorbing metasurfaces with optical transparency are essentially useful in electromagnetic compatibility, stealth, or camouflage while keeping continuous optical observation or communication. Although significant efforts have been devoted on expanding the bandwidths of optically transparent absorbing metasurfaces, dynamic control of microwave absorption in such metasurfaces remains a challenge. In this paper, we experimentally propose a metasurface made of patterned graphene sandwich structures, showing unprecedented wave control, excellent optical transparency and outstanding flexibility. Both the simulated and measured results demonstrate that the tunable absorption with dual, single and broad band are realized by applying bias voltage to graphene layers. In particular, the as-designed metasurface shows a strong microwave absorption of 90 % covering a wide frequency band of 7–18 GHz due to the electric and magnetic resonances caused by the patterned graphene layer, as well as the multiple reflection mechanism. We speculate that such a metasurface with optical transparency and tunable microwave absorption has potential applications in stealth technology and photovoltaic solar cells.

The article presents the structure of the method for the synthesis of microwave bandpass filters (BPF) on non-uniform lines, which makes it possible to select the structure and parameters of the BPF that provide the maximum length of the stop band to meet the requirements of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) with given restrictions on the attenuation characteristics in the passband and barrier bands. and the established design and technological limitations on the drop in wave resistance and manufacturing tolerances. The results of experimental studies of the characteristics of ultrahigh-frequency bandpass filters with an increased protective band in order to ensure EMC are presented

Manned submersible is a complex man-machine-environment system, ergonomics design is an indispensable link in layout design of manned submersible, the advantages and disadvantages of ergonomics design will directly affect the operation and maintenance efficiency of submersible. This paper introduces the application of ergonomics to the equipment layout design of submersible and the layout design of manned cabin. Firstly, in terms of the principle of equipment layout design, the stability, maintainability, operation requirements and electromagnetic compatibility of manned submersible are comprehensively considered to partition the equipment layout, and accessibility and extravehicular light environment design are also considered. Then, from the aspects of manned cockpit hole parameters, equipment layout, hatch access ladder and light environment design in cabin, the ergonomics-oriented cabin layout design process is expounded.

Plasma extraction transit time (PETT) oscillation occurs when insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) devices turn off , whose frequency can reach hundreds of MHz. This high-frequency oscillation can induce electromagnetic interference problems and may exceed relevant IEC limits for electromagnetic emission. As one of the electromagnetic disturbance sources from internal IGBT, the PETT oscillation has not attracted much attention in the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems of application and development of high-voltage IGBT devices yet. In this article, the detailed characteristics of PETT oscillation, i.e., oscillation frequency, duration time, and oscillation peak, in high-voltage IGBT devices are systematically investigated by experiments. From the results, oscillation frequency increases with the increase of reverse voltage, whereas decreases with the increase of the temperature. Then, more complex dependencies of the PETT oscillation characteristics on IGBT's commutation conditions are presented. It is shown that its characteristics vary greatly under different reverse voltage, forward current, and temperature. The hazard of PETT oscillation to electronic components is discussed as well. PETT oscillation occurs during the turn- on process, which is first reported. Based on the experiment results, the EMC test related to PETT oscillation is suggested to be performed under different commutation conditions.

Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is not only an important electrical module of information equipment, but also an important source of electromagnetic radiation. Only when PCB works normally and is compatible with other electrical equipment, the whole information equipment can work normally. Because of the complexity of PCB structure and the difficulty of modeling, the EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) analysis of PCB is very difficult. For this reason, Taking the widely used full bridge current double rectifier converter as an example, aiming at the electromagnetic compatibility problems caused by the PCB design of the switching power supply, this paper proposes a simulation method based on the electromagnetic field by establishing the near-field radiation model of the PCB, analyzes the areas with high radiation intensity in the PCB layout, by optimizing the layout and wiring of the PCB, the electromagnetic compatibility performance of the switching power supply is improved. The simulation results show that the near-field radiation characteristics of PCB can be predicted by introducing the electromagnetic field simulation method in the design stage, according to the characteristics of the magnetic field, the optimal design is realized, so that the EMC of the switching power supply reaches the standard, and finally the working performance of the switching power supply is improved.

The urgency and necessity of choosing and justifying the structures of hybrid filter-compensating devices based on series and parallel active filters to improve the quality of electricity in the power supply systems of enterprises of the mineral resource complex is shown. Mathematical models of hybrid filter compensating devices based on parallel and series active filters have been developed. Based on these mathematical models, computer simulation models of the indicated hybrid structures have been developed. The results of simulation showed the effectiveness of the correction of power quality indicators in terms of reducing the level of higher harmonics of current and voltage, as well as voltage deviations. The degree of influence of filter-compensating devices on the power quality indicators, which determine the continuity and stability of the technological process at the enterprises of the mineral resource complex, have been revealed. It has been established that a hybrid filter-compensating device based on a parallel active filter can reduce the level of higher harmonics of current and voltage by more than 90 and 70 %, respectively, and based on a series active filter, it can reduce the level of higher harmonics of voltage by more than 80 %. Based on the simulation results, the possibility of compensating for the reactive power of a hybrid structure based on parallel active and passive filters has been revealed. The possibility of integrating hybrid filter-compensating devices into more complex multifunctional electrical systems for the automated improvement of the quality of electricity is substantiated, as well as the expediency and prospects of their use in combined power supply systems based on the parallel operation of centralized and autonomous sources of distributed generation.

In this work, a novel pulse driving method for advanced in-cell touch (AIT) panels is proposed to meet the automotive electromagnetic interference (EMI) requirements. AIT panels are usually driven by load-free driving (LFD) to overcome the large parasitic capacitances of the in-cell touch sensors. However, strong EMI is emitted from the AIT panels, by the harmonics of the driving pulses used for LFD. Thus, a novel driving pulse for LFD is necessary to resolve the EMI problems. The proposed driving pulse is created from the frequency-spread pulse chain with a duty cycle 0.46. The spread-spectrum effect is enhanced by alternating two types of pulse chains with different frequencies. Consequently, the EMI emissions of the fifth harmonic, which is the main factor associated with EMI reduction, is attenuated by 15 dB. The first and third harmonics are fitted to a frequency band without any CISPR-25 specification. Thus, the automotive EMI requirements can be satisfied. The touch performance remained unchanged. The existing circuit components, which are designed for pulse driving, can be employed without additional modification, unlike in the case of sine-wave driving. The proposed pulse chain can provide optimized pulse driving for AIT panels.

For millimeter-wave radar application, a very compact planar W-band Tx/Rx front-end module is proposed in this brief. Its novel planar and integrated design benefits from a electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) packaging and the low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) circuits. The unit cell of the substrate integrated EBG is proposed instead of the traditional machined nail unit cell, and its periodic structure is applied for the electromagnetic compatibility of this W-band front-end. Moreover, there are three LTCC circuits applied in this W-band front-end module, including the microstrip-to-waveguide transition, bandpass filter, and forward-wave directional coupler. Finally, the EBG packaging and LTCC circuits are fabricated. Then, the proposed planar and integrated W-band front-end module is assembled and measured with other active chips. The transmitted power is around 28.5 dBm, and the receive noise figure is around 7.5 dB, which demonstrate the feasibility of such a W-band Tx/Rx front-end module.

Pairing wide-bandgap (WBG) inverters with high-speed motors results in compact and effi cient motor drives, but requires special attention on electromagnetic interference (EMI) aspects. This paper focuses on electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of high-speed motor drives, supplied by a DC source. In order to protect the nearby equipment from the EMI noise of the WBG inverter, a fi lter that complies with conducted EMI regulations is placed at the inverter DC input-side. However, there is no clear mandate requiring from inverters to comply with conducted EMI regulations at the AC output-side, where only the motor is placed. For this reason, there is no full consensus whether it is necessary to use an output fi lter, and if so, what type of output fi lter would be suitable, i.e., if differential-mode (DM), common-mode (CM) or both DM/CM output fi lter would fi t best. A full sine-wave output fi lter (FSF) is proposed in this paper, that features both DM and CM attenuation, and capacitors connected to the DC link. Besides the several well established benefi ts of a FSF, such as purely sinusoidal motor currents and the protection of the motor against high du/dt originating from the fast switching of the semiconductor devices, a FSF at the inverter output-side, also reduces the CM EMI emissions at the inverter input-side. Namely, since the inverter housing, the motor housing and the interconnecting shielded cable are all grounded, CM emissions generated at the inverter output-side are directly mapped to the inverter input-side, i.e., there is an input-to-output CM noise interrelation. A FSF reduces the output-side CM EMI emissions and thus mitigates the input-to-output CM noise mutual influence. Two types of FSF (c-FSF and d-FSF) are comparatively evaluated, in terms of volume, losses and EMI performance. The theoretical consideration are tested within the context of a high-speed 280 krpm, 1 kW motor drive, with 80 V DC supply. The experimental results validate the good performance of the proposed filter concept.

Power line communication technology is a retrofit alternative technology for last mile information technology. Despite several challenges, such as inadequate standards and electromagnetic compatibility, it is maturing. In this review, we have analysed these obstacles and its current application status.

Highlights • Development and user assessment of an Augmented Situated Visualization of EMC data. • Significant effect of the interaction methods on the time taken for data extraction. • Significant effect of the interaction methods used on walking steps. • Significant effect of the interaction and visualization methods on task correctness. • Results suggest that specific techniques may be used depending on the task requisites., Graphical abstract, In electrical engineering, hardware experts often need to analyze electromagnetic radiation data to detect any external interference or anomaly. The field that studies this sort of assessment is called electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). As a way to support EMC analysis, we propose the use of Augmented Situated Visualization (ASV) to supply professionals with visual and interactive information that helps them to comprehend that data, however situating it where it is most relevant in its spatial context. Users are able to interact with the visualization by changing the attributes being displayed, comparing the overlaps of multiple fields, and extracting data, as a way to refine their search. The solutions being proposed in this work were tested against each other in comparable 2D and 3D interactive visualizations of the same data in a series of data-extraction assessments with users, as a means to validate the approaches. Results exposed a correctness-time trade-off between the interaction methods. The hand-based techniques (Hand Slider and Touch Lens) were the least error-prone, being near to half as error-inducing as the gaze-based method. Touch Lens also performed as the least time-consuming method, taking in average less than half of the average time required by the others. For the visualization methods tested, the 2D ray casts presented a higher usability score and lesser workload index than the 3D topology view, however exposing over two times the error ratio. Ultimately, this work exposes how AR can help users to have better performances in a decision-making context, particularly in EMC related tasks, while also furthering the research in the ASV field.

This article investigates the scattering characteristics inside the cabinet of a nuclear power plant by the mode-matching technique (MMT) when arbitrary wireless devices are assumed to be applied in the plant. The modal decomposition, multiregion problem, and power conservations of the MMT are introduced to confirm the scattered field inside the cabinet. It is found that stronger scattered fields are usually found when the center of the gap in the rear door of the cabinet is located $1.5\lambda _{0}$ away from the side wall. Therefore, when determining the geometry of the cabinet and digital modules, the scattered field inside the cabinet is systematically analyzed in advance, and appropriate design guidelines for the cabinet can be suggested.

This paper presents a charge-balanced readout circuit for MEMS capacitive accelerometers. The focus of this work is a design with a low-noise and low area consumption while ensuring the essential linearity and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) for automotive applications. The readout circuit is composed of a charge-balanced single-ended input C/V stage followed by a second order sigma-delta modulator. The C/V stage uses a Gm stage combined with an integrator to reduce its noise contribution. The measurement results of the readout circuit show a noise floor of 62 $\mu g/{\sqrt {\mathrm{ Hz}}}$ and a temperature dependent offset smaller than ±0.6 mg after compensation. The measured dynamic range of the complete interface, including readout circuit and sensor, is 95.5 dB. The measured EMC is below 2 mg. The accelerometer readout circuit has been designed in a 130nm technology. Its power and area consumption is 1.4 mW and 0.26mm2.

The majority of the past and current ESA's, NASA's, and JAXA's science missions utilize broadly SpaceWire (SpW) Links, with Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) for the physical layer, to transfer mission data. Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) problems caused by harnesses' radiated emissions remain a constant open issue in every mission due to the scientific payload sensitivity. A common cause of radiated emissions from shielded cable bundles can be traced to the currents flowing on the shield of the harness. This work aims to present a complete methodology for predicting the Electric field emissions in the case of an operating SpW link, while it can be expanded to any shielded cable which utilizes LVDS. The physical and protocol layer of the link are implemented via a developed LVDS Signal emulator, handling both the characteristics of the signals at the outputs of the LVDS line drivers and the effects of their transmission across the link along with the termination scheme, in order to calculate the common mode current flowing on the shield. The radiated emissions can then be estimated considering the ground material and a detailed harness topology, employing traveling wave antenna theory. The validity of this approach is assessed by comparing the predictions with actual link radiated emissions measurements. Simulation results are in good agreement with the measurements, rendering this methodology a fast tactic for the pre-compliance procedure for the early design stage of the science space mission.

In this letter, a deep-learning-based neural network for magnetic dipole modeling (MDMnet) is introduced in the framework of dc magnetic cleanliness for space missions. The developed method targets modeling the static magnetic signature of a spacecraft unit that is obtained during the unit-level characterization stage of the extensive prelaunch electromagnetic compatibility test campaign. By employing synthetic magnetic flux density data generated by virtual dipole sources, the MDMnet can be trained to accurately estimate the magnetic parameters of real equipment based on its near magnetic flux density measurements. The target of the deep learning algorithm is, on the one hand, to effectively minimize the prediction errors (loss function) throughout the training process and, on the other hand, to enable the generalization of the model predictions, i.e., exhibit accurate model estimations with unseen magnetic induction data. Extensive simulations toward the stabilization of the MDMnet hyperparameters are outlined, and indicative model inferences employing artificial magnetic flux density data are carried out. Finally, the MDMnet can achieve a predictive accuracy of 0.8 mm with respect to the dipole localization and 1% with respect to the magnetic induction magnitude, verifying the potency of the developed method.

A tanulmány a Miskolci Egyetem Elektrotechnikai és Elektronikai Intézeti Tanszékén folyó kutatási irányvonalakat mutatja be. A tanszéki kutatások nem csak elméleti, azaz alapkutatások, hanem alkalmazott kutatások is. Az alapvetően négy témakört (Villamosenergia-termelés környezetközpontú értékelése; Globális optimalizációs adatfeldolgozás; BLDC motorok EMC vizsgálata; Napszimulátorok, valamint napelemek kísérleti és szimulációs vizsgálata) átfogó kutatás-fejlesztési program szervesen kapcsolódik az aktuális ipari kérdéshez is, így elmondható, hogy a Tanszéken jövőbe mutató kutatómunka folyik.

The wireless power transfer (WPT) system generates a high density leakage electromagnetic field (EMF) during its operation. Exposure to leakage EMF has adverse effects on human health. In order to reduce the leakage EMF, a shielding method can be applied to the WPT system. The shielding methods in previous studies reduced leakage EMF, but the power transfer efficiency (PTE) of the WPT system was decreased. Therefore, a shielding method providing high shielding effectiveness (SE) without PTE degradation is necessary. This paper proposes a dual loop reactive shield application for reducing leakage EMF with PTE enhancement. The proposed dual loop reactive shield generates in phase and out of phase magnetic fields simultaneously. The out of phase magnetic field depresses leakage EMF, and the in phase magnetic field increases the PTE. The proposed method is verified for the cases of symmetric and asymmetric WPT systems, including misalignment conditions. The experimental results of the symmetric WPT system showed a 2.1% PTE increase with 55.5% SE in an alignment condition, and a 3.9% PTE increase with 53% SE in a misalignment condition. In addition, the experimental results of the asymmetric WPT system presented a 1.6% PTE increase with 61.3% SE in an alignment condition, and a 2.7% PTE increase with 54.1% SE in a misalignment condition.

There are a large number of cables in complex electronic systems, and these cables are usually arranged in multiple cable bundles with branches. In the layout of the cable bundles, the total length and weight of all cables must be minimized, and the cables must be arranged in bundles as much as possible; in addition, the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) performance of the system must be as good as possible. In response to this problem, this study proposes a layout method suitable for cable bundles with branches in complex electronic systems: first, an automatic layout method for cable bundles with branches is proposed to obtain the initial layout of the cable bundles; then, four different machine learning methods are used to establish prediction models with four outputs and eight input variables, and a fast weighted linear fusion method based on prior information and genetic algorithm is proposed to obtain a better performance fusion model; finally, a multi-objective optimization algorithm based on machine learning and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) is proposed and used to optimize the layout parameters. The validation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

A database is presented that allows the investigation of machine learning (ML) tools and techniques in the signal integrity (SI), power integrity (PI), and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) domains. The database contains different types of printed circuit board (PCB)-based interconnects and corresponding frequency domain data from a physics-based (PB) tool and represent multiple electromagnetic (EM) aspects to SI and PI optimization. The interconnects have been used in the past by the authors to investigate ML techniques in SI and PI. However, many more tools and techniques can be developed and applied to these structures. The setup of the database, its data sets, and examples on how to apply ML techniques to the data will be discussed in detail. Overall 78961 variations of interconnects are presented. By making this database available we invite other researchers to apply and customize their ML techniques using our results. This provides the possibility to accelerate ML research in EMC engineering without the need to generate expensive data.

Conducted emissions on the traction battery's power cables in EVs must be limited to avoid unwanted electromagnetic interference (EMI). When designing an EMI filter, it is advantageous to have information of the common mode (CM) and differential mode (DM) noise levels. This article deals with the measurement and separation of the dc side's three-wire DM/CM noise of a fault-tolerant three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter with a split-battery system. Two hardware separators, based on small-circuit highfrequency transformers, were developed to identify the dc side's CM, line-DM, and phase-DM noise levels. Their characterized CM and DM rejection ratios for the frequency range from 150 kHz to 110 MHz are at least $-$ 33 and $-$ 21 dB, respectively. The separated noise of the NPC inverter was measured, using an inductive load, when operating the inverter with three-level and two-level modulation, resembling normal operation and a possible operation under fault, respectively. A simple three-wire CM model of the used testbed and the DM power module oscillation were derived to validate the separated noise's resonance peaks/valleys. It has been seen that the CM noise is dominant, especially below 10 MHz, except for the power module oscillations. Furthermore, when using the two-level modulation, in the case of a clamping diode fault, the noise levels are increased by about 3 dB.

In this letter, a flexible and frequency-reconfigurable bandstop frequency selective surface (FSS) is studied theoretically and experimentally. The FSS patterns are fabricated on an ultrathin flexible substrate through screen printing, a low-cost, high-efficiency additive manufacturing methodology. With the embedded varactors biased from 0 to 20 V, resonant frequency tuning from 3.5 to 5.7 GHz was measured. Outstanding wide angular stability under different bias voltages has also been examined in theory and measurement by changing the incidence angle from 0° to 60°. As a demonstration of the flexible FSS in the conformal application, the FSS is tightly covered on a half-cylinder with a diameter of 10 cm, which agrees well with the case when placed on a flat surface. Furthermore, the unit cell has a size of λ/15 at 3.5 GHz, featured with miniaturization. The mechanical flexibility, frequency reconfigurability, and angular stability make it meaningful in applications of flexible/conformal covering for aiming objects, including electromagnetic scattering control, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), etc.

This article presents measured results carried out inside an automotive EMC semianechoic chamber of test methodologies that assess the radiated emissions of a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) under dynamic drive conditions including acceleration, deceleration and different constant speeds. On the contrary, existing automotive EMC test methods applied as per UNECE Regulation 10 and CISPR 12, concerning the radiated emissions of vehicles, consider fixed laboratory setups and vehicle drive conditions. Test parameters, such as 360° azimuth scan around the vehicle, antenna height scan and broadband versus fixed-frequency measurement techniques based on a single vehicle demonstrate that actual radiated emissions can be higher than those in fixed laboratory configurations prescribed on existing standards. Next to this, measurements that associate the time-dependence of the electromagnetic emissions with vehicle's parameters such as velocity and power from the (electric) traction battery are analyzed and discussed. Furthermore, results of radiated emissions below 30 MHz and above 1 GHz, which are not obligatory during vehicle EMC testing, are outlined. The EMC test methodologies discussed in this work can assist the EMC troubleshooting of vehicles and help to quickly identify the critical area(s) around the vehicle that contribute to the generated electromagnetic interference.

Magnetic cleanliness is a severe electromagnetic compatibility topic in nearly all science space missions. Nowadays this interest is expanding from dc to the area of extremely low-frequency magnetic sources. This article presents an enhanced methodology to minimize the magnetic field at a volume in the vicinity of the spacecraft where sensitive instruments or measurement sensors are placed. A common process in early design stages of a space mission is to measure the candidate equipment separately and throughout this unit-level test campaign, a robust design of the system-level platform taking into consideration strict magnetic cleanliness requirements is developed. Based on this unit level magnetic signature characterization and through heuristic approach, the proper equipment ordinance or in case this is not possible the proper placement of compensation magnets can lead to system-level magnetic field minimization. The proposed methodology considers all the parameters of the equipment regarding dimensions, avoiding this way the overlap of the units inside the spacecraft providing feasible placement. Moreover, since the magnetic moment orientation and the center of the unit are the main optimization parameters, this methodology, when the appropriate measurements are available, can also include the induced magnetic behavior of the equipment. Authors prove with simulations that with appropriate equipment ordinance, the synthesis of a suitable electromagnetic environment is possible to be achieved.

Wireless devices are the largest part of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) units. Radiated, such as specific absorption rate and spurious related issues are regulated by the standards bodies. The functionality performance will greatly influence IoT system stability, user experience, and cost. Radio receiver desensitization and coexistence aspects of IoT devices are discussed in this article. Measurement technologies are briefly reviewed for transmit/receive mode only of single-input single-output (SISO), and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) devices, to provide a means of device performance evaluation and electromagnetic interference troubleshooting. An understanding of the electromagnetic compatibility aspects of the IoT and its measurement methods can help ensure the best user experience for ubiquitous wireless systems.

We present the design, fabrication and experiment of a miniature nonresonant probe based on a coplanar waveguide dedicated to near-field imaging for electromagnetic compatibility applications. Our ...

This article presents a global methodology to test components (equipment) on table test bench with representative interferences found on vehicle simulation in case of wideband modulated pulse interferences. The proposed method consists, first, of using an electromagnetic three-dimensional simulation model of the vehicle already validated to quickly determine time-domain waveforms of the common-mode current at any load connected at the end of a copper wire located inside the vehicle under wideband modulated pulse interferences. The second step of the method consists of showing that representative interference waveforms obtained by simulation can be reinjected into a component under test using conducted injection means usually used for electromagnetic compatibility tests in automotive industry in order to cover vehicle tests in case of Wideband/Mesoband modulated pulse interferences.

The 694–790 MHz band (700 MHz) known also as the second digital dividend was allocated to the mobile radiocommunication service on a primary basis in Region 1 and identified to International Mobile Telecommunications by the World Radiocommunication Conference 2012 (WRC-12). The designation of mobile service in Europe and other countries of Region 1 in 700 MHz band was obtained after the World Radiocommunication Conference 2015 (WRC-15). Administrations of Region 1 will be able to plan and use these frequencies for mobile networks, including IMT. The goal of this study is to estimate the electromagnetic compatibility of Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial (DVB-T/DVB-T2) and LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology operating both in 700 MHz band. The study assumes frequency division duplex (FDD) channel arrangement of 703–733 MHz (for uplink) and of 758–788 MHz (for downlink). The model contains two parts: a DVB-T/DVB-T2 system and LTE mobile broadband network. Co-channel scenario is considered in this paper, and possible impact of DVB-T/DVB-T2 on LTE base stations (receivers) is also investigated. The Monte Carlo simulations within SEAMCAT software and the Minimum Coupling Loss (MCL) method are used for interference investigation. The coordination trigger field strength value predetermined by GE06 Agreement is also used in this study. The Monte Carlo method presents more relaxed electromagnetic compatibility scenario in comparison with the MCL method. For SEAMCAT simulations, ITU-R P.1546-5 radio propagation model is used. The obtained results present the required minimum separation distance between DVB-T/DVB-T2 and LTE networks in the 694–790 MHz in order to provide the necessary performance of LTE mobile network.

This article discusses the possible formats of signals of 5G mobile communication networks (NR, IMT-2020): configurations of the number of resource blocks and frequency shifts of subcarriers. modulation schemes, organizations of the physical level, as well as the broadband signals of these networks and, as a result, the need for introducing a margin on the linearity of the transceiver’s paths to eliminate distortion or the manifestation of blocking effects when the signal interferes with third-party means. We analyze the characteristics of the dynamic range of the signals from IMT-2020 ground mobile systems and make a conclusion about the noise-like signals. To find the ratio of the maximum amplitude to its average value and a given ratio not exceeded with a given probability, the Matlab mathematical models were used. We infer that the law of probability distribution of the module of the instantaneous amplitude of the 5G signals corresponds to the distribution characteristic of narrow-band radio noise. Based on the study, the peak factor of the signal of the IMT-2020 ground mobile systems for various variations is obtained and a sufficient level of power reserve is provided to ensure, with high probability, the transmission of the 5G signals through radio paths, eliminating signal distortion. The results of this study were applied in the examination of the electromagnetic compatibility of radio electronic devices of cellular mobile communications with existing and promising electronic means of civil and special purposes and in the study of the protection of ground satellite stations from the effects of radio electronic means of IMT-2020 cellular mobile telecommunication networks located at border territories.

This article proposes an electromagnetic compatibility improved bandgap voltage reference with a low current consumption of only 3.5 μA in an automotive environment with a wide temperature range from –40 °C to 160 °C and a high electromagnetic interference (EMI) robustness. The proposed reference is based on the well-known Brokaw bandgap with only five bipolar transistors in the bandgap core including collector current leakage compensation. We analyzed parasitic effects in the bandgap core such as the influence of parasitic capacitances between the substrate and the collectors of these bipolar transistors as well as the impact of the operational amplifier. We made recommendations on how to improve the bandgap EMI robustness. Simulation results were compared with measurements on a test chip. The measurement results showed excellent EMI robustness.

A novel design concept to reduce the frequency ratio of a dual-band dual-circularly polarized (CP) microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is presented by using its reshaped TM10, TM01, and TM20 modes. First, the far-zone radiated fields of the traditional MPA are theoretically investigated. It demonstrates that the normal | Eθ | and | Eϕ | fields at xoz plane are orthogonally generated under its TM10 and TM01 modes, respectively. Unfortunately, its TM20 mode radiates the nonbroadside | Eθ | fields at xoz plane. Then, an open-ended stub is loaded around the edge of the radiator, aiming to reshape the TM20 mode as the broadside radiation. After that, the patch width is decreased with the loading of two shorting pins. The main target is to move the TM01 mode resonating between TM10 and TM20 modes. Finally, the proposed antenna is fabricated and tested. The results illustrate that its left-hand CP and right-hand CP radiation patterns are satisfactorily acquired at around 2.134 and 2.223 GHz, respectively, thus gaining a small frequency ratio of around 1.04. Meanwhile, the antenna holds the low-profile (0.02 free-space wavelength), small-backlobe, single-layer, single-fed, and single-radiator properties.