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Simple classifiers have the advantage of more generalization capability with the side effect of less power. It would be a good idea if we could build a classifier which is as simple as possible while giving it the ability of classifying complex patterns. In this paper, a hybrid classifier called “constrained classifier” is presented that classifies most of the input patterns using a simple, for example, a linear classifier. It performs the classification in four steps. In the “Dividing” step, the input patterns are divided into linearly separable and nonlinearly separable groups. The patterns belonging to the first group are classified using a simple classifier while the second group patterns (named “constraints”) are modeled in the “Modeling” step. The results of previous steps are merged together in the “Combining” step. The “Evaluation” step tests and fine tunes the membership of patterns into two groups. The experimental results of comparison of the new classifier with famous classifiers such as “support vector machine”, k-NN, and “Classification and Regression Trees” are very encouraging.

Intracystic papillary carcinoma is a rare malignant tumor of the breast. It occurs communally in postmenopausal women. Clinically it can be asymptomatic or manifested by a breast mass or a nipple discharge. On imaging intracystic papillary carcinoma has usually benign features. Pathologic diagnosis can be difficult at classical histological examination and identification of myoepithelial cells layer by immunohistochemical study can be useful. In the majority of cases of pure intracystic papillary carcinoma, conservative management is possible. Adjuvant therapy is still controversial and prognosis is excellent. We report three cases of intracystic papillary carcinoma diagnosed on immunohistochemical examination and managed with conservative surgery.

With the increase in population, vehicle traffic has also increased on roads; which have caused an increase in accidents, due to which many people have lost their lives and millions are injured annually. Hence, a foolproof and secure Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) structure is required to reduce the number of accidents considerably. In this paper, a VANET structure has been proposed for highways and urban environments. In the Highway model, separate Road Side Units have been provided for the traffic on each side. In this way group formation for localized traffic will be easy on highways. Simulation results show that by using proposed model, average Throughput and End-to-End delay are improved considerably while packet loss has also been reduced.

Linear classifiers have the generalization property while lacking the power of classifying complex patterns. A simple and effective idea is to somehow exclude the complexity of the data such that it can be classified using a linear classifier. In this paper a new classifier system called “Constraint Excluded Classifier” is proposed that classifies most of the input patterns using a simple, e.g., a linear classifier. The classification is composed of an iterative three step loop. In the “Construction” step, several sub-classifiers are constructed which are responsible for linearly classifying parts of input patterns. Sub-classifiers are merged together in the “Fusion” step. The “Evaluation” step tests and fine tunes the construction of sub-classifiers. The comparison of the new classifier with famous classifiers is also presented.

Background: Aggressive angiomyxoma of the vulva is a rare benign but locally aggressive tumor. Because of high risk of recurrence, treatment should be a wide surgical resection but diagnos...

Bladder stone can exceptionally cause an obstetrical dystocia. A combined procedure of cesarean section with a cystolithotomy is the most advocated attitude. The authors reported a rare case of mechanical dystocia caused by a bladder stone in a 27 year-old multiparous women. The diagnosis was suspected during labor and a vaginal examination revealed a large firm mass in the anterior vagina wall. This mass was responsible for an obstruction of the pelvis requiring a cesarean section. A cystotomy was performed intraoperatively and a bladder stone weighing 130 g and measuring 8 x 6 x 4 cm(3) was extracted. The postoperative course was uneventful.

Cognitive radio spectrum sensing is an important issue in today’s emerging communication techniques. Similarly, vehicular networks are vital considering the increasing traffic on roads and fatal accidents. Efficient networks can reduce the road accidents and enhance the suitability of communication between vehicles and with fixed infrastructure. Different techniques like independent spectrum sensing and various forms of cooperative techniques have been proposed in the near past. We propose a sensing technique which prepares a database for small road segments, time slots for the hours of the day, and different frequencies of the spectrum based on the sensing of vehicles throughout the day. Based on this database, the future utilization of the spectrum is proposed. Simulations and results clearly indicate the success and usefulness of our proposed technique.