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With the continued spread of COVID-19 across the world, rapid diagnostic tools, readily available respurposable drugs, and prompt containment measures to control the SARS-CoV-2 infection are of paramount importance. Examples of recent advances in diagnostic tests are CRISPR technology, IgG assay, spike protein detection, and use of artificial intelligence. The gold standard reverse transcription polymerase chain (RT-PCR) has also been upgraded with point-of-care rapid tests. Supportive treatment, mechanical ventilation, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) remain the primary choice, while therapeutic options include antivirals, antiparasitics, anti-inflammatories, interferon, convalescent plasma, monoclonal antibody, hyperimmunoglobulin, RNAi, and mesenchymal stem cell therapy. Different types of vaccines such as RNA, DNA, and lentiviral, inactivated, and viral vector are in clinical trials. Moreover, rapidly deployable and easy-to-transport innovative vaccine delivery systems are also in development. As countries have started easing down on the lockdown measures, the chance for a second wave of infection demands strict and rational control policies to keep fatalities minimized. An improved understanding of the advances in diagnostic tools, treatments, vaccines, and control measures for COVID-19 can provide references for further research and aid better containment strategies.

Mucormycosis, a secondary fungal infection, gained much attention in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This deadly infection has a high all-cause mortality rate and imposes a significant economic, epidemiological, and humanistic burden on the patients and healthcare system. Evidence from the published epidemiological studies showed the varying prevalence of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM). This study aims to compute the pooled prevalence of CAM and other associated clinical outcomes. MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, and WHO COVID-19 databases were scanned to retrieve the relevant articles until August 2021. All studies reporting the prevalence of mucormycosis among COVID-19 patients were eligible for inclusion. Two investigators independently screened the articles against the selection criteria, extracted the data, and performed the quality assessment using the JBI tool. The pooled prevalence of CAM was the primary outcome, and the pooled prevalence of diabetes, steroid exposure, and the mortality rate were the secondary outcomes of interest. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software version 2 was used for performing the meta-analysis. This meta-analysis comprised six studies with a pooled sample size of 52,916 COVID-19 patients with a mean age of 62.12 ± 9.69 years. The mean duration of mucormycosis onset was 14.59 ± 6.88 days after the COVID-19 diagnosis. The pooled prevalence of CAM (seven cases per 1000 patients) was 50 times higher than the highest recorded background of mucormycosis (0.14 cases per 1000 patients). A high mortality rate was found among CAM patients with a pooled prevalence rate of 29.6% (95% CI: 17.2–45.9%). Optimal glycemic control and the judicious use of steroids should be the approach for tackling rising CAM cases.

Rubber tapping is a major occupation in Kanya Kumari district and it significantly adds to the economy of the country. There are nearly 126 rubber-based industries recognized by the District Industries Centre (DIC), providing employment to 1874 people'' .This study aims at analyzing the prevalence and risk factors associated with ocular injuries and diseases among rubber tappers in a rural area in Kanya Kumari. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: 1. To assess the prevalence of ocular diseases and injuries in rubber tappers related to their occupation 2. To evaluate the risk factors associated with ocular diseases and injuries among rubber tappers METHODS: Rubber tappers attending the Ophthalmology Out-Patient department in Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences between 1.10.2020 to 30.11.2020 were evaluated for ocular injuries and diseases.A detailed history was obtained and ocular complaints were analyzed. After a thorough systemic and ocular examination, data was collected. The collected data were analyzed. RESULTS: The study was conducted for a time period of 2 months. Data was collected from all the rubber tappers attending the ophthalmology OPD in Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences. A total of 48 patients were evaluated. Among which 17 had foreign body exposure, 4 had corneal abrasion, 1 had fungal corneal ulcer, 16 had cataracts, 7 had refractive error,3 had pterygium. CONCLUSION: Occupation -related injuries are common amidst rubber tappers. The population dependent on this occupation is way too high to be left unattended or their health conditions ignored. The results obtained in this study throws light on the importance of awareness that needs to be advocated among employers and employees involved in rubber plantation and tapping. The use of protective eye goggles and other safety precautions must be propagated among the workers. The rubber tappers must be alerted about the consequences of ignoring safety precautions, specifically how it may lead to severe morbidity, sometimes even loss of vision.They must also be advised to undergo ophthalmic examination whenever necessary and on regular basis,as poor vision due to aging or even physiological refractive errors itself may lead to injuries due to compromised eyesight. After conducting this study,we came to the conclusion that the consciousness of the morbidity that may occur due to poor safety measures at work among the rubber tappers is nearly a flat line. Hence creating awareness and educating them regarding this becomes indispensable.

South Asian countries have been struggling to control the COVID-19 pandemic despite imposing months of lockdown and other public health measures. This review aims to describe the epidemiological features and shortcomings in public health preparedness to tackle COVID-19 as well as derive lessons from these events in the context of Bangladesh. We have shown that an increase in human mobility was evident throughout the lockdown period. Over 20,000 frontline health workers were affected, and more than 2100 unofficial deaths possibly linked with COVID-19 diagnosis were reported. Males were disproportionately affected in terms of infection (71%) and death (77%) than females. Over 50% of infected cases were reported among young adults (20-40-year age group). After seven months into the pandemic, a downward trend in laboratory test positive percentage was seen, although the number of new deaths per day remained largely unchanged. We believe our findings, observations and recommendations will remain as a valuable resource to facilitate better public health practice and policy for managing current and future infectious disease like COVID-19 in resource-poor developing countries., COVID-19, Pandemic, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Epidemiology, SARS-CoV2.

Fintech innovations are rapidly transforming the global financial industry and easing the financial inclusion initiatives of microfinance institutions (MFIs). Such technological transformations are expected to promote stability in the financial system and in turn reduce the risk-taking behavior of its main actors. However, there is limited or no empirical evidence to confirm the impact of fintech-based financial inclusion (FinFI) on the risk-taking behavior of Sub-Saharan African MFIs. Thus, we have developed a new index to measure FinFI and empirically assess its role in reducing the risk-taking attitude of MFIs. The validity of our results was confirmed by using various robustness tests.

Background : The thyroid is a brownish red, earliest endocrine gland in mammals. The blood flow to the thyroid gland is very high. The thyroid derives its arterial blood supply from three vessels; of these, the superior and inferior thyroid arteries are fairly constant. The third artery, the thyroidea ima, is an inconstant vessel. Diseases of thyroid may need surgical intervention.This study aims to find out the presence of the arteria thyroidea ima and its origin in Bangladeshi people. Objective : The present study was carried out on considering the day-to-day growing clinical importance, and insufficient morphological data and arterial supply by thyroidea ima artery of thyroid gland and possible geographical variations in Bangladeshi people. This study will also help in minimizing complications of thyroid surgery and tracheostomy. Materials and Methods : This descriptive crosssectional study was carried out on 54 postmortem human thyroid glands collected from individuals aged 5 to 65 years. Thyroid glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in the morgue of Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet. The collected specimens were examined by careful gross dissection method. Results : Thyroidea ima artery was present in 3.70% cases, which originated equally from brachiocephalic trunk and arch of aorta. Conclusion : Presence of this artery must be searched out during thyroid surgery and tracheostomy. J Enam Med Col 2018; 8(1): 25-28

Female sex workers are usually at high risk of transmission of HIV/AIDS. The aim of the study was to identify factors related to HIV testing behavior among FSWs in Rajshahi city, Bangladesh. A cros...

This paper explores farmers' perceptions of climate change vulnerability as well as the effects of socioeconomic factors and adaptation barriers on climate change adaptation practices in the Malaysian agricultural sector. To accomplish these aims, a multiple regression analysis was performed, and the severity index (SI) was estimated to measure perceived vulnerability context. The results revealed that age, education level, farm income, farm experience, limited access to agricultural extension, lack of credit facilities, limited access to agricultural markets, and farm size are factors which have significant impacts on adaptation practices. The value of the SI suggests that farmers have favourable attitudes towards climate change adaptation and they are agreeable to addressing climate change issues through appropriate adaptation strategies. However, the study found several adaptation barriers that hinder farmers from implementing climate change adaptation policies. It is realized that at present, no specific policy in Malaysia seeks to counter the impacts of climate change on individual sectors and their productivity. Therefore, the findings of this study will assist policymakers to make an appropriate policy framework considering most suitable adaptation strategies to overcome all the barriers associated with adaptation practices to tackle the adverse effects of climate change in Malaysian agriculture sector.

In this manuscript, a highly amplitude sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based microstructure optical fiber (MOF) or photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based plasmonic biosensor is proposed and numerically analyzed. To make a simple and straightforward design, the proposed structure is demonstrated consisting of all circular air holes with an external coating of metal and sensing layer, unlike the coating of inner air-hole (s). Sensing characteristics are investigated with the modal analysis based finite element method (FEM). The numerical performance shows that the maximum amplitude and wavelength sensitivity of 3731 RIU-1 and 9000 nm/RIU with the analyte detection range from 1.36-1.40. Because of the high sensitivity, simple structure, and excellent polynomial characteristics, the proposed sensor can be a promising candidate for the detection of various biochemical and biological samples (DNA, mRNA, proteins, sugar) detection.

Chikungunya (CHIK) has emerged as a major public health concern worldwide. Recently, atypical manifestations are drawing special attention because these might be associated with various complications. Information on atypical manifestations of CHIK is still limited. Here, we analyzed a dataset of 1,326 cases from our recent Dhaka outbreak study to explore the demographics and distributions of atypical manifestations. About 80% of cases reported at least one atypical symptom. Among all atypical symptoms, the most common and unique atypical symptom was joint pain before fever (90.2%), occurred predominantly in female respondents. Other common symptoms included red eye (68.2%), oral ulcer (37.7%), and dermatological manifestations (27.1%). More than two-thirds of patients reported multiple atypical symptoms. Atypical manifestations were not significantly different across age groups, except ocular complications. This study would be an important resource for clinicians and epidemiologists to understand the diversity of Chikungunya infection and, thus, help in better patient management.

Background : The position and size of isthmus of thyroid gland varies considerably in human with age, sex, physiologic state, race and geographical location and sometimes the isthmus may be absent. So this study was designed to find out the macroscopic differences in isthmus of thyroid gland of different age and sex groups in Bangladeshi people. Objective : To record the macroscopic characteristics of isthmus of thyroid gland with advancing age in both sexes with a view to help establishing normal standard of Bangladeshi people. Materials and Methods : This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 54 autopsied human thyroid glands aged 5 to 65 years. Thyroid glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in the morgue of Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet. The collected specimens were divided into groups –– A (20 years and below), B (21 to 50 years) and C (50 years and above). All specimens were examined morphologically by careful gross dissection method. Results : The isthmus was absent in 5.56% cases. In most of the cases (35.29%) it was against the 1 st –4 th tracheal rings. There was significant difference in length between Group A and Group C (p

Background: The neuronal organisation of the cerebellum has been studied in details by many researchers. But most of these have been performed on animals and diameter of superior cerebellar peduncle in humans remains inadequately studied. It has been observed by various workers that dimensions of different organs in Bangladeshi population vary from those of Western population.Objective: Aim of the present work was to measure diameter of superior cerebellar peduncle to make a standard for Bangladeshi population.Materials and Methods: This observational study was done by using nonprobability sampling technique and performed by examining 63 cerebellum. Out of them 40 postmortem human cerebellums were collected from Bangladeshi cadavers of both sexes (male 25 and female 15) aged 5 to 60 years and 23 cerebellums from caesarian section of intrauterine death cases of both sexes (male 14 and female 9) aged 34 to 41 weeks of gestation. Specimens were collected from dead bodies autopsied on different dates from April to September 2009 at the autopsy laboratory of Department of Forensic Medicine and prenatal cases from Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department of Mymensingh Medical College & Hospital, Mymensingh. The collected specimens were grouped into three age groups - Group A (28 to 42 weeks of gestation), Group B (5 to 30 years) and Group C (31 to 60 years). The diameters of the superior cerebellar peduncles of both cerebellar hemispheres were measured by using slide calipers and expressed in millimeter (mm). The measurement was taken after fixation into 10% formol saline.Results: The mean (± SD) diameters of right superior cerebellar peduncle in Group A was 4.96 ± lAO, in Group B 6.83 ± 1046 and in Group C was 6.61 ± 1.34 mm. The mean (± SD) diameters of left superior cerebellar peduncle in GroupA was 4.87 ± 1.25, in Group B 6.79 ± 1045 and in Group C 6048 ± 1.37 mm.Conclusion: No significant difference was observed between mean diameters ofright and left superior cerebellar peduncles.J Enam Med Col 2016; 6(3): 148-151

This paper aims to investigate whether, and to what extent, total quality management (TQM) influences bank loan quality. We propose an approach to measure TQM for evaluating this relationship. The proposed measure is the residual from the Fama–MacBeth regression based on bank efficiency proxied by the income-to-cost ratio. Our proposed TQM measure is statistically significant. We obtain data of 581 US commercial banks from the SNL Financial database for the period 1991–2013 with a total of 13,303 bank-year observations. The result shows that TQM is positively related to bank loan quality. This suggests that the implementation of better TQM can help management to monitor borrowers, improve competition and efficiency, manage good-quality loan portfolios, minimise expenses, and generate more revenues. This research has several implications for regulation, TQM implementation, and policy for the banking industry. In sum, an association between TQM and loan quality allows us to expand our knowledge of the speci...

This paper investigates the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic productivity in Malaysia at both aggregated and disaggregated levels. The investigation utilises total and sectoral (industrial and manufacturing) productivity growth during the 1971–2012 period using the modified Granger causality test proposed by Toda and Yamamoto [1] within a multivariate framework. The economy of Malaysia was found to be energy dependent at aggregated and disaggregated levels of national and sectoral economic growth. However, at disaggregate level, inefficient energy use is particularly identified with electricity and coal consumption patterns and their Granger caused negative effects upon GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and manufacturing growth. These findings suggest that policies should focus more on improving energy efficiency and energy saving. Furthermore, since emissions are found to have a close relationship to economic output at national and sectoral levels green technologies are of a highest necessity.

World leaders signed the Paris Agreement in 2015 to keep global temperatures well below 2 °C. This Paris Agreement will facilitate achieving Sustainable Development Goal-13 (Climate Action) by 2030. However, without collective action, it is quite impossible to achieve the terms of this agreement. In this regard, the mass media can contribute to making people aware of the subsequent effect of climate change at all levels. The mass media, as a source of information, might play a significant role in raising public awareness and understanding of climate sciences. This paper examines the influence of the mass media on awareness, attitudes and knowledge of climate change, which may lead to environmentally friendly behaviour. This paper employs structural equation modelling to examine the relationship among the studied variables. The results reveal that the mass media influences awareness, attitudes and knowledge of climate change. This study also finds mediating effects of awareness, attitudes and knowledge of climate change between the mass media and environmentally friendly behaviour. The results imply that the mass media contributes to creating awareness, enhancing understating and shaping favourable attitudes towards climate change. The findings could guide policymakers to take appropriate steps to promote a greater awareness of climate change using the mass media.

It has been observed that there is a crisis of quality leadership in Muslim world for decades. Erosion of moral values among leaders contributes to the instability and poor economic performance for many Muslim countries. This study investigates factors that contribute to the deterioration of quality leadership in Muslim world. The study also investigates the role of quality leadership for unifying the Muslim Ummah. Descriptive and analytical research methods have been applied in this study to analyze the interviews as well as prior studies. The findings indicate that lack of sufficient education, dishonesty, lack of knowledge and dedication for country¡¯s development, absence of trustworthiness and responsibility, lack of moral values and avoidance of teaching of Al-Qur'an and As-Sunnah are the main factors that cause the deterioration of quality leadership in Muslim world. The study also concludes that honest and responsible leadership can contribute significantly to the economic development, political stability, peace and harmony of the Muslim world. This study recommends possible initiatives in order to produce quality leadership skills in society, government and NGOs citizens.

Context: The jugular foramen is one of the most fascinating foramen present at the base of the skull attracting the imagination of many Anatomists worldwide as many important structures pass through it, and amongst them the intriguing structure is the internal jugular vein. The shape and size of the jugular foramen is related to the size of the internal jugular vein and the presence or absence of a prominent superior bulb. As most of the textbooks of Anatomy describe that the right jugular foramen is usually larger than the left jugular foramen. Henceforth the present study was undertaken in 55 skulls from the dept. of Anatomy. Measurements were taken with the help of sliding vernier caliper. Study type: C ross-sectional descriptive type. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi and Pabna Medical College, Pabna from April 2010 to June 2011. Materials and Methods: Total fifty five (55) human adult skulls were collected from the Anatomy department of Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi and Pabna Medical College, Pabna at different times of the study period. The study was conducted to observe variations in the structure of the jugular foramen of the human’s skull. Result: Out of 55 skulls (110 foramina) studied, the presence of dome indicating the presence of jugular bulb was found bilaterally in 100% of cases. 58.18% of cases showed that the size of right foramina were larger than the left foramina whereas 20% of cases showed that right foramina were equal to the left and in 21.82% of cases the left foramina were larger than the right side foramina. An important observation in the present study was the presence of either complete or partial septation in the jugular foramen. Conclusion: The findings of the study reveals that there are some differences among some parameters. The variations are might be due to the geographical variations of the skeletons. It needs further study with larger sample size from different geographical areas of Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v10i2.17281 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, July 2012, Vol. 10 No. 2 pp 45-49

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v9i2.15275 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy 2011 Vol.9(2) pp.75-78

Back Ground: The thyroid is a brownish red, highly vascular earliest endocrine glandular structure appears in mammal. The size of thyroid gland varies considerably with age, sex, physiologic state, race and geographical location. It is larger and heavier in mature females than in males, and it hypertrophies during menstruation and pregnancy. Diseases of thyroid may need surgical intervention. During thyroid surgery, there is every possibility of occurrence of haemorrhage and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. So this study is to carry out the macroscopic and microscopic architecture of thyroid gland of different age and sex groups in Bangladeshi people to establish a normal standard. This study will also help in minimizing complications of thyroid surgery and tracheostomy. Study design: Mainly descriptive cross-sectional study with an analytic component. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet, from 1st July 2006 to 30th June 2007. Materials: The study was carried out on 54 autopsied human thyroid glands aged 5 to 65 years. Thyroid glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in morgue of Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet. Methods: The collected specimens were divided into age group A (10 years and below), group B (11 to 20 years), group C (21 to 30 years), group D (31 to 40 years), group E (41 to 50 years) and group F (51years and above). All specimens were examined morphologically by fine dissection method. Result: Pyramidal lobe and levator glandulae thyroideae were present in 37.04% and 59.26% cases respectively and were situated to the left side of midline in most of the cases. In most of the cases levator glandulae thyroideae had association with apex of pyramidal lobe to the body of the hyoid bone. Conclusion: From observation and results it reached conclusion that the present study will help to increase the information pool on the anatomy of thyroid gland of Bangladeshi people. To establish a normal standard for Bangladeshi people, further studies with large samples from different zones including goitre endemic zones of the country are suggested. Medicine Today 2010 Volume 22 Number 02 Page 83-87 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v22i2.12440

Location based services are information and entertainment utility using specific controls for location and time available through mobile devices. One type of location-based service is near location-based service, in which local-range technologies such as Bluetooth, WLAN, and infrared technologies are used to match devices to nearby services. This application allows a person to access information based on his/her surroundings. According to the definition of near location-based service, we have approached a new application, which has strongly reflected the sensible execution of this topic, and we have developed a complete system, which has invented a pioneering vision in advertising media. General Terms Information System, Mobile Commerce Keywords Bluetooth, LBS, Client/Server, LAN, Device Bounded Range 1. INTRODUCTION The computing industry has been swept by wireless technology in recent years and at the present. Computer users now expect the most freedom and flexibilities with their devices, beginning with portable computers, wireless devices and wireless networks. The consequence of this shift in demand is the creation of several different standards for wireless communication. Wi-Fi, Infrared and Bluetooth represent some of the more dominant technologies now a day [1]. The nice combination of affordability, portability and an appealing name suggest a bright future for Bluetooth despite its low bandwidth compared to other protocols. In the recent past a lot of intelligent services and applications have been implemented by using Bluetooth.

The study aims to answer the research question of what type of banks between Islamic and Conventional banks are doing well on bank level performance in Bangladesh? In order to answer the research question the study uses binary logistic regression. Using 223 observations of 23 convention banks and 7 Islamic banks of Bangladesh during 2003 to 2013, the study shows an existence of a significant difference between conventional and Islamic bank in Bangladesh on profitability, credit risk, capitalization and bank size. The investigation further finds that profitability, efficiency, liquidity and size of Islamic banks are lower than conventional banks in Bangladesh. However, the results confirm that Islamic banks have higher capitalization and better credit risk management than conventional banks in Bangladesh. The study incorporates some significant policy implications for Islamic banks.

This paper assesses farmers’ willingness to pay for an efficient adaptation programme to climate change for Malaysian agriculture. We used the contingent valuation method to determine the monetary assessment of farmers’ preferences for an adaptation programme. We distributed a structured questionnaire to farmers in Selangor, Malaysia. Based on the survey, 74% of respondents are willing to pay for the adaptation programme with several factors such as socio-economic and motivational factors exerting greater influences over their willingness to pay. However, a significant number of respondents are not willing to pay for the adaptation programme. The Malaysian government, along with social institutions, banks, NGOs, and media could come up with fruitful awareness programmes to motivate financing the programme. Financial institutions such as banks, insurances, leasing firms, etc. along with government and farmers could also donate a substantial portion for the adaptation programme as part of their corporate social responsibility (CSR).

Humans display emotions through facial expressions. Detecting and recognizing these expressions comes naturally to us. But recognizing expressions is not straight forward for machines. In recent years a lot of literatures surged concerning automatic facial expression recognition. While some of these efforts have generated very good results, room for improvement still remains. There are several ways facial expression recognition can be performed. In this work we are proposing an appearance based method for extracting a new type of image descriptor based on Gabor wavelet which can be used for creating a feature vector of an image. To achieve this goal we applied Gabor filter over the image and recorded the edge response at each pixel. For each pixel we take several responses on several orientations. Finally we encode the responses and create a feature vector from the generated codes. We also showed experimental results on standard database for facial expression recognition using our proposed method.

Neolamarckia cadamba (Rubiaceae) leaf is used in folk medicine of Bangladesh for the treatment of diabetes, but so far no scientific study has been done which may support its use in traditional medicine. The present study was carried out to evaluate the possible glucose tolerance efficacy of methanolic extract of Neolamarckia cadamba leaf using glucose-induced hyperglycemic mice. The extract at different doses was administered one hour prior to glucose administration and blood glucose level was measured after two hours of glucose administration (p.o.) using glucose oxidase method. The statistical data indicated significant oral hypoglycemic activity on glucose-loaded mice at the two highest doses of 200 and 400 mg extract per kg body weight. Maximum anti-hyperglycemic activity was shown at 400 mg per kg body weight, which was comparable to that of , glibenclamide (10 mg/kg). The methanolic extract of leaf of Neolamarckia cadamba had beneficial effects in reducing the elevated blood glucose level of hyperglycemic mice.

Context: The thyroid gland is the first endocrine organ to evolve in the vertebrates. It has right and left lobes and connected by narrow median isthmus which lies over the second, third and fourth tracheal rings. A conical pyramidal lobe often ascends towards the hyoid bone from isthmus or the adjacent part of either lobe. It measures about 1.25 cm transversely and vertically. Its size and site vary greatly. Isthmus is topographically related with some important anatomical structures. So this study was carried out to determine the incidence of presence & variation in anatomical position of isthmus of thyroid gland of Bangladeshi people of different age groups to establish a normal standard. Study type: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College. from October’2004 to February’2005. Materials: The study was carried out on 60 cadavers of different age groups age ranging from 11 to 70 years. Thyroid glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in Forensic Medicine Department of Mymensingh Medical College. Methods: The collected specimens were divided into age group A (upto 18 years), group B (18 to 45 years), group C (above45 years). All specimens were examined morphologically by fine dissection method. Result: In the present study isthmus was present in 41 (68.33%) cases. In those thyroids which were devoid of isthmus, lobes were found to be merged with each other in the midline but in one case two lobes were found completely separated from each other. It was evident that the posterior relations of isthmus were widely variable. In only 18% cases it was found at its usual position- against the 2nd, 3rd and 4th tracheal rings. In the present study more frequent location of isthmus was found at 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 2nd, 3rd, 4th tracheal rings. In both cases their incidences were 18.3%. Conclusion: The present study will help to increase the information pool on the anatomy of thyroid gland of Bangladeshi people. To establish a normal standard for Bangladeshi people, further studies with large samples from different zones of the country are suggested. Key Word- Isthmus; Human Thyroid gland; Incidence; Posterior relation; Bangladesh DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3329/bja.v9i1.8144 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy January 2011, Vol. 9 No. 1 pp 26-29

Context: The thyroid is a brownish red, highly vascular earliest endocrine glandular structure appears in mammal. The size of thyroid gland varies considerably with age, sex, physiologic state, race and geographical location. It is larger and heavier in females than in males, and it hypertrophies during menstruation and pregnancy. So this study is to carry out the macroscopic architecture of thyroid gland of different age groups in Bangladeshi people to establish a normal standard. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet, from July 2006 to June 2007. Materials: The study was carried out on 43 autopsied human thyroid glands aged 5 to 65 years. Thyroid glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in morgue of Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet. Methods: The collected specimens were divided into age group A (20 years and below), group B (21 to 50 years) and group C (above 50 years). All specimens were examined morphologically by fine dissection method. Result: The mean weight and volume of the thyroid gland was 13.27 ± 5.82 gm and 11.62 ± 4.76 ml respectively which are significant (p