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A duty of loyalty prohibits fiduciaries from appropriating business opportunities from their companies. Starting in 2000, Delaware, followed by several other states, allowed boards to waive their duty. We show that public firms covered by waiver laws invest less in R&D, produce fewer and less valuable patents, and exhibit abnormally high inventor departures. Remaining innovation activities contribute less to firm value, a fact confirmed by the market reaction when firms reveal their curtailed internal growth opportunities by announcing acquisitions. Consistent with the laws’ intent to provide contracting flexibility to emerging firms, we find evidence of positive impacts for small firms. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.

Managing risk effectively is essential for a business to be successful, and thus understanding risk is vital for business executives. Effective risk management increases firm value, whereas poor risk management will damage shareholder wealth. In this article, we examine the risk literacy of business executives and find significant variation among the leaders we sample. Our findings suggest that business executives would be well served to evaluate their own risk literacy (and remediate, if necessary), to work to increase risk literacy in the company’s employees, and to include risk literacy as an important and routine part of the firm’s overall culture. Because the importance of risk literacy increases with business complexity, we believe that risk literacy will only become more important in the future.

The paper considers a firm that has the option to invest in a project with an unknown profitability, which is affected by general market uncertainty. The project has the adverse effect that it can cause environmental damage. In case the firm has the option to undertake preventive investment at the time of market entry, we get that preventive investment is significant when (i) the project revenue is large, (ii) the environmental incidents potentially cause a huge reduction of firm value, and (iii) when preventive investment substantially decreases the probability of environmental damage occurrence. The optimality of such a preventive investment results in a significant delay of the project investment. When the firm has the possibility to invest in the project first and do the preventive investment later, this will accelerate the project investment and will result in a larger preventive investment when it indeed will decide to do that one later.

The manufacturing industry is showing very promising developments, especially in the aspect of manufacturing value added in the consumer goods sector. Because the products are needed by the wider community. This study aims to analyze how the influence of leverage and profitability on company value, the Food and Beverages Sector Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The research method used is descriptive method and verification method. The sampling technique was carried out using the purposive sampling method, and a sample of 14 Sector Food and Beverages Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, in 2015 - 2019. Data analysis used in this study was multiple regression analysis. Statistical test results show that the leverage variable has a relationship with firm value, with a moderate level, while the profitability variable has a very strong relationship with company value. From the results of the research, solvency and profitability have a significant positive effect on firm value. This means that the higher the leverage and profitability, the higher the value of the company. Leverage variables and profitability variables have a significant positive effect on the value of the company, meaning that together the higher the leverage and profitability the higher the value of the company.

Firm value is the company's performance which is reflected by the stock price which is formed by the demand and supply of the capital market which reflects the public's assessment of the company's performance. Several factors that can affect firm value include good corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, and sustainability reports. This study aims to analyze the influence of Good Corporate Governance, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Sustainability Report on Firm Value on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The research population is manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sample in the study of 46 companies was determined based on the purposive sampling method. The results showed that good corporate governance, corporate social responsibility had no effect on firm value while the sustainability report had no effect on firm value. The limitations and suggestions in this study are that this study uses a manufacturing company with an observation period of three years. Further researchers are expected to increase the observation period and increase the number of samples to expand the research results. For further research it is expected to develop and multiply the variations of the independent variables used such as environmental performance, company size

Investors' attention to a firm's stock has been demonstrated to influence stock returns (Da et al., 2011). But does a firm's marketing information draw attention to a firm's stock? Research in finance, accounting, and marketing has investigated advertising as one potential driver of investors' attention to a firm's stock. How about other potential marketing drivers? The authors develop hypotheses related to the impact of the changes in four marketing levers: advertising, product development announcements, WOM, and customer satisfaction on the change in investor attention to a firm's stock. Furthermore, they investigate the moderating role of competitors' marketing levers in these relationships. To test the hypotheses, they compile a panel dataset with 349 firms covering the 2007–2017 period. The results suggest that the changes in the focal firm's advertising and WOM have a positive and significant impact on the changes in investor attention to the focal firm’s stock. Furthermore, these effects are amplified when there is an increase in competitors' advertising spending and WOM, respectively. For the customer satisfaction lever, the results suggest that the change in competitors' customer satisfaction enhances the impact of the change in focal firm's customer satisfaction on investor attention. Collectively, the results suggest that investors attend to the firm's and its competitors' marketing information in a much more nuanced manner than previously thought.

The number of studies on the marketing–finance interface has escalated in response to increased interest in the value of marketing investments, such as sports sponsorship. This study integrates current research findings and establishes empirical generalizations on how sports sponsorship announcements impact firm value. The empirical literature finds contradicting results on the value shareholders place on these marketing investments. This paper addresses this issue by undertaking a meta-analysis on stock reactions to sport sponsorship announcements, using 3192 of these announcements taken from 36 studies (41 samples). On aggregate, these announcements drew the attention of shareholders since there was a positive and significant cumulative abnormal return (CAR). However, this positive effect was mostly observed in the 1990s and became negative in the 2000s. Overall, shareholders viewed sports sponsorship investments favorably when there was a functional and geographical congruence between sponsors and sponsees. This paper also shows that the differences in the CAR can be explained by controlling for confounding events and host country. The paper concludes by providing potential avenues for further research in sports sponsorship, using the event study method.

This research aims to advance the literature by identifying the association between four advertising media vehicles (Internet, press, outdoor, television) and contemporaneous sales. Previous research highlights the influence of advertising on firm value but does not delve into the effects of advertising media vehicles. Employing primary data which details the advertising expenditures of 88 publicly traded companies over 11 years, we empirically show a positive association between television and outdoor advertising expenditures and contemporaneous sales. However, we do not find any significant results for press and Internet advertising. We investigate the moderating effect of the growth opportunities, industry sectors and firm size. Our study offers important evidence that the contemporaneous relationship between sales and advertising expenditures varies by media vehicle. We discuss the implications of our findings for the matching principle, a principal concept in accrual accounting.

This study investigates the external auditors working in Egypt perceptions regarding the materiality of the corporate governance report (CGR) disclosures. All external auditors working in Egypt were surveyed to determine whether disclosures are materially important to this group while they are performing their audits. The final sample consists of 247 auditors who work in Big 4 auditing firm, private auditing firms affiliated to foreign auditing firms, private auditing firm not affiliated to foreign auditing firm and governmental auditors. Through hypotheses testing the main findings reveal that all external auditors perceive CGR disclosures as materially important. Moreover, there was significant difference in some of their perceptions, these differences were explained through psychological engagement (i.e., experience, educational level, and work exposure) throughout the analysis. The findings show that respondents consider information related to internal control, governance and compliance to laws and regulations to be significantly material in auditing decision. While information regarding transparency and disclosure were the less important when compared to other sections of the CGR. The current study extends and enriches the ongoing academic and practical debate on the usefulness of narrative disclosures. The study findings suggest that regulators should seek more communications to the current requirements as the results shows that direct knowledge of the auditors made a big difference in their perceptions. The current investigation touched a blind spot in the literature and provided evidence for the materiality level of CGR disclosure in auditing decision, as previous studies investigated how governance report affect the firm value.

Corporate activism is a growing practice whereby companies take a stand on a social, political, or environmental issue, usually controversial, to contribute to social change. This research examines a corporate activism action targeting a company and conducted through a corporate boycott. The research has analyzed the stock market performance of the target (Facebook) and the sponsor companies after the Stop Hate for Profit campaign. The results show that the company that suffers boycott receives a significant negative effect on the stock market, but the sponsoring companies have no effect. Thus, even though corporate activism is a stakeholder demand and previous research highlights its importance on brand management strategies, the companies that support it do not obtain a positive impact on the value of their share prices. The article presents a series of recommendations for practitioners and academics.

The Financial Service Modernization Act of 1999 has been crucial to the financial service industry ever since its creation. There are two primary reasons this Act was mandated to aid the financial service industry- the merger/barrier reason and consumer privacy reason. This paper evaluates whether this policy has achieved this object and how the effect the policy has had on the financial service industry compares to the non-policy effect on wholesale trade industry, retail trade industry and service industry. This paper finds that this policy is one of the significant reasons, If not the primary reason, for the increase in the Enterprise Value (EV) of firms within the financial service industries over the industries. Furthermore, the findings suggest that customer complaints may have lessened within the financial service industries more than Wholesale and Retail trade industries but not the service industries.

We examine whether textual attributes of firms’ regulatory filings reflect CEO characteristics and whether investors consider this relation when assessing firm value. We build on prior research that shows founders have unique personality attributes, particularly overoptimism. We find that 10-K text for founder-led firms is characterized by “excess” optimism relative to current and future realized earnings and relative to non-founder-led firms. The effect is mitigated for firms with large auditors, high litigation risk and high analyst following. Based on stock price at the 10-K release, investors do not appear to appropriately discount the tone, resulting in predictable negative returns during the year subsequent to the 10-K release, particularly for the first two years after firms go public. Collectively, our findings contribute to the existing literature examining the effects of executives on firm disclosure by providing initial evidence about the conditions under which firms’ scripted narrative disclosures reflect CEO characteristics.

This study is driven by the phenomenon of earnings indicators that can mislead investors due to managers' personal interests. As a result, investors would seek alternative earnings through analysts serving as intermediaries, referred to as street earnings. Street earnings are considered more predictive, informative, and more likely to be used to assess firm value. Furthermore, non-financial information from the corporation can affect street earnings. As a result, this study attempts to determine whether street earnings affect firm value while also determining whether it can mediate the relationship between non-financial information on firms with firm value. This analysis makes use of 392 observations from manufacturing firms between 2015 and 2020. SPSS 25 and the Sobel test are used to conduct data analysis. One of the three hypothesis is proven, namely that research and development activities directly and indirectly affect street earnings and firm value. If street earnings can moderate the relationship between the two variables, this conclusion is also supported by the Sobel test.

Every new product introduction entails a branding decision: whether to name the product using a direct extension, a sub-brand, or a new brand. While previous research has focused on how consumers evaluate alternatives in lab settings, or, in studies based on secondary data, on the effectiveness of brand extensions in general, a comprehensive framework of the antecedents and consequences of new product branding decisions is lacking from the literature. The authors propose a theoretical framework that organizes product-, category-, and firm-level determinants of firms’ new product branding decisions, and empirically test the framework’s predictions using a large sample of new product introductions, documenting with real world data how managers choose among three branding alternatives. In addition, using both product-specific and firm-specific valuation metrics, the authors quantify the negative impact on firm value of misaligning the new product branding decisions with the conditions facing new products. Conceptually, the authors bridge the branding and new product performance literatures, and present findings that extend knowledge from behavioral research on brand extensions. Empirically, the authors provide evidence to managers on how to choose brand names for new products in a way that enhances the stock market value of firms.

We provide new evidence on individual analysts’ differential abilities to forecast firm value. We find that independent analysts’ target prices perform well in predicting future price relative to investment-bank analysts. Our evidence suggests that, 12 months after their issuance, independent analysts’ target prices are more likely to be met than those issued by investment-bank analysts in general and are more accurate than the target prices of affiliated investment-bank analysts, controlling for analyst characteristics. We also find that independent analysts’ target prices are more likely to be met for firms with higher stock price momentum. In contrast, we find that the association between realized returns and the returns predicted by target prices does not differ for independent vs. investment-bank analysts. Moreover, independent analysts’ target prices are less likely to be met and are less accurate for firms with higher volatility. Our evidence contrasts with prior literature which generally concludes that independent analysts’ research is of lower quality. Yet, the market appears to react relatively less strongly to independent analysts’ target price revisions. Our findings suggest that investors and researchers can benefit from understanding the properties of independent analysts’ target prices, particularly for certain types of firms.

Effective administration of a firm depends largely on the quality and commitment of the board of directors, who are expected to control the activities of the firm based on ethical and professional standards to ensure that corporate affairs are in line with corporate objectives. This study examines the mediating effect of earnings quality on the relationship between corporate board attributes and the value of listed insurance companies in Nigeria. The study utilized secondary sources of data collected from annual reports of the sampled companies for the periods 2009 to 2018. The population of the study comprises of all twenty seven (27) insurance companies listed on the Nigerian stock exchange, out of which fifteen (15) were selected as study sample. Data generated were examined by means of descriptive statistics to provide summary statistics for the variables and subsequently, correlation analysis was carried out using Pearson correlation technique for the correlation between the dependent, independent variables and the mediating variable. Path analysis using Structural Equation Modeling was used; also Monte Carlo’s test was employed to determine the significant of the indirect effect. It was found that board size, board meetings and women directorship significantly affect firm value. It also reveals that board size and board independence significantly affects earnings quality of listed insurance companies in Nigeria. Furthermore, the study finds that earnings quality does not significantly mediates the relationship between board size, board independence, women director, board meeting and firm value. However, it is mediating partially. This indicates that board attributes through the quality of the reported earnings a higher firm value will be achieved. Hence the study concludes that the direct association between boards attributes mechanisms and firm value is more crucial than their indirect association mediated by the earnings quality. Thus, the study recommends that investors should pay more attention to companies with high number of directors, as provided in the NAICOM code of corporate governance. Also, in order to have proper checking by independent directors, NAICOM should also ensure a strict adherence to the provision of the code to improve the quality of earnings and enhance the value of the listed insurance companies in Nigeria.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, several issues have emerged as important in evaluating firm value and investment-oriented decision making. These issues include supply chain management, human rights, climate change, safety, and environmental risks. This study analyzed the sustainability reports of four business firms, each in four different countries, covering 2005/2006, 2013, and 2020. The analysis revealed similar factors and their dimensions that are critical for effective supply chain management: environmental and public sector issues, collaboration and cooperation with partner organizations, environmentally friendly production and development systems, human-centered operation plans, and risk management. While the study results delineated several key categories, there were variations among the four firms’ sustainability reports, indicating a need for global standards for comparative analysis. This study highlights the importance of sustainability, its effective measurement, and global standards for sustainability reports. As governments put pressure on businesses to demonstrate their commitments to environmental issues, many firms have embraced the concept of corporate social responsibility by practicing socially responsible codes of conduct throughout their supply chains.

The pharmaceutical industry plays a considerable role in developing vaccines and medications for prevention and reduction in disease incidence, treatment of ailments and enhancement in quality of life by contributing to innovative research and engaging in technological advancements to meet the complex healthcare demands of the population. India globally occupies 3rd position in pharmaceutical production by volume and 14th by value. The domestic pharma industry consists of 3,000 drug companies with 10,500 manufacturing units. It delivers drugs to maintain health or prevent infections and alleviate diseases distressing the global population. The current research study aimed to reveal the determinants of dividend pay-out of Indian pharmaceutical companies. Dividend policy is a crucial financial policy on paying cash dividend presently or paying an increased dividend at a later stage. At times of cash surplus, the management could pay out a portion or all of those surplus earnings in the form of cash dividends or to repurchase the company's stock through a share buyback program. The objectives of the current research study are, to identify the factors determining dividend payout of pharmaceutical companies in India, to examine the relationship between dividend payout and corporate profitability and to analyse the impact of dividend policy on the firm value. Secondary data was collected from the published annual reports for the years 2015-16 to 2019-20.

This article reviews existing research on board diversity. What role does diversity of board members play in board governance, and how does it influence firm behavior and firm value? First, given the recent focus on board diversity among institutional investors and regulators, we present stylized facts and time trends in board diversity. Second, we discuss the dimensions of diversity that have been examined in the literature. Third, we study the determinants of board diversity. Finally, we assess the research on the effects of board diversity on firm performance and outcomes. We discuss the endogeneity challenges of studying the impact of diversity on firm value and review the main approaches that existing studies have used to address endogeneity. We conclude with suggestions for future research on board diversity.

Islamic banks require a different performance measurement than a conventional bank to keep their sustainability. The main disadvantage of employing conventional benchmarks to measure Islamic bank performance is that they fail to investigate shariah facets. This study aims to discover how maqashid shariah index using IMSPM (Integrated Maqashid al-Shariah based Performance Measure) approach and firm value using EVA (Economic Value Added) approach and examine its impact with capital structure on the corporate values of Islamic bank. This study using a quantitative method with the purposive sampling technique. This study involved 11 Islamic bank’s annual reports listed in the Bank Indonesia and OJK from 2015 to 2019 period. The analysis method is multiple linear regression using Eviews 10 program. This study finds that the sample performed highest on the objective of nafs (self) over five-year period. The companies with a constant NOPAT and IC have a better EVA. Maqashid Syariah Index positively influence firm value while the capital structure has no effect.

This research was conducted to analyze the effect of investment decisions, funding decisions, and dividends on the value of companies in the manufacturing companies in the food and beverage sector, which are listed on the 2016-2020 Efek Stock Exchange in Indonesia. The sample used in this research is 6 samples of mmanufacturing companies in the food and beverage sector issues listed. The sampling criteria are companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2016-2020, companies publishing annual financial reports for the 2016-2020 period in a row, companies having complete financial statement data related to the variables in the study, and the company earned a net profit in the 2016-2020 period. This study aims to analyze and prove empirically the effect of investment decisions, funding decisions, and dividends on firm value. The research data collection method uses secondary data. The sampling method uses the purposive sampling technique. The data analysis method uses multiple regression analysis. Based on the results of the test, it is known that simultaneously, it shows that the investment decisions, funding decisions, and dividend decisions have an effect on the value of the companies in the Indonesian food and beverage sector that are listed in 2016. The results of the partial test show that the investment decision has an significantly positive effect on the value of the company, the funding decision has no significant impact on the value of the company and has an significantly positive effect on this decision.

This study aims to determine the effect of corporate governance on financial performance and financial performance on dividend policy, then examining the effect of financial performance and dividend policy on firm value. The research approach is quantitative with panel data type. The sample are companies listed in the manufacturing industries on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study found that independent commissioners' existence does not affect financial performance. The size of the board of commissioners, audit committee members, and the number of board meetings do not affect financial performance. The study also found that financial performance and free cash flow affect the company's dividend policy. Finally, the results show that financial performance affects firm value while dividend policy does not affect it. These results have theoretical implications for supporting agency theory. The independent commissioners will reduce conflict and thus improve the financial performance.

This research aims to test and analyze liquidity, cash conversion cycle to firm value and to test and analyze company size moderate liquidity and cash conversion cycle to firm value. This research uses purposive sampling method. The population in this study is the Consumer Goods Industry Sector Company. The sample and this research are 124 samples that have met the criteria. The technique of collecting data with documentation is done by collecting documentary data sources, including annual reports and financial statements of companies that are the research sample. The data analysis technique uses classical assumption test, multiple linear regression and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The results of hypothesis testing in this study are liquidity and cash conversion cycles have an effect on firm value. The size of the company influences and strengthens the liquidity relationship on the value of the company, this is because the higher the assets owned by the company tend not to use debt financing, thus companies that have high liquidity have large internal funds, so companies will choose internal funding first rather than using external funding such as debt so that the value of the company will be better. Likewise, the size of the company influences and strengthens the relationship between the cash conversion cycle and the value of the company. The higher the total assets owned by the company, the Consumer Goods Industry sector, the management will be more flexible in using the assets in the company for the benefit of the company's operations so that it will have a positive impact. and provide an increase in the Cash Conversion Cycle to the value of the company. Key words : Liquidity, Cash Conversion Cycle, Firm Size and Firm Value.

With over half a trillion dollars in trade credit flowing between firms in the United States, it is critically important for managers to understand how the trade credit that their firm receives and provides affect its value. Trade credit is a strategic investment in supply chain relationships that allows the recipient to make payment later rather than at the time of the sale. A firm provides trade credit to its downstream business customers and also receives trade credit from its upstream suppliers. Although research has shown that provided trade credit builds a firm’s shareholder value, it has not examined what effect, if any, received trade credit has on the firm’s value. As a result, one might assume that received trade credit affects firm value in the same manner as provided trade credit. We argue otherwise and show that received trade credit and provided trade credit have differential effects on firm value. Received trade credit has a negative direct effect and a positive indirect effect (through profit), whereas provided trade credit has a positive direct effect and a negative indirect effect. The difference in direct effects hinges on the disparate nature of dependence in the supply chain. Provided trade credit increases customers’ dependence on the firm, building the firm’s value. In contrast, received trade credit increases the firm’s dependence on its suppliers, destroying the firm’s value. Empirical results using a sample of 2804 firms from 1986 to 2017 provide robust support for the hypotheses. They show that managers risk overestimating the value of a 1 SD increase in received (provided) trade credit by $284.74 ($74.95) million, on average, if they do not consider both the direct and indirect effects it has on their firm’s value.

One tool for measuring profits is the value of the company, because it can help executives and managers to succeed in managing the company's finances. Shareholders certainly want a high company value reflected in the high value of shares as well. Therefore, it is believed to be able to provide a high level of well-being to shareholders. The purpose of the research is to test and prove that CSR strengthens the factors of firm value in company basic industrial and chemical manufacturing listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2015-2019. This research type uses a quantitative research approach. Sample determining method using purposive sampling on 71 manufacturing companies that publish annual report in 5-year study period. Technique data analysis using PLS (Partial Least Square) by Warp PLS software version 7.0. From hypothesis testing results, it’s concluded that GCG has no effect on firm value, financial performance has a significant positive effect on firm value, firm size has a significant negative effect on firm value, and CSR as variabel moderator showed unable to moderate the impact of GCG, financial performace, and firm size againt firm value. Keywords: GCG, ROA, Size, CSR, Tobins’Q

The reason for this study is to analyze the effect of funding decisions, profitability and liquidity on firm value in LQ45 manufacturing issuers. Annual data reports of the company from 2014 to 2019 are the data for this study. Sampling of companies using purposive sampling method. From the predetermined criteria, only 8 companies can meet the criteria as research samples. The analytical strategy used in this study is panel data regression analysis and uses the Common Effects model with R2 value of 93.87%. Output of this study to show that fund decision, profitability and liquidity are affecting towards firm value and profitability is the most affecting variable on company value.

This study was to determine the influence of intellectual capital and corporate social responsibility on firm value. This research method is quantitative. The population in this study is the mining sector companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2018 to 2020. The sample of this study was determined by purposive sampling. Data analysis techniques for hypothesis testing using multiple regression analysis. The results show that intellectual capital has no significant effect as well as corporate social responsibility on firm value. This is due to the low interest of investors in other aspects outside of physical and financial assets. investors are more focused on maximizing profit as a short term goal. it can be suggested that: (1) Companies should increase their assets to increase company size so that companies have more financial funds to manage their IC performance and create more added value, and (2) For future researchers, it is recommended to increase the number of sample companies, adding other variables and using other proxies in further research.

Engaging in multiple strategic alliances, a firm forms an alliance portfolio. While a larger alliance portfolio signals investors a firm's ability to exploit new opportunities and improve financial performance, having multiple alliances may also undermine financial performance due to a firm's limited ability to effectively manage these alliances. Announcing an alliance termination, a firm signals an intention to increase the effectiveness of a larger alliance portfolio. This article examines the extent to which alliance termination announcements create value for firms with multiple alliances. Building on the resource-based view of the firm and organizational learning literature, the paper hypothesizes a U-shaped relationship between alliance portfolio size and a firm's cumulative abnormal stock return following an alliance termination announcement. This effect is moderated by the amount of a firm's alternative resources and partner-specific experience that affect its ability to effectively manage multiple alliances. The results show that alliance termination announcements create firm value when an alliance portfolio is large.

The Purpose of the study: the key purpose of the study is to discuss the importance and relevance of Customer Accounting to the Egyptian business environment, and to evaluate the role it plays in maximizing the value of the firm. The Methodology of the study: the researcher conducted a questionnaire to test the hypotheses of research, the sample chosen included 95 respondents from the intended groups who benefit from customer accounting in the 30 companies in the corporate social responsibility index (S&P) listed in the Egyptian stock of exchange, the intended groups selected are: Accountants, Financial Managers, Financial Analysts and investors. The study results’: the results of the study proved the importance of customer accounting’s approach for the Egyptian business environment. As well, the evaluation of customer accounting showed that its advantages prevail over the disadvantages, which indicates that it plays a vital role in maximizing the value of the firm.

Subject. The article investigates pricing factors that determine the enterprise value with respect to the effect of corporate governance factors. Objectives. I analyze the impact of corporate governance factors on the enterprise value and build a technique for assessing the effect of corporate governance on the business valuation of the Russian public companies. Methods. The study relies upon the synthesis, deduction, induction, methods of statistical analysis, comparison and generalization. Results. I devised the method, which comprises five steps considering the effect of corporate governance factors on the enterprise value. Following the steps of the method, the specifics of the valuation subject is analyzed in terms of business and legal forms, the use of modern Russian corporate governance principles, the composition and the number of shareholders, industry the entity operates in, and fundamental metrics of the enterprise value. Conclusions and Relevance. Currently, there is few information in the literature about the impact of corporate governance principles set forth in the 2014 Corporate Governance Code, on business value. The article presents the method for assessing the impact of corporate governance on the business valuation, which accounts for the specifics of business and legal forms in terms of corporate governance principles, capital structure, the number of shareholders, the State’s involvement, industry, and fundamental metrics of business valuation. The proposed method can be used by financial analysts, appraisers, corporate managers so as to build and manage the enterprise value.

Subject. The article focuses on business valuation methods and factors with reference to corporate governance principles. Objectives. I analyze how corporate governance factors influence the value and capitalization of public joint-stock companies, and make my suggestions concerning financial and administrative decisions in line with value-based management. Methods. The study is based on methods of synthesis, deduction, induction, statistical analysis, comparison and generalization. Results. Having analyzed the impact of such factors, as revenue, dividends paid, return on sale and equity, for an 11-year life span (2009–2019), on capitalization and value of the population made up of 20 Russian public joint-stock companies from four sectors, as classified by the number of owners and State interest, I figured out that capitalization enterprise value in Russia most of all depend on indicators of companies if it has 11 owners and more (71%), companies without the State interest (67%). As for basic factors, these are revenue and dividend policy that have the strongest effect on enterprise value, while capitalization depends on all the analyzable factors. Conclusions and Relevance. Currently, business valuation and business valuation management are critical for making correct strategic administrative decision. Doing so, the appraiser shall not only measure enterprise value with available financial results, but also consider its various non-financial indicators, which inter alia include corporate governance. Based on corporate governance principles set forth in the Letter of the Bank of Russia, I pointed out that definitely influence the enterprise value. Based on the above analysis, I determined what best results the Russian public joint-stock companies can attain in their corporate governance by sector, the number and quality of owners. Following the findings, I suggest how financial and administrative decisions on enterprise value management should be made, in line with the value-based management principles.

This study was conducted to seek the consistency of the results of previous studies on the influence of Intellectual Capital, with the mediation of financial performance, on the value of banking firms. The quantitative research method used the PLS-SEM analysis technique by using the Smart PLS 3 application. The research subjects were 45 banks listed on the IDX for the period 2015-2019. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The results showed the consistency of the financial performance of banking companies with ROE and ROA indicators as mediating variables between Intellectual Capital as the dependent variable on the value of conventional banking companies using PER indicator as an independent variable. The type of mediation formed in the PLS-SEM equation model is partial mediation.

Positive responses from investors indicate the company's success in providing information to the public. It reflects the stock prices increase in the capital market. Information that is responded to positively provides investor confidence that it contains decision-making usefulness, and managers can ensure its sustainability in the future. This study aims to examine the association of carbon emissions disclosure with firm value in Indonesia. In addition, this study also examines the role of corporate governance in the association between carbon emissions disclosure and firm value. This study employs secondary data sourced from financial statements available at www.idnfinancials.com and stock price data from www.finance.yahoo.com. The sample employed in this study is a manufacturing company from 2016 to 2019. By using purposive sampling, the sample obtained in the study is 260 observations. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression for panel data. This study concludes that the carbon emissions disclosure is negatively associated with firm value. In addition, corporate governance has not succeeded in strengthening the positive effect of carbon emission disclosures on firm value. This study suggests that the Indonesia Financial Services Authority (OJK) should re-examine the regulation on sustainability disclosure, which includes carbon emissions, which is one of the current dynamic issues in the world. In addition, companies need to improve the quality of disclosure of information related to sustainability to the public.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine whether leverage, sales growth, and dividend policies influence the value of the company and determine the development of leverage, sales growth, dividend policy, and company value in real estate, property, and construction companies listed on the Stock Exchange Indonesia period of 2016-2018 Research methodology: This research was a quantitative research. The samples were real estate, property and building construction sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period of 2016-2018, amounting to 20 companies. The sampling technique used was non probability sampling with a purposive sampling method.. Results: Leverage, sales growth, and dividend policy affect the company value. The magnitude of the influence of leverage, sales growth, and dividend policy in contributing influence of company value was 58.0%. Limitations: The research is limited to only those companies in the real estate, property, and building construction sectors listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2018 and only focuses on the effect of leverage, sales growth, and dividend policy on firm value. Contribution: Companies in the real estate, property, and building construction sectors listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange should reduce their leverage, increase sales growth by improving their performance in selling products or services, and improve their dividend policy by increasing dividend distribution to shareholders each year.

This study aims to test empirically the effect of a good corporate governance mechanisms on firm value moderated by stock returns. This is quantitative research. The population in this study is property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2015-2019 and uses purposive sampling that consists of 85 samples. The study uses multiple linear regression analysis with STATA ver. 16. The results showed that the board of directors and audit committee have a significant positive effect on firm value. Independent board of commissioners, institutional ownership, and managerial ownership do not affect firm value. Stock returns cannot moderate the relationship between independent of board commissioners, board of directors, audit committee, institutional ownership, and managerial ownership on firm value

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of business uncertainty on the information technology (IT) governance of listed firms in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach The samples are listed firms in Indonesia Stock Exchange for the years 2015–2018. Total observations are 1,215 firm years. The authors used the random effect panel regression to test the hypotheses. Findings The authors find that business uncertainty has a significant positive association with IT governance, consistent with the prediction. Companies with higher business uncertainty are in higher demand for implementing IT governance. Originality/value The authors have not found previous studies that examine business uncertainty as to the determinant of IT governance. The authors also examined the IT governance in Indonesia, one of the emerging countries. Most previous studies on IT governance were conducted in developed countries, which results may not be generalized to emerging countries.

The need to ensure the growth of enterprise value in the context of strengthening intangible factors’ role in its formation and maintaining sustainable development of society requires the introduction of new value-oriented management models, taking into account the interests of a wide range of stakeholders.The paper aimed to develop an approach to enterprise value management based on the stakeholder approach. Based on the presented conceptual vision of the enterprise as an SRPR system (stakeholders-resources-processes-results), a two-level system of SRPR value indicators for the main stakeholder groups has been developed, as well as an integral indicator of sustainable economic value added (EVA), which allows assessing the potential growth of enterprise value through a sustainable network of stakeholders. The possibility of using SRPR indicators in the process of planning activities has been substantiated: a model for maximizing EVA is formulated subject to a number of restrictions reflecting the standards of relationships with stakeholders, its transformation into a matrix of SRPR indicators.The results of approbation of the proposed approach by questioning processing and wholesale trade enterprises in the B2B segment are presented, confirming the compliance of the proposed system of indicators with the interests of stakeholders and implementation at Europroject Ukraine LLC, which proved its practical value.The need for further empirical studies of the dependence of EVA on changes in indicators of satisfaction of stakeholders’ interests is emphasized.

Despite the various control measures put in place especially the CBK’s prudential laws to ensure that the performance of commercial banks in Kenya is ensured, most commercial banks have been collapsing in the recent past. It is in this light that the current study sought to ascertain the impact of bank liquidity, capital adequacy, asset quality and earnings on the firm value of listed Commercial banks in Kenya. Descriptive research design was employed on a population sample of eleven publicly listed retail banks. Secondary data was collected from CBK and other public financial reports over the 12-year period from 2009 to 2020. The collected data was analysed using1a multivariate panel regression1model to generate the relevant regression tests. The1study established that the capital adequacy has a marginal positive impact on the firm value while earning ability was found to have a statically insignificant positive effect on firm value among Kenyan commercial bank. The study findings indicated that liquidity was insignificantly and negatively correlated with firm value as asset quality had insignificant positive effect on firm value among Kenyan commercial bank. The study recommends that, managers of listed banks should embrace utilization of internally generated equity capital to ultimately promotes credit risk assessments as they maintain optimal levels of liquidity to maximize firm value and maintain high quality of assets as they sustained levels of earnings that boost output. This paper explained a credit risk rating concept that had not been examined in Kenya before.

Motivated by the increasing influence of shareholder votes on corporate policies, we examine investors’ perceptions of activism via voting. To identify instances of activism via voting, we focus on annual meetings with at least one ballot item where a substantial fraction of shareholders is expected to vote against management’s voting recommendation, indicating an increase in their monitoring activity. We define such meetings as “contentious.” Using a sample of almost 28,000 meetings between 2003 and 2012, we examine stock returns over the period between the proxy filing and the annual meeting. This period captures when investors learn about the contentious nature of the upcoming meeting and form expectations about its likely impact on firms’ policies. We find that abnormal stock returns prior to contentious meetings are significantly positive and higher than those prior to non-contentious meetings. These higher abnormal returns increase with the contentiousness of the meeting; are more pronounced in firms with poor past performance, which are more likely to respond to shareholder pressure; and persist after controlling for firm-specific news and proxies for risk factors. Our results are consistent with investors’ expecting activism via voting to have a positive impact on firm value, on average, and cast doubts on regulatory attempts to restrict the use of shareholder votes.

Over the years, firms have been using Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a strategic tool to improve their competitiveness and ultimately benefit their stakeholders. The evidence on the impact of CSR on firm performance, as documented in the literature, is mixed. This paper aims to examine the relationship between socially responsible behaviour and firm value in the Indian context. We use the natural research setting created by the Indian Companies Act, 2013, which mandates a category of firms to spend at least 2% of their net profits on CSR activities. Over the years since the introduction of the mandatory CSR regime in India, few firms have continued to spend more than the statutory minimum on CSR activities. Using Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD), we have examined the impact of CSR spending in excess of the statutory minimum on the short-term and long-term performance of firms. Using a sample of listed Indian firms which incurred CSR spending in at least one out of the preceding five financial years ending on March 31, 2019, we find that firm's choice of spending more than the required minimum on CSR negatively affects its short-term financial performance. The evidence on the impact of excess CSR spending on long-term financial performance of such firms is mixed. Overall, our study provides evidence that CSR spending in excess of the statutory minimum imposes social burden on the business activities of the firms at the expense of returns to the shareholders. The findings of our study may help firms design their CSR policies and expenditure. The evidence may also help policymakers in determining the level of mandatory CSR spending.

This study contributes to the current debate on the downsides and benefits of revenue diversification. Diversification may affect banks when they invest in riskier activities with lower returns, while they benefit from diversified activities that are less risky but have higher returns. The study offers extended implications in the empirical literature using a different measure of revenue diversification from an emerging market perspective. The study uses recent financial data from 26 Malaysian and Nigerian banks for the period 2009–2017, totaling 234 observations. The GMM estimation technique is employed to test the relationship. The results show that revenue diversification – non-interest income/gross revenue ratio (NII), fee and commission income/revenue ratio (NII1), and non-interest income/total assets ratio (NIITA) – significantly affect the firm value and stability of Nigerian banks. Liquidity, administrative expenses, net interest margin (NIM), non-performing loans (NPL), size, GDP growth rate and inflation also affect the firm value and stability of a bank. For Malaysian banks, diversification variables do not significantly affect firm value of a bank, while liquidity, administrative expenses, NIM and size significantly affect firm value. Diversification (NII and NIITA), liquidity, administrative expenses, NIM, NPL, size, GDP growth and inflation rate has a significant impact on the stability of Malaysian banks. The study concludes that revenue diversification affects both the firm value and stability of banks, and to achieve sound financial stability, banks that focus on interest-generating activities may diversify into non-interest-generating activities.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the moderating role of family involvement on the corporate social responsibility (CSR)-firm performance (FP) relationship in the US hospitality industry. Building on agency theory, this study examines how family ownership, management and board control influence the relationship between CSR and FP. Design/methodology/approach To examine the moderating effect of family ownership, family management and family board control, this study adopts the two-way fixed-effects model and performs a panel regression analysis with robust standard errors. The sample period spans 1994–2018 and 565 firm-year observations are included. Findings This study finds that the impact of CSR on FP is positively moderated by the extent of a firm’s family member involvement. In specific, all three aspects of corporate governance (i.e. ownership, management and board control) positively moderate the relationship between CSR and FP. Research limitations/implications Findings of this study yield several recommendations for hospitality managers, including shaping strategic decisions for implementing CSR, by providing a unique perspective that the involvement of founding family members can be helpful in enhancing firm value through CSR activities. Originality/value This study sheds light on the further understanding of the CSR-FP link in the hospitality literature. In addition, this study provides practical guidelines for hospitality firms in the context of CSR by revealing possible advantages of strengthened founding family involvement.

In many countries, disproportionately many firms locate their headquarters in the capital city. Spatial proximity to a country’s leading politicians may be beneficial for a number of reasons. Since neither firms nor governments move randomly, the effects of firms’ co-locating with the government are normally hard to identify. I solve this problem by examining a unique event—the decision to relocate the German federal government from Bonn to Berlin in 1991. Following reunification, there was a free vote in the German parliament on the future location of the government. Berlin won by a narrow margin, an event that could not be anticipated even days before and that is free from confounding factors. Firms with corporate headquarters in Berlin experience abnormal equity returns of more than 3% following the relocation decision.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of PER, DER, and DPR financial decisions with CEO as a moderating variable on firm value in the consumer goods industry in 2015-2019. The researcher uses a quantitative approach with quantitative descriptive research and explanatory research. Collecting sample data using purposive sampling method, with the help of software SPSS to do testing statistic analysis. From the results of this study the researchers found that partially, investment decisions have a positive influence in increasing firm value, with the CEO having a positive influence on investment decisions in increasing firm value. And simultaneously Investment Decisions, Funding Decisions, and Dividend Decisions affect the value of the company, with the CEO influencing the three financial decisions on the value of consumer goods industry companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. with the CEO who has a positive influence on financial decisions on firm value, then it becomes a difference to previous research that has been done on firm value.

This study aims to examine the factors that affect firm value. This research uses purposive sampling method. The sample of the research is 45 financial companies (128 year-firm observations) listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period of 2017-2019. Multiple regression analysis with unbalanced panel data was applied to analyze the data. A corporate governance index published by Globe and Mail with 4 sub-indices is adopted, namely board composition, shareholding and compensation policies, shareholder rights and disclosure. The results of this study indicate that good corporate governance and research & development investment have no effect on firm value. This explains that the implementation of good corporate governance and firm investment in research & development are not the main information for investors in making investments. However, intellectual capital and enterprise risk management disclosure have effect on firm value. The results can be used as a reference for researchers, especially in the accounting sector related to the development of measuring instruments for good corporate governance.

The object of this study is a manufacturing company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2016-2020 with a total population of 196 companies. The sample of this research is 44 companies that meet the criteria based on purposive sampling. The analysis technique uses multiple linear regression.The results of this study there is a significant relationship between the independent board of commissioners on firm value. Institutional ownership has no effect on firm value. There is a significant relationship between the audit committee and the investment opportunity set on firm value. The results of other studies indicate that there is an influence of the CSR moderating variable between the independent board of commissioners' relationship to firm value. It is different with institutional ownership that has no effect on the value of the company which is moderated by CSR. There is a significant effect between the audit committee and the investment opportunity set on firm value moderated by CSR in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2016-2020 period.Keywords: CSR, independent board of commissioners, investment opportunity set, institutional ownership. audit committee, firm value.

This research aims to prove and analyze the impact of green corporate social responsibility (CSR) on company value and the role of the audit committee as a moderating variable. The population is all corporates exist on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX) during 2015-2019. The study used purposeful sampling and obtained as many as 125 companies. The analysis methods used are simple linear analysis and moderate regression analysis. Finding research show that green CSR affects corporate value, and the audit committee can ease correlate between green corporate social responsibility and corporate value.