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We focus on detecting the feeding behavior in predatory fish using implantable biologgers that record and analyze electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. We propose a novel processing pipeline for resource-constrained embedded systems that can infer higher-level information, such as heart-rate and feeding events, from the ECG signals in situ. Our main contributions are in proposing efficient event detection algorithms that can reliably detect fish feeding events from noisy heart-rate data based on the unique statistical properties of feeding-induced changes in the heart-rate. We evaluate our approaches using an in-house biologger that we surgically implant in twelve coral trout fish and use to collect data during an experiment for a period of ten weeks and show that our signal processing pipeline performs well with noisy ECG signals overall. Specifically, our heart-rate estimation algorithm achieves errors of less than one beat per minute even in scenarios where popular algorithms used by domain specialists perform poorly. Furthermore, our feeding detection algorithms offer improved accuracy compared with the state-of-the-art algorithms while requiring significantly reduced computational and energy resources. We implement the proposed heart-rate estimation and feeding detection algorithms on the biologger and evaluate the associated system overhead.

Although wind and solar power is the major reliable renewable energy sources used in power grids, the fluctuation and unpredictability of these renewable energy sources require the use of ancillary services, thereby increasing the integration cost. This study proposes a wind, solar, and pumped-storage cooperative (WSPC) model that can be applied to large-scale systems connected to dispersed renewable energy sources. This model provides an optimized coordinated bidding strategy in the day-ahead market, along with a method to facilitate revenue distribution among participating members. This model takes advantage of the natural complementary characteristics of wind and solar power while using pumped storage to adjust the total output power. In the coordinated bidding strategy, a proportion of the energies is provided as firm power, which can lower the ancillary service requirement. Moreover, a multi-period firm power-providing mode is adopted to reflect the wind-solar output characteristics of each period accurately. The duration of each period is selected as a variable to accommodate seasonal characteristics. This ensures that the provision of firm power can maintain a high proportion under varied connected ratios of wind-solar, thereby obtaining higher revenue. By using the revenue distribution method, the short-term influencing factors of the cooperative model are considered to provide the economic characteristics of wind farms and photovoltaic stations. In this way, revenue distribution can be fairly realized among the participating members. Finally, the effectiveness and economy of the proposed model are validated based on actual data obtained from the power grid in California, USA.

A number of important points and indicators characterizing the current state and potential of the Belarusian agricultural production are considered. It has been established that over the past decade in the agricultural organizations of the republic there was a decrease in the energy supply indicator by 15 %, and the power supply to labor during this time increased by more than 1.4 times. The overall efficiency of agricultural and livestock production, the level of labor productivity in an agricultural organization, the availability of energy capacities has a very significant and often decisive impact.

Smart Grid 2.0 is envisaged to automate the operations of the intelligent electricity grid. Blockchain and smart contracts are integrated to facilitate the transformation from DSO-centric operations to consumer-oriented, distributed electricity grid management. The envisaged smart grids, integrated with blockchain would provoke challenges, which would hinder the maximum utilization of Distribute Energy Resources (DERs). This comprehensive review aims at analyzing the applicability of blockchain technology in Smart Grid 2.0, which would facilitate a seamless decentralization process. Further, the paper elaborates the blockchain-based applications of future smart grid operations and the role of blockchain in each scenario. The paper further provides a concise analysis on the blockchain integration challenges, thereby ensure secure and scalable, decentralized operations of future, autonomous electricity networks.

Due to high penetration of Distributed Renewable Energy Resources and their inflexible dispatch nature, modern and future electrical grids are facing technical challenges. New participants can offer the flexibility required by the grid through investments in energy storage and demand response capabilities. This article provides a comprehensive review on the concept of Energy Communities, their technical and economic motivations, available resources in the literature, trading schemes, price negotiation algorithms, and benefits for the grid. Furthermore, this review describes the policy framework in the European Union to make Energy Communities a reality. Moreover, a brief survey of related projects over the world is presented, along with a discussion around benefits, obstacles, and future research opportunities in this area.

Electricity is one of the most important invention of Man. It powers the economy and everything in a Nation. This work seeks to carryout a critical review of Nigeria’s energy crisis. A PricewaterhouseCoopers, PwC reports asserts that Nigeria still ranks 2nd worst in the global electricity access charts; a significant portion of electricity is generated from private generators at a higher cost of NGN 120/kWh while grid-based cost NGN 4-5/kWh; more than 50% Nigerians do not have access to electricity, however amongst the other 50% who have access, experience intermittent power supply; 5 - 6 times increase in electricity consumption required to match peer countries with similar GDP per capital; 25 % of potential energy reaches the end-user: Structural inefficiencies across the power value chain prevent electricity from reaching end-users. This work sets out to chronicle Nigeria’s energy crisis: its challenges and prospects. Results from various reviews show that the major issue plaguing the nation’s electricity sector isn’t so much about resources, which the Nation has in abundance, albeit, some in potential state. From the reviews so far, the following are the major problems: 1. The National question 2. Lack of technical know-how 3. Sabotage of government’s efforts and destruction of power sector physical assets. 4. Inconsistency in Policy formulation and implementation. The work therefore, proposes that for the long run, the nation tries to solve her national question; however, for the short run, the Federal Government should adopt the NLNG business model that has produced fantastic results for all its shareholders and stakeholders. The researchers therefore strongly advice the Federal Government to adopt the business model of the Nigeria Liquified Natural Gas, NLNG Company.

Assessments of hydrogen project viability typically focus on evaluating specific sites for development, or providing generic cost-estimates that are independent of location. In reality, the success of hydrogen projects will be intimately linked to the availability of local energy resources, access to key infrastructure and water supplies, and the distance to export ports and energy markets. In this paper, we present an economic model that incorporates assessments of these regional factors to identify areas of high economic potential for hydrogen production - the so-called "Economic Fairways" for such projects. In doing so, the model provides a tool that can be used to inform investors and policy makers on the available opportunities for hydrogen development and their infrastructure requirements. The model includes analysis of the regional economic potential for both blue and green hydrogen projects. It accounts for hydrogen production from renewable (wind and solar) sources, as well as non-renewable sources (steam-methane reformation and coal gasification) combined with carbon capture and storage. Results from case studies conducted with the tool are presented, illustrating the potential for hydrogen production across Australia.

The authors study the development of the oil and gas industry and assess the financial efficiency of the use of renewable energy sources, which determine the relevance of the research topic. The purpose of this work is to study the effectiveness of the development of the Russian energy sector and its contribution to the world economy. The main question to which this article should give an answer is that how the Russian power industry will develop in corresponding to the global trends in energy consumption. This paper uses a method for finding the parameters of the efficiency of renewable energy sources using exponential smoothing. The paper uses data from the analytical report of British Petroleum and the Bloomberg system for the period from January 2012 to December 2019. The result of the study shows an improvement in the accuracy of the predicted values, while previous models had higher standard error estimates. The novelty of the study is to achieve accurate results of the forecast of fossil-fuel consumption for 3 years ahead (the forecast accuracy is 80.5). The article concludes that while Russian oil and gas projects are very important for the Russian economy until now, renewable energy projects are more beneficial. In addition, Russia does not seem to support the global trend towards a renewable and sustainable economy. Although oil and gas prices remain acceptable, unforeseen changes in the behavior of real buyers can hinder the efficiency of the Russian economy and lead to a disruption of Russia’s economic growth if Russia does not decisively steer towards renewable energy from now on. The growth of the Russian power industry corresponds to the global trends in fossil energy consumption (while fossil prices, thus incomes keep worsening), and thus innovative solutions for enhancing renewable energies must be adopted. The article proves that many pipeline projects (South Stream, Turkish Stream, Nord Stream 2) move the Russian energy sector back to the past because they just contradict existing trends.

The article examines Norway’s Arctic strategy and the country’s policy in the field of defence and security. It is noted that Oslo, among the countries of the Arctic Council, is the leader in the development and further improvement of strategies in the Arctic, taking into account the peculiarities of the country and its northern territories. The country is implementing one of the most innovative economic strategies in the region, developing high-tech sectors of the economy, reducing its dependence on the export of hydrocarbon raw materials, improving the administrative-territorial division of the country in the interests of developing the northern provinces. Attention is paid to the development of the industrial sector of the economy, transport (primarily port) infrastructure, scientific and educational complexes, Arctic tourism and recreational business, migration policy and support of the indigenous population. The author pays special attention to Norway’s place in NATO, noting that the North of Norway is becoming one of Scandinavia’s most militarised regions. It is emphasised that this greatly hinders international cooperation with the closest neighbours, primarily with Russia. It is necessary to seek to improve relations between our countries, even in the face of the current friction at the interstate level in matters of security and severe contradictions in the area of the Spitsbergen archipelago.

Rwanda faces energy shortage, despite having ample energy resources potential. Developing renewable energy (RE) could meet the country's energy needs to achieve sustainable development. This study adopts a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis and Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) to evaluate strategies for the development of RE in Rwanda. SWOT analysis was used to identify factors affecting the energy sector in Rwanda, based on which 13 strategies were proposed. Then, ISM was adopted to establish the interrelationship and hierarchical structure between the strategies. Matrice d’Impacts Croises-Multiplication Appliquee a un Classement (MICMAC) was also applied to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies based on their driving and dependence power. The results reveal that seven independent strategies have the strongest capability to influence the whole RE sector, among which four strategies hold the most driving force: raising investment for RE, providing incentives and policy support, creating favorable conditions for private investment and strengthening institutional management. Top priority should be given to these four strategies as they are the most essential to promote the development of RE in Rwanda. This study provides insight for policy-makers and stakeholders to understand opportunities and challenges of energy sector in Rwanda and to better prioritize strategies.

Based on the analysis of the structure of energy costs during the construction of low-rise residential buildings with walls made of bricks, expanded clay concrete blocks, permanent polystyrene foam formwork and SIP panels, two main groups of consumers were established - machines and mechanisms and infrastructure of the construction site. The performed decomposition of the consumption of fuel and energy resources (FER) at the construction site for each of the above design and technological solutions of low-rise buildings made it possible to obtain the consumption of electricity (in kW) and liquid fuel (in liters). By converting various quantitative values of energy consumption to a universal unit - kilogram of standard fuel, a comparative analysis of the total energy consumption of the construction site was carried out. Since the work of energy consumers during the construction of buildings is inextricably linked with the characteristic emissions of harmful substances into the environment, their quantitative and qualitative indicators were calculated. They were used for a comparative assessment of the state of the environment during the construction of low-rise residential buildings of various structural and technological systems.

Although blockchain offers a lot of benefits for the Internet-of-Things (IoT) network in terms of security, there are a number of barriers to its widespread adoption. Since many IoT networks consist of battery-powered devices with limited computing capabilities, one of those adoption barriers is the IoT end node itself. Several articles provided a general survey of the blockchain integration with IoT applications. However, a detailed analysis of this integration is missing, possible challenges are omitted, and no solutions that would enable the integration are presented. Furthermore, none of the surveys focused on reviewing public blockchains for IoT devices with low computational capabilities and limited energy resources. Therefore, the aim of this article is to provide the results of an in-depth study that covers challenges faced by existing public blockchains with IoT device integration. This article looks into resource-constrained IoT device classification and the wireless communication protocols used by them. It examines challenges that are required to be overcome for the successful integration of resource-constrained IoT end nodes with existing public blockchains. It then looks at the proposed solutions and their feasibility. A detailed review of possible security attacks on an IoT blockchain network is provided. As a result, a list of important characteristics that a public blockchain should possess in order to be integrated with a resource-constrained IoT network is proposed. Finally, the requirements for the IoT end nodes themselves are specified.

Optimal use of microgrids for efficient and economic management of energy resources is of special importance. At the residential level, energy costs can be reduced by using the concepts of price-ba...

The locomotive industry of the railways is a significant consumer of fuel and energy resources. Energy costs make up a significant part of Ukrzaliznytsia's operating costs, up to 20%. Of these, more than 80% of diesel fuel and 83% of electricity is consumed by locomotives to ensure the transportation process. Naturally, this is the basis for solving the problem of reducing the energy consumption of the railway. However, the general wear of rolling stock, including the locomotive fleet, causes the deterioration of the main performance of railway transport and performance of the locomotive depo. In the current conditions in the depot, it is necessary to follow the strategy of introducing a comprehensive approach to change the situation for the better: in the operation of the locomotive fleet, in repair, in economic activity, in the system of advanced training of locomotive crews and repair personnel. An important component of this process is the introduction of maintenance, locomotives of modern diagnostic equipment for quality assessment of the technical condition of units and systems of locomotives. The energy economy of the locomotive depot occupies a significant share of the costs of organizing the operation of other facilities of the depot and locomotive fleet. In the conditions of rise in prices for energy resources before locomotive economy urgent tasks on development of strategy of economy of energy consumption are actual. The article analyzes the technical condition of the locomotive fleet and the dynamics of energy consumption of the depot over several years. With this in mind, specific measures are planned for economic energy consumption in the locomotive depo.

Renewable energy has been actively researched and developed in many countries to replace the conventional energy resources that come from fossil fuels. As social and environmental awareness of the renewable energy has grown, it is essential to address both quantitative factors and qualitative factors in determination of the optimal renewable energy portfolio. This paper proposes a novel approach to integrate a financial model and a fuzzy model to analyze both quantitative and qualitative factors. The financial model is utilized to calculate the quantitative factors, thereby assisting experts make judgments more accurately in the fuzzy model. The fuzzy model is utilized to evaluate the qualitative factors based on the expert judgements. Moreover, this paper proposes multi-segment judgment model that analyzes the evaluation of different groups, including government, investor and user groups. The results show that each group has different priority order. For example, the highest-priority factor of Government, Investor and User is environmental (with a score of 0.665), economic (with a score of 0.854), and technological criteria (with a score of 0.771), respectively. The results also indicated that small-scale onshore wind energy, large-scale onshore wind energy and solar energy is the best option for Government, Investor and User, respectively.

The natural gas sector plays a significant role in the energy sector. In Ukraine, natural gas accounts for about 30 % of the total consumption of energy resources, while in the Czech Republic only about 16 %. The article presents a comparative analysis of the natural gas sector in Ukraine and the Czech Republic in 2010–2019. The dynamics of changes in the production and consumption of natural gas in the discussed countries is presented. The structure of primary energy consumption, including natural gas, in 2018 and 2019 was analyzed. The analysis also covered the import of natural gas to Ukraine and the Czech Republic for own demand. Ukraine still has to import natural gas to meet its own demand, but in recent years, there have been drastic changes in the import of natural gas – and import dependency decreased by about 24 % in the analyzed period [1,2]. On the other hand, in the Czech Republic, the import of natural gas fluctuated within a limited range, and the import dependence increased by about 27 % compared to 2010 [1,3,4]. The article also deals with the problems of the gas pipeline system supplying natural gas from Russia to European countries. Keywords: Energy resources; Natural gas; Natural gas import.

Objective:to assess cardiovascular parameters in medical students depending on the type of blood flow autoregulation during physical exercise.Material and methods.We examined 58 students whose average age was 19 ± 1.13 years. During the examination, we recorded electrocardiograms (ECG), registered the parameters of central hemodynamics and determined systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. We performed the comparison of the parameters of the cardiovascular system (CVS) in students with different types of blood flow autoregulation (BFA) (cardiac, cardiovascular and vascular) during physical exercise.Results.The study has identified the dynamics of electrocardiographic and rheographic parameters during physical exercise expressed in excessive activation of energy resources and strain of the CVS functioning in young men with the cardiac type of BFA, which provides adaptation to short-term effects of disturbing environmental factors. On the contrary, the vascular type of BFA is the most economical, and this type of CVS has a wide range of the function mobilization to long-term physical activity.Conclusion.The study has found statistically significant differences in the cardiovascular parameters in the students with different types of blood flow autoregulation during physical activity.

Renewable energy, which is the type of energy that plays a major role in the development and growth of countries, plays an important role in today’s world, considering that the life of depleted energy resources is finite. Compared to fossil energy sources, except that its source is infinite, a noticeable difference in carbon dioxide emission is seen as the reason for preferring renewable energy sources. Many studies in the literature investigate the relationship between the consumption of renewable energy resources and economic growth. This study was conducted on renewable energy production in 27 European Union member countries explores its impact on employment. In the study, panel ARDL test was conducted with the data for the years 2006-2019. According to the results of the study, renewable energy generation has a positive effect on employment in European Union countries in the long term. In the long run, a 1% increase in renewable energy primary production increases employment by 0.08%. Increasing the use of renewable energy resources should go beyond being a policy recommendation in international conventions. The fact that these resources provide employment in large areas can be a good alternative today with high unemployment rates.Keywords: renewable energy, employment, developed countries, panel ARDLJEL Classifications: O40, Q43, Q40DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10744

Natural gas plays an important role in energy supply, and its fields of application are diverse. However, the world’s largest growth potential among fossil fuels is attributed to liquefied natural gas (LNG). In the last few years, the U.S. rapidly increased LNG exports, and it is expected that they will further increase the liquefaction capacities. The cost of the LNG value chain is composed of the natural gas price in the country of origin, and the LNG process costs for liquefaction, transportation, storage, and regasification. Thus, the Henry Hub (HH) price in the U.S. is important for U.S. LNG exports to Western Europe. In this paper, gas flows in Western Europe at the beginning of the 2030s are analyzed if the price at HH is higher or lower than expected. Furthermore, the effect of the HH price on monthly U.S. LNG exports are studied. For the calculations, the global gas market model WEGA is used. The results reveal that the price at HH has a significant effect on annual gas flows in Western Europe and also on U.S. LNG exports during the summer. Furthermore, it is shown that pipeline gas in Western Europe will absorb fluctuations of U.S. LNG exports between the presented scenarios.

Now a day, government as well as public interest is diverting toward renewable energy, because of limited conventional energy resources and their negative impacts on the environment. For instance, ...

The limitations of conventional energy resources have encouraged worldwide research on various types of energy in electricity generation. Fuel cell-based electricity generation creates a huge potential in the energy industry. This paper aimed to study the potential of biogas in Malaysia to be fed into the direct biogas solid oxide fuel cell (DB-SOFC) system. The data obtained from the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Energy Commission (ST) and Department of Statistics Malaysia were used in this study. The analysis showed that in 2019, Malaysia had the potential to generate biogas of about 877.53 million m3/year. The characterisations of the DB-SOFC system with a capacity of 200 kW from Bloom Energy were applied in this study. The result indicated that Malaysia’s potential to generate about 2006.9 MW of electricity from biogas solid oxide fuel cells was approximately 6% of the total electricity capacity in the country. When compared with the conventional biogas’ combined production of heat and power (CHP), the DB-SOFC gave 76.95% more performance in electricity generation. Therefore, this study finding provides a positive impact on the biomass industry in Malaysia. Extensive research and development (R&D) are needed in order to penetrate this fuel cell system into Malaysia’s energy industry landscape.

Annually billions of cubic meters of natural gas are flared around the globe at various oil and gas production sites. Natural gas flaring practices waste valuable energy resources that can be used ...

In recent times, renewable energy demand is rapidly increasing worldwide. Offshore wind energy is one of the alternative solutions to the problems posed by non-renewable energy resources. The kinetic energy of the wind is converted to mechanical energy by using an offshore floating wind turbine (OFWT). The efficiency of the OFWT is dependent upon the vibrational effect induced by the environment. In this paper, for the mitigation of this vibrational effect, a new model of barge-type OFWT is designed by using an active control strategy called translational oscillator with a rotational actuator (TORA). The disturbance observer (DO) based advanced control techniques including robust backstepping sliding mode control (BSMC), backstepping integral sliding mode control (BISMC), backstepping nonsingular terminal sliding mode control (BNTSMC), and a new backstepping integral nonsingular terminal sliding mode control (BINTSMC) technique, are devised for the stabilization of OFWT model. The comparison of these techniques is carried out by using MATLAB/SIMULINK which validates the feasibility and correctness of the proposed OFWT model and control techniques.

Natural resources, especially energy resources, are often considered vital to the process of economic development, with the availability of coal considered central for the nineteenth century. Clear...

A novel distributed energy resources (DER) allocation method focused on grid constraints that avoids topological bias is proposed for distribution networks. A technology-agnostic approach is used, where a non-bias allocation of export capacity (NAEC) not specific to generation type is calculated. Moreover, the proposed NAEC is extended from an export capacity into a hosting capacity (HC) using a statistical approach. The methods are tested using the IEEE 33-bus distribution system, and two typical Irish distribution feeders -one urban, one rural- as case studies. Using a high-resolution year-long quasi-static time series simulation (QSTS) and three different generation profiles, the proposed NAEC method is validated against current practices and state of the art allocation methods in terms of active balancing, security of supply, interactions between users, operational concerns, and fairness. Results show that an equivalent or higher level of DER penetration is achieved using the proposed methodology. There are no additional constraint violations using the NAEC methodology, moreover, time slots with violations are reduced, improving security of supply. Furthermore, results suggest that avoiding topological bias makes the network accessible for more users, and prioritises self-consumption.

Considering the escalating rates of exhaustion of non-renewable energy resources, coupled with the harmful environmental side effects of harnessing them (e.g. damage to public health via air pollut...

Non-deferrable loads equipped with distributed energy resources, such as solar photovoltaic generation and energy storage, can offer a wide range of benefits to the power system, including load leveling, hedging against forecast uncertainty, and ancillary services. This paper presents a techno-economic approach to optimally equip a flexible energy resource, namely a battery energy storage system (BESS), with non-deferrable loads for capacity enhancement of a distribution grid. The proposed approach is generic in applicability, and includes two different optimization mathematical models. The first model quantifies the needed flexibility with non-deferrable loads, based on a consideration of distribution grid limitations, while the second model determines the optimal flexibility amount associated with non-deferrable loads considering investor profitability. Thereafter, a distribution operations model is developed to evaluate the impact of non-deferrable loads, equipped with an optimal size of BESS, on the distribution system loading capacity. An example of non-deferrable loads considered in this paper is that of the rapid charging loads of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) that cannot be controlled or shifted due to the short stay of PEVs at a charging facility. Hence, a probabilistic model for PEV rapid charging loads is first developed. Case studies and simulation findings, considering a 32-bus distribution system, demonstrate that the proposed approach helps reduces the impact of non-deferrable loads on a distribution system and enhances the system power margin, which defers the need for system upgrades.

Internet data centers are growing rapidly in recent years and they operate with intensive energy activity. Combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) brings new opportunities for reducing the electricity cost in internet data centers. The main objective of this study is to optimize the energy resources scheduling in the data center coupled energy nets considering the involvement of CCHP and different demand response techniques. In this paper, internet data center coupled energy nets are proposed, where power grid, solar photovoltaic, CCHP, and battery energy storage systems are the primary energy sources. The adjunct residential buildings and commercial buildings near the internet data centers are also included in the proposed energy nets, where different types of load and demand response characteristics are utilized. A two-stage optimized energy management model considering the coordinated operation of CCHP and demand response technologies is established for internet data center coupled energy nets. In the day-ahead stage, the control objective is to minimize system cost while satisfying various constraints. Consider the electricity tariff chance between day-ahead market and real-time market, real-time control is implemented to minimize the imbalance cost between two electricity markets. Case studies are conducted on a practical internet data center coupled energy nets in Foshan City, China. It is observed that the proposed control framework can optimally schedule the energy resources in the energy network to meet system demand and improve the energy efficiency. The economic evaluation demonstrates that the proposed control scheme reduces system daily cost by 22.01%. This work was supported in part by the Department of Finance and Education of Guangdong Province 2016 [202] through the Key Discipline Construction Program, China, in part by the Education Department of Guangdong Province through the New and Integrated Energy System Theory and Technology Research Group under Project 2016KCXTD022, in part by Guangdong Foshan Power Construction Corporation Group Company Ltd., in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 51907031, and in part by Brunel University London BRIEF Funding, U.K.

A set of activities on surveying the energy performance of eight large facilities of the National Research University Moscow Power Engineering Institute (NRU MPEI) was accomplished. In view of quite significant amounts of electricity and heat consumed by the NRU MPEI, a number of objectives were set forth on evaluating the NRU MPEI facilities’ general energy efficiency, analyzing the climatic characteristics of the facilities location places, revealing inefficient use of energy resources, and determining the priority areas for achieving a more efficient use of them. The current situation existing at each facility was examined, the thermal performance characteristics of the buildings were analyzed in general, the thermal parameters of enclosing structures were calculated, and energy balances were drawn up. With the aid of infrared imaging, losses were evaluated, and the places of maximum heat leaks in the cold season of a year were identified. The analytical survey was supplemented with field measurements of the necessary parameters of the buildings and heat carriers. An important feature of the study was that it involved evaluating the climatic characteristics of the facilities location places. Thus, a change in the design temperature and a considerable variation in humidity influence the condition of the structure. The number of temperature transitions through the zero degree point tends to grow. The alterations of frost to rain has an adverse effect on the condition of facilities. The analysis results have shown that the climatic characteristics that existed at the time the major part of the MPEI buildings were constructed have changed significantly over time. In the course of the study, a number of measures were developed and suggested that take into account the differences and characteristics of each building, as well as the state of their engineering systems. Since the engineering equipment items of the structures are in a different state, the energy saving measures for each of them are also different. Application of the comprehensive approach helps match the obtained data with the readings of water and heat metering instruments, and with the infrared images of enclosing structures. The selected technical measures are necessarily complemented by a set of measures to economically and morally stimulate the saving of all types of energy resources.

Nuclear power has been declining in importance over the last quarter century, with its share of global electrical energy generation decreasing from 17.5 percent in 1996 to around 10 percent in 2019. Small modular and advanced nuclear reactors have been proposed as potential ways of dealing with the problems—specifically economic competitiveness, risk of accidents, link to proliferation and production of waste—confronting nuclear power technology. This perspective article examines whether these new designs can indeed solve these problems, with a particular focus on the economic challenges. It briefly discusses the technical challenges confronting advanced reactor designs and the many decades it might take for these to be commercialized, if ever. The article explains why the higher construction and operational costs per unit of electricity generation capacity will make electricity from small modular reactors more expensive than electricity from large nuclear power plants, which are themselves not competitive in today’s electricity markets. Next, it examines the potential savings from learning and modular construction, and explains why the historical record suggests that these savings will be inadequate to compensate for the economic challenges resulting from the lower generation capacity. It then critically examines arguments offered by advocates of these technologies about job creation and other potential uses of energy generated from these plants to justify subsidizing and constructing these kinds of nuclear plants. It concludes with an assessment of the markets for these technologies, suggesting that these are inadequate to justify constructing the necessary manufacturing facilities.

Пархомець М.К., Градовий В.В. ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ТА ПОКАЗНИКИ ФОРМУВАННЯ СИСТЕМИ ЕНЕРГОЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ Мета. Поглиблене дослідження особливостей, методичних підходів та показників економічного аналізу й оцінювання системи енергозбереження сільськогосподарських підприємств. Методика дослідження. Методологічною основою дослідження є діалектичний метод наукового пізнання. В процесі дослідження використані загальнонаукові та спеціальні методи, зокрема: абстрактно-логічний (для окреслення основних чинників, які впливають на особливості енергозбереження сільськогосподарських підприємств, для авторського трактування поняття «енергозбереження сільськогосподарських підприємств»); дедуктивний (для аналізу динаміки та напрямів підвищення рівня економічної ефективності системи енергозбереження); узагальнення (при дослідженні можливостей впровадження новітніх технологій, спрямованих на поліпшення системи енергозбереження сільськогосподарських підприємств). Результати дослідження. Встановлено, що галузі сільського господарства мають певні особливості, зокрема використовують енергію для виробництва продукції, генерують її. Зазначені особливості базуються на тому, що в процесі виробництва тут використовується три принципово різних види енергії: антропотехногенна (викопна), сонячна та енергія ґрунту. З’ясовано, що процес енергозбереження в сільському господарстві має формуватися за рахунок скорочення викопних джерел енергії та за рахунок повнішого використання відновлюваної енергії сонця й енергетичного потенціалу ґрунту. Виявлено важливу особливість сільського господарства ‒ значний рівень просторової розосередженості, що обумовлює значні витрати для транспортного обслуговування процесів виробництва продукції та логістики, а також суттєву відмінність принципів споживання енергії: викопна енергія в промисловості є основною, а в сільському господарстві виконує допоміжну роль. Там природна енергія формує біологічну масу (врожай, живу масу тварин). Запропоновано авторське тлумачення поняття «енергозбереження сільськогосподарських підприємств» як системи заходів організаційного, економічного, техніко-технологічного, екологічного, правового та операційного характеру, узгоджена дія яких має спрямовуватись на раціональне використання енергії в процесі сільськогосподарського виробництва. Визначено показники групи економічного аналізу енергозбереження в сільському господарстві: сукупна енергетична потужність; енергоозброєність; енергозабезпеченість; електроозброєність праці та ін. Охарактеризовано ключові етапи дослідження енергозбереження сільськогосподарських підприємств. Запропоновано групування методів дослідження енергозбереження. Наукова новизна результатів дослідження. Дістало подальшого розвитку авторське трактування поняття «енергозбереження сільськогосподарських підприємств», визначення ключових етапів дослідження енергозбереження та систематизація відповідних методів. Практична значущість результатів дослідження. Впровадження у виробництво результатів дослідження буде сприяти підвищенню економічної ефективності сільськогосподарського виробництва. Ключові слова: енергозбереження, енергоефективність, енергоресурси, відновлювані джерела енергії, раціональне використання енергоресурсів. Parkhomets M.K., Hradovyi V.V. FEATURES AND INDICATORS OF FORMATION OF ENERGY SAVING SYSTEM IN AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES Purpose. The aim of the article is in-depth study of questions related to the features, methodological approaches and indicators of economic analysis and evaluation of the energy saving system in agricultural enterprises. Methodology of research. The methodological basis of the study is the dialectical method of scientific knowledge. The study used general and special methods, including abstract and logical (to outline the main factors, influencing the characteristics of energy saving in agricultural enterprises, for the author’s interpretation of the energy saving system in agricultural enterprises), deductive (to analyse the dynamics and areas of economic efficiency level increase of energy saving system); generalization (in the study of the possibility of implementing the latest technologies aimed to improve the energy saving system in agricultural enterprises). Findings. It is established that agricultural industries have a number of features, in particular: use energy for production, generate it. This feature is based on the fact that in the production process there are three fundamentally different types of energy: anthropotechnogenic (fossil); solar and soil energy. It was found that the process of energy conservation in agriculture should be formed by reducing fossil energy sources and by making fuller use of renewable solar energy and soil energy potential. An important feature of agriculture has been identified, which lies in its significant level of spatial dispersion, which causes significant costs for transport services of production processes and logistics. There is a significant difference in the principles of energy consumption, fossil energy is the main in industry and in agriculture - it plays a supporting role. There, natural energy forms the biological mass (harvest, live mass of animals). The author’s interpretation of the concept “energy saving of agricultural enterprises” is offered, which includes a system of measures (organizational, economic, technical and technological, ecological, legal and operational), coordinated action of which should be aimed at the rational use of energy in the process of agricultural production. The indicators of the group of economic analysis of energy saving in agriculture are determined: total energy capacity; energy armament; energy supply; electrical equipment of labour, etc. The key stages of energy saving research and tasks in agricultural enterprises are clarified. Grouping of methods of research of energy saving is offered. Originality. The author’s interpretation of the concept of “energy saving of agricultural enterprises”, definition of key stages of energy saving research and systematization of appropriate methods were further developed. Practical value. The introduction of research results into production will help increase the economic efficiency of agricultural production. Key words: energy saving, energy efficiency, energy resources, renewable energy sources, rational use of energy resources.

Recently, lactate has been recognized as energy resources for neuron metabolism. According to ANLS hypothesis, glucose being particularly uptaken by astrocyte is eventually metabolized via glycolisis. Lactate produced in astrocyte is then released into extracelluler matrix and uptaken by neuron then converted into pyruvate that used in oxydative metabolism. That proccess is resulted more ATP than that of conventional theory. A few in vitro studies has demonstrated that there is an increased of ATP in neuron at hypoxic condition, agreed with ANLS hypothesis. This study was aimed to learn the correlation between plasma lactate level and functional scale in acute thrombotic stroke patients. Forty patients with acute thrombotic stroke were admitted to neurology ward, dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya in May until July 2013. Those patients had been examined for plasma lactate level using lactate-oxydase colorimetric method and functional scale by NIHSS (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale). The results showed that mean of age was 58,98 ± 11,91 years old, plasma lactate level was 1,51 ± 0,47 mmol/L, and mean of NIHSS was 6,83 ± 2,978. There was negative correlation between plasma lactate level and functional scale measured by NIHSS in acute thrombotic stroke patients, which was statistically significant (r = - 0,366 and p = 0,020).

El artículo estudia la regulación sobre la obtención de hidrocarburos no convencionales mediante fractura hidráulica (fracking) en México. Para tal fin, se analiza la reforma constitucional energética aprobada en 2013 y el marco legal derivado de ésta. Se explica que, en términos de la narrativa empleada para obtener energéticos, se han puesto en riesgo los derechos comunitarios de agua. Se concluye que bajo el discurso de alcanzar la seguridad energética la reforma constitucional apuntaló el paradigma hegemónico de producción y consumo de energía fósil.

The purpose of the article is to establish the main trends in the development of the market of fuel and energy resources in the agricultural sector, to build a model for calculating the retail price of diesel fuel in Ukraine, depending on world oil prices and the US dollar exchange rate. Research methods. In the process of research, the dialectical method of scientific cognition, analysis and synthesis, system generalization (establishment of the basic tendencies of development of the market of fuel and energy resources in the agricultural sector, formation of conclusions) is used; analytical alignment of the trend (linear) (identifying the trend in the dynamics of demand for gasoline and diesel fuel) were used; world oil prices and retail prices for gasoline and diesel fuel in Ukraine); correlation and regression analysis (quantitative measurement of the degree of influence on the price of diesel fuel of both individual factors and their combination; construction of a regression model for calculating the retail price of diesel fuel in Ukraine depending on world oil prices and the US dollar exchange rate). Research results. The main trends in the development of the market of fuel and energy resources in the agricultural sector of Ukraine have been established. The degree of influence of both individual factors and their combination on the price of diesel fuel has been determined. A regression model is built for calculating the retail price of diesel fuel in Ukraine depending on world oil prices and the US dollar exchange rate. A short-term forecast of the price of diesel fuel in Ukraine has been carried out. Scientific novelty. Based on the establishment of the main trends in the development of the market of fuel and energy resources in the agricultural sector, an econometric model based on multiple linear regression has been built, which allows determining the relationship between the retail price of diesel fuel in Ukraine and the world oil price, as well as the dollar exchange rate. Practical significance. Conclusions, suggestions and practical recommendations can be used in the development of investment projects in agriculture and the formation of state programs for the agricultural sector development. Tabl.: 4, Figs.: 4. Refs.: 14.

At reconnaissance to feasibility study stages of wave energy development, guidelines and standards recommend wave power assessments to be conducted for long periods of time, albeit at relatively coarse spatial resolutions. However, quite often developers need to make a preliminary site selection based on high-resolution information. Unfortunately, even with abundant computational resources nowadays, running a high-resolution coastal model for more than a decade is still not practical. In this paper, we propose to combine uncertainty estimates from a 21-year-long 1-km-resolution model and a high-resolution (10 m nearshore) coastal model to assess wave energy. Two sites in Japan facing the Pacific Ocean were selected for this study. One site located on the southern coast (site-S) is affected more by the passage of typhoons than another site located on the eastern coast (site-E). The estimated wave power climatology at site-S ranges between 3 and 7 $$\text{kW}\,\text{m}^{-1}$$ with an uncertainty of ± 0.27 to ± 0.51 $$\text{kW}\,\text{m}^{-1}$$ ; whereas for site-E, the climatology varies between 3 and 9 $$\text{kW}\,\text{m}^{-1}$$ with uncertainties of ± 0.12 to ± 0.34 $$\text{kW}\,\text{m}^{-1}$$ . In general, the eastern coastal area of Japan is found to offer higher wave power and lower margins of uncertainty than compared with the southern coastal area.

Photocatalytic CO2 fixation is widely considered as a promising approach for recycling carbon-based energy resources. However, it is still beyond practical application due to the low efficiency and...

A modernization version of OKM-520 calcining conveyor machines of AO A.V. Varichev Mikhailovskii GOK has been suggested, which is a continuation of the step-by-step comprehensive modernization of the pellet production technique at the MGOK pelletizing plant and the thermal circuit of OKM-520 calcining machines no. 1 and 2. The improvement of the technological procedure and the scheme of gas-air flows allows one to increase the productivity of the units, improve the environmental situation at the industrial site, and reduce the consumption of energy resources.

The increasing demand in the modern world for energy resources leads to the recovery of oil and gas fields in remote northern and Arctic regions. The development of additives that effectively preve...

The study aimed to analyze the relationship between the performance of companies and human capital with the help of moderating role of intention to use of renewable energy through various modes while providing an eminent view of the literature. The approach of quantitative has been used by this study. While reviewing the literature, the permitted issues are covered into three categories which were neglected previously: human capital analysis – relationships of management performance along with the intention to use of renewable energy, measuring and defining of human and intellectual capital, and HRM. Intention to use renewable energy significantly and positively moderates among the relationship between intellectual human capital, and the company’s performance. The results of this study are pertinent to the relationship among various aspects of human resources and performance of companies which were lately experienced in rapid developments. These findings provided the guidelines to the policymakers that they should provide the focus on the formulation of the policies related to the intellectual human capital and effective use of renewable energy that enhance the company performance.Keywords: Human capital, Human resources management, Management Performance, Intentions to use renewable energyJEL Classifications: Q2, J24, O15DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10623

Globally, the poultry industry is gaining significant importance among the agricultural and its allied sectors. However, heat stress was found to negatively affect the poultry production particularly in the tropical regions. This review is therefore an attempt to generate information pertaining to the impacts of heat stress on poultry production and its amelioration. Heat stress reduces the growth, reproductive performance, and egg production in poultry birds. The reduction in productive potential of poultry birds on exposure to heat stress may be attributed to the deviation of energy resources from production to adaptation pathway. There are different approaches pertaining to relieving the adverse impacts of heat stress on poultry production. These approaches can be broadly categorized under genetic, management, and nutritional strategies. These approaches may reduce the negative effects of heat stress and enhance the productive performance of poultry birds. The management strategies include appropriate shelter design, providing shade, using sprinklers, implementing cooling devices, and using fans and ventilation systems. The recommended floor space for mature birds weighing 1.7 kg is 0.06 m2/bird while it is 0.13 m2/bird for the birds weighing 3.5 kg with 27.8 kg/m2 bird density in either case. The nutritional interventions comprise ration balancing and providing essential micronutrients to improve the productive and reproductive performance in poultry birds. Fat, antioxidants, yeast, and electrolyte supplementations are some of the most commonly used nutritional strategies to ensure optimum production in the poultry industry. Furthermore, providing adequate water supply and disease surveillance measures may help to ensure optimum meat and egg production in the birds. The advanced biotechnological tools may aid to identify suitable genetic markers in poultry birds which might help in developing new strains of higher thermo-tolerance by designing suitable breeding program involving marker-assisted selection. These strategies may help to optimize and sustain poultry production in the changing climate scenario.

Africa has rich energy resources but continues to remain an energy poor continent. The industrialization potential of the continent and its rapidly growing population have caused a sharp increase i...

Постановка задачи. Требуется усовершенствовать алгоритм программы «Контроль энергетических ресурсов: КЭР1 - газ», предназначенной для быстрого вычисления максимально допустимой погрешности измерения счетчиком газа в относительных единицах (%) и в абсолютном значении (м/ч) по текущему заданному расходу газа для различных типов счетчиков. Результаты. Рассмотрены основные проблемы программирования физических процессов измерения малых расходов газа. Показано описание программы измерения малых расходов газа. Разработана программа для ЭВМ и алгоритм работы «Контроль энергетических ресурсов: КЭР2 - магистраль», автоматизирующая вычисление максимально допустимой погрешности измерения счетчиком газа в относительных единицах (%) и в абсолютном значении (м/ч) по текущему заданному расходу газа, диаметру, давлению для различных типов счетчиков с учетом линейной скорости частиц в газовом потоке. Выводы. Впервые разработана программа ЭМВ «Контроль энергетических ресурсов: КЭР2 - магистраль», предназначенная для быстрого вычисления максимально допустимой погрешности измерения счетчиком газа в относительных единицах (%) и в абсолютном значении (м/ч) по текущему заданному расходу газа, диаметру трубопровода, давлению для различных типов счетчиков, что упрощает проверку их работоспособности во время периодической поверки. Полученные результаты отвечают задачам, поставленным в «Энергетической стратегии России на период до 2030 года» (№ 1715-р от 13.10. 2009), и предназначаются для использования при модернизации систем газопотребления и учета малых расходов энергоносителя. Проведенные исследования предполагают адаптацию базовых методик оценки надежности, рисков и безопасности систем в теории газоснабжения и регулирования учета расхода газа, используемых для работы региональными предприятиями газовой отрасли. Statement of the problem. It is required to improve the algorithm of the program “Control of Energy Resources: KEP 1-Gas” designed to quickly calculate the maximum permissible error of measurement by the gas meter in relative units (%) and in absolute value (m/h) at the current set gas flow rate for various types of meters. Results. The major issues of programming physical processes for measuring low gas flow rates are investigated. A description of the program for measuring low gas flow rates is shown. A software package and an operation algorithm “Energy Resources Control: KER2-Main” have been developed which automate the calculation of the maximum permissible measurement error by the gas meter in relative units (%) and in absolute value (m/h) at the current specified gas flow rate, diameter, pressure for various types of counters considering the linear velocity of particles in the gas flow. Conclusions. For the first time, the EMV software “Energy Resources Control: KER 2-Main” has been developed which is designed to quickly calculate the maximum permissible measurement error of the gas meter in relative units (%) and in absolute value (m/h) for the current specified gas flow rate, pipeline diameter, pressure for various types of meters, which makes it easier to check their performance during periodic verification. The results obtained are in compliance with the objectives specified in “Energy Strategy of Russia for the Period Up to 2030” (No. 1715-r from October 13, 2009) and are intended for use in the modernization of gas consumption systems and accounting for low energy costs. The studies assume the adaptation of the basic methods for assessing the reliability, risks and safety of systems in the theory of gas supply and regulation of gas consumption metering used for the operation of regional enterprises of the gas industry. Statement of the problem. It is required to improve the algorithm of the program “Control of Energy Resources: KEP 1-Gas” designed to quickly calculate the maximum permissible error of measurement by the gas meter in relative units (%) and in absolute value (m3/h) at the current set gas flow rate for various types of meters. Results. The major issues of programming physical processes for measuring low gas flow rates are investigated. A description of the program for measuring low gas flow rates is shown. A software package and an operation algorithm “Energy Resources Control: KER2-Main” have been developed which automate the calculation of the maximum permissible measurement error by the gas meter in relative units (%) and in absolute value (m3/h) at the current specified gas flow rate, diameter, pressure for various types of counters considering the linear velocity of particles in the gas flow. Conclusions. For the first time, the EMV software “Energy Resources Control: KER 2-Main” has been developed which is designed to quickly calculate the maximum permissible measurement error of the gas meter in relative units (%) and in absolute value (m3/h) for the current specified gas flow rate, pipeline diameter, pressure for various types of meters, which makes it easier to check their performance during periodic verification. The results obtained are in compliance with the objectives specified in “Energy Strategy of Russia for the Period Up to 2030” (No. 1715-r from October 13, 2009) and are intended for use in the modernization of gas consumption systems and accounting for low energy costs. The studies assume the adaptation of the basic methods for assessing the reliability, risks and safety of systems in the theory of gas supply and regulation of gas consumption metering used for the operation of regional enterprises of the gas industry.

In this article, indicators of energy consumption in agriculture for Russian Federation are discussed, starting from the year 1990, and their forecast values for the period up to 2030 with the analysis of the decay in the period from 1991 to 2010 and gradual growth of energy resources consumption started in 2010 and continued to the present day has been analyzed. The outlines of the strategy of rural energy base development and optimization have been considered. Demand, development, and implementation conditions of decentralized energy supply systems have been substantiated, and their features, composition, and application field have been specified. It has been shown that the major energy resource of standalone energy systems is local and renewable energy sources and of agricultural production wastes. Methods and technologies for the conversion of renewable energy sources (RES), biomass, and waste of agricultural production into heat and power have been characterized.

Thermosyphons and heat pipes offer great opportunities for creating pas sive heat and mass transfer systems. Various design solutions using heat pipes (thermosyphons) in solar energy systems are known. Solar energy is one of the promising energy sources, a step towards reducing dependence on other energy resources. To date, there is already an industrial production of solar collectors based on thermosyphons (heat pipes). In solar collectors, the use of thermosyphons (heat pipes) makes it possible to simplify the assembly of the structure, ensures its high modularity, maintainability and reliability. In the course of research, the authors have developed and justified the design of a solar collector based on thermosyphons fixed on panels that absorb solar rays. In order to analyze the efficiency of the solar collector based on two-phase copper thermosyphons, two models of solar collectors were created, viz. the one with a flat absorbing panel and the one with a cylindrical absorbing panel. The areas of the absorbing surfaces were the same. Both models were studied by the method of thermophysycal experiment. The results of studies of the effectiveness of the above-mentioned solar collectors have been obtained. The efficiency of the solar collector based on a copper two-phase thermosyphon, which is fixed on a cylindrical absorbing panel is 2–5 % more than the efficiency of the solar collector based on a copper two-phase thermosyphon, which is fixed on a flat absorbing panel. The maximum efficiency value obtained at low initial water temperatures for solar collectors with a cylindrical and flat absorbing surface was 60 %.

Coordination of microgrids protections is an emerging research issue due to the increasing participation of distributed generation (DG) in power grids. This review paper aims to show the current weaknesses in the coordination of protections for microgrids, as well as the available solutions and future challenges. The review evidences that microgrid protection systems must face two important aspects. The first one is the dynamic behavior presented by the microgrids that take place due to the intermittency of energy resources. The second one is related to the operation modes of the microgrids, since they may operate either connected or disconnected from the distribution network. The literature review also allowed classifying the most used protection schemes for microgrids. A comprehensive analysis which performs a discusion of the most relevant future challenges regarding microgrid protection coordination is also presented.

In connection with the need to increase the energy resources of Ukraine, it is essential to expand the areas and depths of prospecting, as well as to improve the methodology and technology of oil and gas exploration. The most promising area for the search for new oil and gas fields in Ukraine remains the Pripyat-Dneprovsko-Donetsk oil and gas province. Increasing the depth of new energy sources because of the increasing cost of exploration and deep drilling requires more accurate and efficient predictions, which should be based on a more rigorous scientific substantiation of new directions of work and the application of new efficient technologies. The article develops the concept of deep degassing of the Earth, which is of great importance for the development of modern ideas about the formation and geological history of the Pripyat-Dnieper-Donetsk oil and gas province. The authors considered the nature of oil and gas accumulation areas and their relationship with the “pipes” of deep degassing of the Earth, as well as the possibilities of structural-tectonic, lithological-geochemical and remote sensing methods in identifying new oil and gas fields in the Pripyat-Dnieper-Donetsk oil and gas province and signs of their connection with «pipes» hydrocarbon deep degassing of the Earth. To implement new methodology and technology of prospecting, exploration of oil and gas fields, the article proposes to make wider use of the modern capabilities of satellite methods, which make it possible to quickly cover large areas with multiple surveys, increase the efficiency of solving geological problems, and also significantly reduce the cost of oil and gas exploration.

Waste-to-energy technology is an alternative way to reduce fossil fuels and to secure energy resources. This technology can be readily applied to our real society because non-recyclable but combustible wastes are generated every day and the technology is already available and mature as shown in many facilities for waste incineration. However, this technology incurs environmental and human health concerns due to toxic metals in wastes, which have not been effectively managed because metal- and waste-related risk assessment is too time- and resource-consuming for field facilities. Thus, this study suggests a practical methodology to effectively screen toxic combustible wastes and to identify priority metals to be targeted for pollution prevention; and carries out a case study to demonstrate the methodology. The methodology is based on the assessment of toxicity potentials (for instance, cancer, non-cancer, and eco-toxicity potentials) from metals in combustible wastes on a per-energy basis. The toxicity potential is quantified by using (i) the metal contents and lower heating value (LHV) of a combustible waste and (ii) the characterization factors accounting for the fate, exposure, and effect of metals. A case study is performed by applying the methodology to waste cable coating, waste engine oil, waste paint, refuse-derived fuel (RDF), refuse plastic fuel (RPF), waste medium-density fiberboard (MDF), and wastewater sludge. The case study results showed that the cable coating, engine oil, brown paint, RDF, and wastewater sludge had relatively high toxicity potentials, and their priority metals were lead (Pb), zinc, and copper. This study can be used for waste-to-energy facilities to practically screen toxic waste fuels and to determine post-treatment processes that can effectively remove priority metals.

This article develops a novel decentralized periodic energy trading framework for a pelagic islanded microgrid. Compared with situations of the microgrid connecting directly to the main grid and of the short-periodic energy trading system, in this article, we tackle the following challenges: the limitation of energy resources, the two types of end users (i.e., strategic users and normal users), the high uncertainty of renewable energy generations (REGs), and the nonconvexity of optimization problem. To overcome these four obstacles unavoidably existing in practice, we propose the models of user satisfaction with the priority power supply for strategic users. Robust optimization approach is adopted to address the uncertainty associated with the REGs. A nonconvex optimization problem derived from the game-theoretic approach and backward induction is solved via designing a decentralized bilevel iterative algorithm, then a Stackelberg equilibrium strategy is obtained, where the aggregator maximizes its revenue and each user minimizes its energy cost. Simulation results are provided to show the effectiveness and benefits of the proposed periodic energy trading framework for pelagic islanded microgrids.