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Automation of processes related to data exchange is an effective way of communication between two or more independent entities. The paper deals with the necessity of implementation Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) into processes of the transport company and suggests applying this system as a method of communication between customers and a transport company. The transport company can simplify and speed up all the processes within transportation chain by the implementation of EDI and a suitable interface for application programming.

Objectives We incorporated the Korean Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) vocabulary into Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) vocabulary using a semi-automated process. The goal of this study was to improve the Korean EDI as a standard medical ontology in Korea. Methods We incorporated the EDI vocabulary into OMOP vocabulary through four main steps. First, we improved the current classification of EDI domains and separated medical services into procedures and measurements. Second, each EDI concept was assigned a unique identifier and validity dates. Third, we built a vertical hierarchy between EDI concepts, fully describing child concepts through relationships and attributes and linking them to parent terms. Finally, we added an English definition for each EDI concept. We translated the Korean definitions of EDI concepts using Google.Cloud.Translation.V3, using a client library and manual translation. We evaluated the EDI using 11 auditing criteria for controlled vocabularies. Results We incorporated 313,431 concepts from the EDI to the OMOP Standardized Vocabularies. For 10 of the 11 auditing criteria, EDI showed a better quality index within the OMOP vocabulary than in the original EDI vocabulary. Conclusions The incorporation of the EDI vocabulary into the OMOP Standardized Vocabularies allows better standardization to facilitate network research. Our research provides a promising model for mapping Korean medical information into a global standard terminology system, although a comprehensive mapping of official vocabulary remains to be done in the future.

Electronic or e-trade trading (English: Electronic Commerce, also e-commerce) is a spread, purchase, sales, marketing goods and services through an electronic system such as internet or television, www, or other computer networks. Ecommerce can involve electronic fund transfers, electronic data exchange, auto inventory management systems, and automatic data collection systems. The Information Technology industry sees this e-commerce activity as the application and application of e-business (e-business) related to commercial transactions, such as: electronic fund transfer, SCM (E-Marketing), e-marketing), online marketing, online transaction processing (online transaction processing), electronic data interchange / edi), etc.E-commerce is part of e-business, where e-business coverage is wider, not just a commerce but includes also co-entrance business partners, customer service, job vacancies etc. Seeing very fast developments of the e-commerce growth in the world including in Indonesia, it is necessary an effective strategy for the tax authority in the reacting. One of the things that need to be concern is this very rapid growth should be maintained so that there is no distortion as a result of taxation policy. During this time, the tax aspect in e-commerce has been the highlight of tax authorities in the world, especially whether there should be a new tax impression on this transaction and also how to align the existing tax rules with e-commerce development.Transactions through digital media or e-commerce in Indonesia need rebuilding from the side of the legislation (Cyberlaw) so that in the future do not miss the dispute in it runs. This happens because the difficulty of tracking the transactions used through the e-commerece is either B-to-B (business to business) or B-to-C (business to consumers). For example the relationship between the supplier with the factory, how the apparatus is to oversee the existence of transactions or not between the two through the e-commerce the solution of solving the problem is the government must take steps in solving the unstable internet infrastructure issues and frequent reliable transportation, the licensing procedure of customs to dedicate to the duty procedure from dawn to the negative trade for the other value to increase the efficacy to make the rules for the epimal services that are still under the regulations of the same bank as well as the public of the transactions of online transactions, plan and conduct the introduction of certification systems, a number of large players should be able to open the way of foreign investment, including doing some major plans for foreign investors, of course with clear regulations and the government must provide ease of rules for small and medium business to gain access to investors, and giving taxes to the company in the new company.

This paper discusses trends, challenges, and perspectives in logistics system of Indonesia during and post (new normal) of Covid-19 pandemic. PSBB (Large-Scale Social Restriction) caused a number of supply chains to be cut and made railroad transportation activities decreased. On the other hand, WFH (Work From Home) caused sector of e-Commerce to grow during the pandemic. Challenges in logistics system of Indonesia during the pandemic are changes in distribution patterns, changes in handling processes, changes in facilities and equipment, changes in business processes, and changes in networks. Adaptations in logistics system during the pandemic are using ICT (information and communication technology) such as TMS (Transportation Management System) and EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) and considering health. WMS (Warehouse Management System) still has a great opportunity to be utilized. The adaptations raise a new discipline in Industrial Engineering, namely logistics hygienic. The use of various ICTs in logistics system together with implementation of health protocols are expected to be a solution for logistics system in Indonesia, especially for the new normal of Covid-19 pandemic.

The process of selling software at PT. Electronic Data Interchange Indonesia is a very important thing besides the programmer division which is the company's kitchen, without sales the company is less effective. The purpose of writing is to design a system that can provide easier for companies in the process of selling software so that it will be more economical and communicative. The research method used in this research is using quantitative methods using primary and secondary data as samples. Primary data is taken from field observations in the workplace, namely by observing, interviewing customers and company employees. Secondary data is taken from available data by conducting a literature study. The software used in designing web-based software sales system applications is using the PHP programming language (Hypertext Preprocessor) and MySql as the database. The system development method used is the waterfall method with the modeling tools used are context diagrams, Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) and Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERD). The results achieved in the design of software sales systems by utilizing computer system technology to assist customers in buying products sold by PT. Electronic Data Interchange Indonesia practically. Conclusion The system is designed as simple as possible so that customers and companies can use it very easily.

Circuit-based zero-knowledge proofs have arose as a solution to the implementation of privacy in blockchain applications, and to current scalability problems that blockchains suffer from. The most efficient circuit-based zero-knowledge proofs use a pairing-friendly elliptic curve to generate and validate proofs. In particular, the circuits are built connecting wires that carry elements from a large prime field, whose order is determined by the number of elements of the pairing-friendly elliptic curve. In this context, it is important to generate an inner curve using this field, because it allows to create circuits that can verify public-key cryptography primitives, such as digital signatures and encryption schemes. To this purpose, in this article, we present a deterministic algorithm for generating twisted Edwards elliptic curves defined over a given prime field. We also provide an algorithm for checking the resilience of this type of curve against most common security attacks. Additionally, we use our algorithms to generate Baby Jubjub, a curve that can be used to implement elliptic-curve cryptography in circuits that can be validated in the Ethereum blockchain. This research has been partially funded by the projects Project RTI2018-102112-B-100 (AEI/FEDER, UE), i3Market (H2020-ICT-2019-2 grant number 871754) and TCO-RISEBLOCK (PID2019- 110224RB-I00).

This study analyzed the traceability system's effect on Indonesia's food cold chain performance during the Covid-19 pandemic and described the needs of cold food consumers in Indonesia regarding the traceability system. Five latent variables were used to form research models, including the adoption of electronic data interchange (EDI), radio frequency identification (RFID), blockchain, traceability system, and food cold chain performance. This study uses a quantitative approach with a questionnaire as a research instrument distributed to 140 respondents by purposive sampling. The total number of manifest variables measuring latent variables is 28 variables. A partial least square for structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) is used to analyze the relationship between latent variables. The results obtained through this study are that exogenous variables: EDI, RFID, and blockchain adoption, significantly affect endogenous variables, namely the traceability system. Blockchain adoption is proven to have a very significant influence compared to the three information technologies. This work also confirms that the traceability system also has a significant effect on food cold chain performance.

In ERP’s (Enterprise Resource Planning)) integration processes, different solutions are used for data exchange. ERPs can be customized according to the solution used in the integration process. Due to use of different data types, systems can become complex. This complexity leads to problems with regards to data security. There still may be inadequate and missed conditions despite security measures taken for each data exchange method. Currently, EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) is one of the most widely used solutions for Data Exchange. In this study, we have created a design pattern that supports all kinds of data exchange and offers a holistic security solution. In this model, EDI is designed as intermediate level. A flexible and secure model is presented to ERP systems with this solution.

In the last two decades, information and communication technologies have significantly changed the development of relations in all sectors of public life. The modern information еra has provided unlimited opportunities for free exchange of information on all issues of public importance and the use of new technologies in order to raise the standard of living of members of society and their financial well-being. Information and communication technologies (ICT) are increasingly used in healthcare. A major factor in this trend is the extreme importance of information in medical practice. The way in which information about patients' health status is received and used by healthcare providers has a significant impact on the quality of care. The information itself, the selection and its completeness, becomes a decisive factor for the behavior of the participants in the national health systems - state bodies, medical establishments, professional companies, patient organizations and others.In this sense, the integration of information systems for electronic data interchange provides enormous opportunities for the rapid and efficient management of health information and hence for the more efficient operation of healthcare facilities and healthcare professionals. That's why, one of the most important tools for enhancing the effectiveness of any national health system is the construction of e-health (e-health). E-health is a valuable tool for improving national health systems and providing affordable and high quality health services. The successful construction and use of e-Health improves the communication environment and provides a number of benefits for the relevant national health system as well as for the whole community. In addition to building e-health, an effective healthcare system also requires the creation of an electronic health record for each patient, also referred to as electronic medical records. An electronic health record is a record that contains certain health information for one person in a format suitable for computer processing and use. Creating electronic health records is of great benefit to both patients and healthcare professionals. For example, the introduction of electronic medical records provides quick and easy access for physicians to patients' medical records, enabling them to track all important circumstances and changes in the patient's health status, and to tailor them to conduct specific diagnostic and healing activities.

Rapid growth and evolution in the number, functionalities, and scope of Internet of Things devices is evident. We present osmotic computing as a new paradigm able to respond to resource heterogeneity, secure data exchange, and efficient microservices deployment across federated cloud systems.

Purpose: Indeed due to global advancement, rapid technological innovation, and enhancing regional influence, supply chain (SC) has become an essential element. Now, competition has shifted from organization to industry level; any disruption can not only disturb organization but also affect the whole industry. Although Pakistan is agriculture land still industry sector is supporting more than half population, especially the automotive sector is the highest growing sector. Due to regional and economic shift toward China and India, this sector is facing numerous problems. Only thirteen large-scale automotive organizations are operational by creating collaboration among them many issues can be resolved. Supply chain collaboration has dogged the performance in various industries and in various regions. The aim of this study is to explore the potential benefits of supply chain collaboration toward achieving operational performance. Design/methodology/approach: This is an empirical investigation conducting among supply chain department of automotive industries in Pakistan. Data were collected from 232 members of the supply chain that include suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors. Factor analysis and multiple regressions through SPSS have been used for data analysis. Findings: The finding of this study reveals that two supply chain management approaches information sharing (IS), joint decision making (JDM) significantly effect, while Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) does not have a significant effect on operational performance. Research limitations: This study consists only three approaches, next study should include more approaches. Secondly, this study is limited to the automotive sector. Practical implications: [This study will help the managers of the automotive industry in making their operation smooth by applying information sharing, joint decision making, and electronic data interchange. Originality/value: First novelty of this study is the implementation of supply chain collaboration for developing country especially for Pakistan. Secondly, this study seed collaboration as communication and include all aspects of communication like formal communication, informal communication.

Inter-organizational information systems (IOIS) offer many potential benefits to organizations, and IOIS adoption has increased in the last few decades. However, IOIS adoption varies significantly across different contexts, and little research has investigated how contextual factors affect IOIS-adoption variances at the inter-organizational (IO) level in depth—particularly from a multilevel perspective. This paper proposes a novel multilevel framework to analyze what combinations of contextual factors at the national, industry, inter-organizational, and organizational levels influence IOIS-adoption variances at the inter-organizational level. We present an in-depth, exploratory case study of the Indonesian grocery industry that identified three inter-organizational configurations between manufacturers, distributors, and retailers with IOIS-adoption variances. We found that the combinations of multilevel contextual factors varied for each configuration and, thus, explain the IOIS-adoption variances we observed at the IO level in a nuanced and holistic way. We argue that our multilevel framework may help scholars avoid contextual fallacy by encouraging them to examine the influence of higher-level factors on IOIS-adoption variances at the IO level and to avoid the atomistic fallacy that results when they make the wrong assumption that IOIS adoption at the organizational level implies adoption at a higher level.

This paper examines the impact of the use of information and communications technologies on the overall performance of the supply chain in the Tunisian food sector. The information and communication technologies (ICTs) considered for this research are: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Transport Management System (TMS), Warehouse Management System (WMS) and Radio-frequency Identification (RFID). From a large sample survey (n= 82) of manufacturing firms operating in Tunisian food sector, results collected by using multiple regression with SPSS statistical software show that only ERP and CRM have a significant impact on the performance of supply chain in the context of Tunisian food sector.

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) has been a trusted form of communication standard for numerous industries since the 1970's. EDI is used for the exchange of data between two or more entities using an agreed upon EDI standard. With the plethora of data being generated across industries and research, the reliance on technologies such as EDI is more significant than ever. For an industry dealing with sensitive information such as health care, the parameters of security and reliability are of the utmost importance. A traditional EDI protocol provides a structured mechanism for data sharing between a sender and receiver creating pockets of disconnected data across the health care network. With the advent of blockchain there is now a more complete way to connect all these pockets of data. Blockchain is a distributed ledger that can be accessed by any entity, who has been granted access, to the blockchain. Every partner on the blockchain can see the most current data between all partners removing the typical delays and mishandling of data. By coupling together an industry standard such as EDI with blockchain creates a system that can allow for continued use of a trusted system but revolutionize it with ease of access for everyone involved. Creating an end-to-end data mechanism will not only generate more data, but more complete data since it will include data from every entity in the network on a distributed ledger. While blockchain in health care is not a new idea what this paper is proposing is the next step in this trend by looking at how big data analytics can be used along with the improved data transmission system. With the more complete data that would be generated from an EDI and blockchain system big data will be able to make better predictions, and even open the door to some completely new ways of analyzing data. The objective of this paper is to outline the current technologies and explore some possibilities for how integrating these technologies could benefit any industry, but more specifically health care.

The medical record is the work product of the healthcare team. The information contained in the medical record is comprised of patient complaints and recollections; medications and substance use history; data such as laboratory values, radiograph reports, and physical examination findings; and impressions and judgment. In order for patients to discuss their health issues frankly and honestly with healthcare professionals, there must be a sense of confidentiality and trust. In the past, handwritten medical charts could be lost or photocopied, but such breaches were limited in scope. The electronic medical record (EMR) created a cyberdocument that was ethereal that allowed for multiuser access, and which was portable; however, as with all electronic data, the EMR was subject to inadvertent large-scale dissemination and large-scale “hacking” access. In order to leverage the opportunities of the EMR and to best utilize the EMR for electronic data interchange and analysis, the passage of security laws was necessary. Laws and regulations regarding the privacy of medical information include not only HIPAA and HITECH but also state privacy laws and disciplinary rules and regulations. The scope and impact of such privacy rules and regulations on healthcare continue to evolve.

Machine learning has emerged as a promising paradigm for enabling connected, automated vehicles to autonomously cruise the streets and react to unexpected situations. Reacting to such situations requires accurate classification for uncommon events, which in turn depends on the selection of large, diverse, and high-quality training data. In fact, the data available at a vehicle (e.g., photos of road signs) may be affected by errors or have different levels of resolution and freshness. To tackle this challenge, we propose an active learning framework that, leveraging the information collected through onboard sensors as well as received from other vehicles, effectively deals with scarce and noisy data. Given the information received from neighboring vehicles, our solution: (i) selects which vehicles can reliably generate high-quality training data, and (ii) obtains a reliable subset of data to add to the training set by trading off between two essential features, i.e., quality and diversity. The results, obtained with different real-world datasets, demonstrate that our framework significantly outperforms state-of-the-art solutions, providing high classification accuracy with a limited bandwidth requirement for the data exchange between vehicles. Horizon 2020 Framework Programme;European Commission Scopus

Medical data exchange between diverse e-health entities can lead to a better healthcare quality, improving the response time in emergency conditions, and a more accurate control of critical medical events (e.g., national health threats or epidemics). However, exchanging large amount of information between different e-health entities is challenging in terms of security, privacy, and network loads, especially for large-scale healthcare systems. Indeed, recent solutions suffer from poor scalability, computational cost, and slow response. Thus, this article proposes medical-edge-blockchain (MEdge-Chain), a holistic framework that exploits the integration of edge computing and blockchain-based technologies to process large amounts of medical data. Specifically, the proposed framework describes a healthcare system that aims to aggregate diverse health entities in a unique national healthcare system by enabling swift, secure exchange, and storage of medical data. Moreover, we design an automated patients monitoring scheme, at the edge, which enables the remote monitoring and efficient discovery of critical medical events. Then, we integrate this scheme with a blockchain architecture to optimize medical data exchanging between diverse entities. Furthermore, we develop a blockchain-based optimization model that aims to optimize the latency and computational cost of medical data exchange between different health entities, hence providing effective and secure healthcare services. Finally, we show the effectiveness of our system in adapting to different critical events, while highlighting the benefits of the proposed intelligent health system. 2014 IEEE. Scopus

There is an increase in the usage of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices which focus on, efficiency and automation of different tasks to minimize the user intervention during COVID-19 pandemic. These IoT devices incur seamless excessive data exchange, Therefore, there is need for reinforcing the security, authentication and privacy to be more resilient to the various types of attacks which are the key concern for many organizations, especially cloud based networks carrying sensitive data. This paper presents a review of the challenges facing the IoT ecosystem along with the attack vectors threatening the IoT environment. A proposed solution for defending security threats found in IoT using blockchain technology is also discussed.

Electronic exchange of healthcare data between hospitals and institutions is limited by privacy, interoperability, and dependency on centralized data management systems. Sharing patients' data without their consent is a violation of the law and bears the risk of identity hack and misuse of healthcare data. Not all healthcare institutions follow a similar structure and semantic to store patients' data, making it almost impossible to share the data for research and better patient management. Centralized data management system is vulnerable to cyberattacks and data theft. It also creates lock-in problems for patients intending to migrate their data to any other institute. In this paper, a permissioned Blockchain with Proof of Authority (PoA) technology has been proposed that guarantees data privacy, data owner's control on sharing their sensitive information, and effective distributed management of healthcare records. It also addresses the importance of managing medical records in an interoperable manner, and the use of de facto standards such as Fast Healthcare Interoperable Resources (FHIR), which helps the meaningful exchange of healthcare records among all participants. The work is based on simulating the outcome of using PoA to understand the efficacy of this consensus algorithm when using Blockchain technology for secure data sharing.

The music industry uses several categories of information standards, which involve policies, governance rules, and technical specifications. This chapter explains the standardized ways of identifying music-related parties, intellectual property, publications, products, and releases; of formatting music metadata; and of exchanging data electronically. It describes how parties such as songwriters/composers, music publishers, recording artists, performers on sound recordings, and record companies are identified through use of the IPI, IPN, and ISNI; intellectual property such as musical compositions and sound recordings and music videos are identified through use of the ISWC, ISRC, acoustic fingerprints, and watermarks; and publications, products, and releases are identified through the use of the ISMN, GTIN, and GRiD. It explores the way that Music Data Style Guides are used to set rules regarding the presentation of information to consumers and the structure of data which accompanies digital music files. It explains the electronic data interchange standards, including the CIS and DDEX message suites, which are used to efficiently communicate information between parties in the supply and value chains. Finally, the chapter looks to the future, considering the information management segment of the music industry as a form of IT service management and explores ways that people, process, and technology may come together to maximize business value.

Data Exchange layer X-Road successfully implemented in Estonia is a key enabler for secure data exchange and interoperability in public and private sector. Other countries are adopting the similar interoperability and data exchange framework as a part of e-governance solution. To ensure successful adoption of previously named framework it is important to identify crucial prerequisites influencing the process. In current paper, we analyse the practice of nine different countries. First, we define possible prerequisites in combination with relevant literature, data and documentation analysis. Second, we validate these prerequisites through qualitative expert interviews and identify additional prerequisites. The focus of this paper is on X-Road adoption critical prerequisites, in this context we analyse X-Road deployment wealth indicators, the impact of prerequisites in accelerating X-Road implementation, and procedures to assess countries readiness to adopt X-Road. Research results presented in this paper offer initial assessment framework to investigate the country's readiness to adopt systems similar to X-Road.

Data generated by sensors in Internet of Things ecosystems contains lots of valuable information, which is often not used to its full potential. This is mainly due to the fact that data is stored in proprietary storages and formats. Manufacturers of sensor devices often offer closed platforms to view and manage the data, which limits their reusability. Moreover, questions start to raise about true data ownership over data generated from monitoring our everyday lives. In order to overcome these issues several initiatives have emerged in the past to hand over data to the rightful owner. One of these initiatives is Solid, currently focusing on socially linked data. However, never before did one apply the Solid principles to Internet of Things data. Therefore, in this paper, a novel approach is presented where sensor data is handled from sensor to storage using open data formats and standards to ensure interoperability and reusability. It is shown that combining existing concepts can be helpful in designing decentralized Internet of Things data storages, on top of which data can be incorporated into the Linked Open Data cloud. This has been done by comparing the overhead of a regular approach, using Linked Open Data concepts on top of a sensor device, to an approach that was optimized for device management in constrained Internet of Things networks.

Smart health systems improve the efficiency of healthcare infrastructures and biomedical systems by integrating information and technology into health and medical practices. However, reliability, scalabilty and latency are among the many challenges hindering the realization of next-generation healthcare. In fact, with the exponential increases in the volume of patient data being produced and processed, many healthcare system' are being overwhelmed with the deluge of data they are facing. Many systems have been proposed to improve the system latency and scalability. However, there are concerns related to some of theses systems regarding the increasing levels of required human interaction which impact their efficiency. Recently, machine learning techniques are gaining a lot of interest in health applications as they exhibit fast processing with realtime predictions. In this paper, we propose a new healthcare system to reduce the waiting time in emergency department and improve the network scalability in any distributed system. The proposed model integrates the power of edge computing with machine learning techniques for providing a good quality of healthcare services. The machine learning algorithm is used to generate a classifier that can predict with high levels of accuracy the likelyhood of a patient to have a heart attack using his physiological signals ECG. The proposed system stores the patient data in a centralized database and generates a unique index using a new data-dependent Indexing algorithm that transforms the patient data into unique code to be sent for any medical data exchange. Multiple machine learning algorithms are studied and the best algorithm will be selected based on efficient performance result for the prediction of heart attack problem. simulation results show that the proposed model can effectively detect the abnormal heart beats with 91% using SVM algorithm. We show also that the proposed system outperforms conventional indexing algorithm systems in terms of collisions rate. 2020 IEEE. Qatar National Research Fund Scopus

The future of healthcare systems is being shaped by incorporating emerged technological innovations to drive new models for patient care. By acquiring, integrating, analyzing, and exchanging medical data at different system levels, new practices can be introduced, offering a radical improvement to healthcare services. This article presents a novel smart and secure Healthcare system (ssHealth), which, leveraging advances in edge computing and blockchain technologies, permits epidemics discovering, remote monitoring, and fast emergency response. The proposed system also allows for secure medical data exchange among local healthcare entities, thus realizing the integration of multiple national and international entities and enabling the correlation of critical medical events for, for example, emerging epidemics management and control. In particular, we develop a blockchain-based architecture and enable a flexible configuration thereof, which optimize medical data sharing between different health entities and fulfil the diverse levels of Quality of Service (QoS) that ssHealth may require. Finally, we highlight the benefits of the proposed ssHealth system and possible directions for future research. 1986-2012 IEEE. Qatar Foundation;Qatar National Research Fund;Qatar University Scopus

The assembly industry implements production outsourcing to meet the needs of assembly product components. The outsourcing of assembly product components is based on a relationship model between the contractor and the industry, between the industry with assembly parts and other processes, and more recently between the assembly parts and sales. In production outsourcing, there are generally no communication patterns established between the contractor/supplier and the assembly team regarding problems that may appear during the assembly process. Electronic data interchange (EDI) technology as a method to promote electronic communication between companies can be implemented for assembly teams and suppliers so that the former can relay component assembly problems during the assembly process. In order to improve coordination and communication with external business partners, the production outsourcing activities need EDI technology so they can communicate rapidly and accurately. To make EDI technology more useful, this method can be integrated with a manufacturing, planning system called computer-aided process planning (CAPP). CAPP is a link between design and manufacturing in a computer-integrated manufacturing environment. Commonly used by manufacturing engineers, CAPP can be used to develop a product manufacturing plan. The purpose of the present study was to design and develop a web-based software application integration initiative between EDI and CAPP that can be used as a communication means between the assembly team and the supplier, which will specifically help the assembly team to plan component assembly process so they can eliminate or reduce manual intervention in assembly planning

Blockchain has enormous potential to advance modern services, but it is important to remember that no new technology succeeds with the rip-and-replace method. Organizations using this technology will have a greater impact if they augment existing, well-established technologies such as electronic data interchange (EDI) systems.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze maritime logistics connectivity of ports and shipping networks in the East Sea Economic Rim (ESER) to promote international trade in the context of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), considering centrality, primary flow and clustering interaction. Design/methodology/approach The paper applies a complex network model, using a big data system consisting of an automated identification system, electronic data interchange and distributive and complex data. Three perspectives, including connectivity in trading ports and regions, centralities in the realm of complex network and potential marketing and regional impacts, and sixteen criteria are considered for this analysis. A visual approach has been also applied to highlight port connectivity and ship flows for the reader’s convenience. Findings The paper shows that port connectivity and maritime logistics are enablers to promote Korean international trade in Northeast China through the ESER, and 25 major ports are well connected to promote international trade in the region with visual data of ship flows by ship type and by flag. Research limitations/implications Owing to the lack of port management information systems among the countries in the ESER except Korea and Japan, this paper could not capture cargo types and amounts on board. Port connectivity analysis shows links of the ports in the ESER to major ports in southeast Asia along the Twenty-first Century Maritime Silk Road (MSR). These results contribute to drawing policy implications to promote the ESER and provide suggestions for promoting Korean international trade by enhancing maritime logistics connectivity. Originality/value Unlike the existing literature showing descriptive and policy-oriented research related to ESER, this paper applied a vigorous method with a big amount of data to analyze port connectivity and ship flows in the ESER, considering China’s BRI affecting the global supply chain system, maritime transportation, and logistics. In addition, the paper shows how the seaports in the ESER are connected along the MSR.

This article discusses the experience and the ideas of National Statistical Institutes from four countries – Portugal, Sweden, Canada, and the Netherlands – in order to build a fully automated data collection system, to provide a system-to-system (S2S) data exchange or Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) between all stakeholders in the production chain. This joint work is a summary of an invited session at the Fifth International Conference on Establishment Surveys, which was devoted to ‘the future of business data collection’. Taken together, the four presentations provide an overview of recent experiences with S2S/EDI data collection for financial business data. The basis for such a system is an integrated unbroken digital information chain that runs from the recording of financial data in computerised administrative systems of individual businesses all the way to publishing economic statistics – the Business Information Chain. This chain can be ‘closed’ and made into a cycle by including a feedback loop, for example by providing benchmark data to businesses. However, to make it happen, technical standardisation, vertical and horizontal conceptual harmonisation between all partners in the chain, and positive business cases for all partners are needed. The article starts by putting EDI developments in historical perspective.

We automate the process of license compatibility compliance.We consider the emerging Software Package Data Exchange (SPDX) specification.License detection is an important step in the license compatibility process.We use a testing set with open source projects including three popular software products as case studies. Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) promotes software reuse and distribution at different levels for both creator and users, but at the same time imposes some challenges in terms of FOSS licenses that can be selected and combined. The main problem linked to this selection is the presence of a large set of licenses that define different rights and obligations in software use. The problem becomes more evident in cases of complex combinations of software that carries different often conflicting licenses. In this paper we are presenting our work on automating license compatibility by proposing a process that examines the structure of Software Package Data Exchange (SPDX) for license compatibility issues assisting in their correct use and combination. We are offering the possibility to detect license violations in existing software projects and make suggestions on appropriate combinations of different software packages. We are also elaborating on the complexity and ambiguity of licensing detection in software products through representative case studies. Our work constitutes a useful process towards automating the analysis of software systems in terms of license use and compatibilities.

Os portos brasileiros apresentam problemas causados pela falta de investimento e inovação, levando a gargalos na movimentação das mercadorias. O mesmo ocorre em portos dos países integrantes do BRICS. Para a solução destes gargalos, uma opção seriam as Tecnologias de Informação (TI), que atuam como facilitadoras na gestão e operação portuárias. Neste artigo, tem-se como objetivo analisar os principais problemas encontrados nos portos do BRICS e propor soluções para estes por meio do uso de TIs. Assim, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, por meio do levantamento em bases, como Scopus e SciElo, além de websites institucionais. Para o problema de alocação de berço, a otimização mostrou-se mais eficaz; quanto ao congestionamento, utilizou-se simulação, otimização e RFID, enquanto que para problemas de gestão, Sistemas de Transporte Inteligentes (ITS) e outras TIs (Electronic Data Interchange – EDI) auxiliariam na integração dos atores desse sistema logístico, minimizando grande parte dos problemas.

This paper aims to analyze the international academic literature production about the main practices and initiatives related to collaborative management in supply chains in articles published in international journals indexed in Scopus. The research evaluated publications in the 2005-2014 period, using bibliometric techniques to identify the publication year, the country and the periodicals in which these papers were published, as well as the predominant themes. In total the research investigated 331 papers related to the following practices and collaborative initiatives: Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI), Continuous Replenishment (CR), Efficient Customer Response (ECR) and Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR). The results demonstrated that (a) there is no concentration of publications in a small group of journals; (b) there is a concentration of publication about the topics in a few countries, especially the United States; (c) there is no concentration of authors with several articles published about one of the practices or initiatives; (d) the EDI and the VMI are the most investigated practices in the articles analyzed; and (E) there is no concentration of publications in any specific year, keeping the publications balanced over the period investigated by the research.

This paper aims to explain how the paired-cell overlapping loops of cards with authorisation (POLCA) system can be an efficient practice to coordinate the production flow in supply chains (SCs). For this purpose, it describes a case study using POLCA between connections in an automobile industry SC. For adequate functioning of the POLCA system, it is proposed the combined use of such system with electronic data interchange and just in sequence. The methodology used in this research was the Case Study. Thus, a proposal was developed based on literature and field research. After that, the proposal has been validated through simulation. The simulation shown in the present study reveals that the proposal has the potential to allow the company maintaining its supply with a significant inventory reduction, therefore with a better production flow coordination with its dashboard supplier. The paper revealed a new and very promising mechanism for a company coordinates its production flow: the POLCA/EDI/JIS logic. This research has shown that POLCA system logic can also be used to coordinate the production flow between a company and its suppliers. To the best of our knowledge, any paper in literature presented this use for the POLCA system.

Multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP) protocol is an extension of the well-known TCP transport protocol that enables transmission over multiple paths. The MPTCP is an answer to multihomin...

The amount of healthcare data is increasing. However, issues with unstandardized data formats and the reliability of provenance make the data challenging to share with other institutions. This paper proposes a standards-based sharing framework, SHAREChain, which incorporates two features to deal with reliability and interoperability issues. First, it improves reliability by using the data integrity of a Blockchain-registry and constitutes a Consortium Blockchain Network to share data solely between authenticated institutions. The second feature improves interoperability with standards relating to healthcare data sharing: Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources and Cross-Enterprise Document Sharing.

Electronic data interchange (EDI) is a subset of electronic business-to-business (B2B) data exchange. It is one of the technologies that enable businesses to transact in an automated paperless way. Massive amounts of transactions that may take hours or days to process manually require a few seconds in EDI. This paper reviews the current state of EDI and the modern challenges it is facing. It fills a gap in the current literature where existing research on certain aspects of EDI is either absent or deprecated.EDI message representations are discussed with a specific focus on the genre implemented in international EDI standards. Different modern concepts are detailed, including electronic enveloping and translation. The current internet-based EDI protocols are discussed and evaluated for security issues. Finally, the security requirements are summarized along with a possible control mechanisms.

This study aims at determining the impact and level of implementation of technology drivers such as automatic identification technology, communication technology, and information technology to Nigerian logistics firm. A structured questionnaire was used to collect necessary data from respondents. The research hypothesis was tested using the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient to justify results of the survey. A total of 90 logistics companies were selected in Lagos Nigeria to represent the 50% of the population which is urbanized. The result from the Pearson correlation coefficient shows that there was a strong negative correlation between implementation of technologies and Nigeria logistics chain. The result also revealed that implementation levels of Barcode, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Geographical Positioning System (GPS), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), and Distribution Requirement Planning (DRP) are very high whereas Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Voice Recognition Technology (VRT), Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT), Geographical Information System (GIS), Automated Guided Vehicle System (AGVS), and Automated Inventory Tracking System (AITS) are very low in Nigerian logistics firm. The main barriers to full implementation of the technology tools to Nigerian logistics firm are lack of awareness on IT tools, poor logistics standard, cost of implementation of IT infrastructure and government policies. From the findings of the survey, logistics firm in Nigeria should fully implement technology tools in their logistics operations.

Coordinated fog-to-cloud computing systems are expected to expedite the evolution of cloud-based smart farming, towards openness and data sharing, while making farming economically sustainable for smaller farms. We demonstrate a fog-to-cloud enabled animal farming system that not only deploys low-cost technology for data collection and sharing, but also uniquely considers animal welfare and quality-of-life. On an practical example of a multi-master replication of SQL Server databases between Microsoft Azure Cloud and multiple fog nodes on the farm, we show that fog-based systems can help improve performance, scale to higher amounts of database entries, pre-process data with aid of machine learning, while providing reliability of the system in an easy-to-use fashion. Considerations of animal welfare, cloud-based data analysis, fog-enabled farming along with mobile applications are envisioned as common place for future farmers and consumers alike, and are in line with a recent trends connecting animal welfare, human health and the environment.

The traditional models of electronic data interchange (EDI) and out-of-application methods for messaging and collaborations are not suitable to achieve the full benefits of VEASC because of multiple limitations. The limitations are: multiple human interventions, lack of real time visibility into the supply chain flows, inability to accurately synchronise the demand and supplyside information, and inability to build dynamic capabilities required for facing supply chain dynamics. The existing studies about deploying supply chain applications on cloud computing are focussed on overcoming these limitations through service-oriented architectures and their components. However, their focus needs to be expanded to virtual enterprise architecture modelling to overcome the limitations of EDI and out-of-application methods effectively. The virtual enterprise architecture supply chain (VEASC) model has been studied in this research employing Optimised Networking (OPNET) modelling and simulations of a commercial application called INTEND. The simulation results reflect a potential to overcome the limitations of traditional EDI and out-of-application methods. However, the true potential of the proposed system and the changes needed to automatically recover from failures can be determined after testing actual transactions in a real world VEASC implementation.

This study aims to investigate the effect of information technology on organizational performance in Jordanian pharmaceutical companies, and whether quality management capabilities mediate the effect of information technology on organizational performance. Adopting a quantitative research design, data was collected by means of a questionnaire-based survey of employees in Jordanian pharmaceutical companies. Based on 338 usable responses, the results revealed a significant effect of information technology and one of its dimensions (enterprise resource planning) on organizational performance. The Other dimension (electronic data interchange) did not contribute to quality management capabilities. Additionally, the results showed that information technology has a significant effect on quality management capabilities, and that quality management capabilities in turn affect organizational performance. The findings confirm that quality management capabilities partially mediate the effect of information technology on organizational performance. The study emphases that Jordanian pharmaceutical companies should improve and promote information technology methods and practices in order to improve their performance. Pharmaceutical companies should also consider improving their quality management capabilities, as this plays a significant role in enhancing and supporting the effect of information technology on organizational performance. This study states many recommendations for future researches, but the most important ones are to apply such a research on other sectors.

In this chapter, we present an analysis of the fresh apple export supply chain in Chile. Fresh fruits are one of the main exports in Chile, after the mining products. This supply chain is particularly complex due to its perishable nature and the fact that the fruit export season occurs during the summer period, overlapping with the arrival of cruises. For this reason, maritime ports present high levels of utilization and congestion. We follow the Business Process Analysis (BPA) methodology proposed by United Nations to model the current situation of the shipment business processes, from the warehouse or packing facility of the shipper to the port of departure where it will be loaded to the corresponding vessel. With this analysis, we identify the main challenges and opportunities and propose a redesign of the current processes. The proposed redesigned business processes consider the implementation of electronic data interchange procedures instead of the paper-based ones currently employed.

Purpose This paper aims to review the application of business process management (BPM) in the port sector. Its objective is to understand whether BPM principles are applied in the port sector, the role of the procedural factor in port performance evaluation and whether electronic data interchange systems have been used for process management purposes. Design/methodology/approach The objective of this research is to conduct a critical review of existing academic literature in the domain of BPM and its application in the ports sector. This paper assessed more than a hundred recent publications, from key journals in the domains of port economics, BPM and information technology. The two principle platforms used are the online databases of the World Bank Group and the University of Antwerp. Findings Academic literature reviewed reveals a partial application of BPM in the port and maritime sector. BPM related research is conducted via the utilization of modeling algorithms or optimization and simulation tools. There exists evidence that electronic data interchange (EDI) data extracted from EDI platforms can be used to model inter-organizational business processes in several industries. Yet, to the best of the author’s knowledge, no research investigates Port Community System (PCS) or single window (SW) data utilization for BPM purposes, although PCS and SW benefits are well documented. Port performance is largely assessed based on the production theory, and limited number of studies use elements of procedural efficiency as variables for their analysis. Originality/value The holistic application of BPM has been researched in numerous industries but in the port sector. This paper constitutes the first section of an original research study to define key components, assumptions and constraints for developing a comprehensive BPM framework in the port sector.

[EN] The maritime industry expects several improvements to efficiently manage the operation processes by introducing Industry 4.0 enabling technologies. Seaports are the most critical point in the maritime logistics chain because of its multimodal and complex nature. Consequently, coordinated communication among any seaport stakeholders is vital to improving their operations. Currently, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Port Community Systems (PCS), as primary enablers of digital seaports, have demonstrated their limitations to interchange information on time, accurately, efficiently, and securely, causing high operation costs, low resource management, and low performance. For these reasons, this contribution presents the Seaport Data Space (SDS) based on the Industrial Data Space (IDS) reference architecture model to enable a secure data sharing space and promote an intelligent transport multimodal terminal. Each seaport stakeholders implements the IDS connector to take part in the SDS and share their data. On top of SDS, a Big Data architecture is integrated to manage the massive data shared in the SDS and extract useful information to improve the decision-making. The architecture has been evaluated by enabling a port authority and a container terminal to share its data with a shipping company. As a result, several Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) have been developed by using the Big Data architecture functionalities. The KPIs have been shown in a dashboard to allow easy interpretability of results for planning vessel operations. The SDS environment may improve the communication between stakeholders by reducing the transaction costs, enhancing the quality of information, and exhibiting effectiveness, This work was supported in part by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme through the PIXEL Port Project under Grant 769355, and in part by the Secretaria Nacional de Educacion Superior, Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion (SENESCYT), Ecuador

EDITOR'S SUMMARY While data is recognized as key to individual and wide-scale healthcare improvement, the absence of interoperability among supporting technologies obstructs progress. There is no single technical architecture that links medical information systems, such as electronic health records and medical devices, to enable seamless data flow. The lack of a consistent platform undermines patient outcomes and efficiency and increases cost and complexity. An interoperable technical architecture is the basis for data liquidity and the efficiencies it can deliver. Such a platform must use a standards-based interface and support plug-and-play integration, one-to-many communication and real-time two-way data exchange. The Center for Medical Interoperability advocates for and leads research in developing the architecture for a vendor-neutral platform. Healthcare systems must exert pressure through the procurement process for vendors to develop compatible systems.

The concept of electronic trading (e-trading) has transformed supply chain interactions in many industries, yet little research explored its implementation by Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) supply chain firms. E-trading relies on commercial information exchange by supply chain partners which is generally adopted through intermediary technology partners (Hub Providers) to facilitate the accurate and timely communication of transactional data between buyers and supplier. A case study was conducted to explore the challenges and barriers to implementation of cross-firm commercial information exchange. The study primarily involved investigation of the interfaces between software development and organizational functions assisting with the electronic exchange of commercial information (eCIX) implementation. Findings from the case study show that implementation of commercial information exchange is not an easy task with several themes of factors to be considered during delivery of such projects,...

Adoption of B2B e-commerce is a powerful driver of economic success in developed and developing countries. However, adoption rates in developing countries lag far behind. This paper draws on the Perceived eReadiness Model and research on the influence of inter-organizational relationships and economic-cultural contexts to explain the importance of three factors—inter-organizational power dependence, cooperativeness, and regional economic-cultural differences—for achieving higher levels of Internet-based Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) in the developing country of China. We employ survey data to empirically test both the individual and joint influence of these factors. The findings suggest that beyond intra-organizational and external factors, managers and policy makers wanting to promote Internet-based EDI adoption in developing countries must also account for the inter-organizational relationships of firms and the economic and cultural circumstances of the regions in which they operate.

We examine a model of supply chain contracting with a purchaser that desires to acquire as much of a product as possible at as low a price as possible. The supplier in our model has private information about its limited capacity. We compare two models of information. In the first, the supplier observes capacity and reports the capacity to the purchaser in exchange for a purchase commitment. We designate this contract as the “Supply Chain” contract. In the second, the purchaser is directly linked to the supplier’s ERP system using Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). This linkage avoids information asymmetry. We refer to this contract as the“Full Information” contract. While the Full Information contract is economically more efficient, the supplier would be reticent to agree to this contract. We propose a third contract, which we call the “Hybrid” contract, that awards the purchaser the efficiency gains available in the Full Information contract, but which provides the supplier the same profits as in the Supply Chain contract. The purchaser, however, would still prefer the Full Information contract to the Hybrid contract. We then add an additional dimension to the problem by allowing the supplier to invest in capacity. We find that due to the increased investment under the Hybrid contract, the purchaser may actually prefer the Hybrid contract to the Full Information contract-as long as the information asymmetry is not too great.