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The current standard treatment modality for clinical submucosal invasive (cT1b) early gastric cancer (EGC) is surgery. However, there are discrepancies in T staging between pre- and post-operative findings, and in cases of overestimation, patients may lose the opportunity to preserve the stomach. The aim of this study was to analyze surgical outcomes of cT1b EGC and determine the pre-treatment factors favoring ESD. Patients who underwent gastrectomy for cT1b EGC with a tumor size of 30 mm or less in diameter and differentiated-type histology were retrospectively reviewed from January 2010 to December 2014. According to the final surgical pathologic results, two groups were classified: patients whose pathologic results qualified for current ESD indication (ESD-qualified group, n = 203) and patients whose pathologic results made them ineligible for ESD (ESD-disqualified group, n = 261). The preoperative clinical characteristics were compared. Forty-three percent of the patients (203/464) who underwent gastrectomy for cT1b EGC qualified for ESD; their endoscopic lesion tended to be smaller than 20 mm in size and located in the distal part of stomach. In addition, the ESD-qualified group showed a significantly higher proportion of well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma on endoscopic biopsy and of the flat/depressed type in the endoscopic evaluation. Forty-three percent of the patients with cT1b EGC who underwent gastrectomy had a chance to preserve their stomach by ESD. Therefore, pre-treatment factors such as endoscopic lesion size, location, histology, and gross type should be considered for treatment modality selection for cT1b EGC.

INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a preferred treatment option for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SESCC). However, only few studies compared long-term survival outcomes of ESD with surgery. This study compared the overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival, and complication rates of ESD with those of surgery. METHODS: We reviewed patients who underwent ESD (n = 70) or surgery (n = 114) for SESCC at Seoul National University Hospital from 2011 to 2017. A propensity score-matched analysis was used to reduce selection bias. To increase the precision of our results interpretation, subgroups were analyzed according to the depth of tumor invasion. RESULTS: In the matching study, the ESD group (n = 34) showed comparable survival outcomes with the surgery group (n = 34). The 5-year OS rates were 89.4% vs 87.8% for the ESD and the surgery groups, respectively; similarly, the 5-year recurrence-free survival rates were 90.9% and 91.6%, respectively. The ESD group showed a lower early major complication rate (2.9% [1 of 34] vs 23.5% [8 of 34], P < 0.001) and shorter hospital stay (median, 3.0 days vs 16.5 days, P < 0.001) than the surgery group. In the tumor in situ (Tis)-subgroup, ESD showed better OS than esophagectomy (P = 0.030). Between-group comparisons of survival outcomes in the T1a and T1b subgroups revealed no significant differences. DISCUSSION: Long-term outcomes of ESD are comparable with surgery for patients with SESCC. For early major complications and duration of hospital stay, ESD was associated with better outcomes than radical surgery. These results support ESD as the preferred treatment option for SESCC.

The full color, 5.8 in. TFT-AFLCD panel was prepared. The surface dependence of electro-optical properties and aligned state of antiferroelectric liquid crystal has been studied. A low pretilt aligning polyimide was used as the aligning film. Two times rubbing method, the first rubbing at polyamic acid state and the second rubbing at polyimide, was applied to control the surface of polyimide. The surface morphology of polyimide depended upon rubbing methods. The retardation value of rubbed polyimide changed as the pre-baking temperature of polyimide for the first rubbing changes. The retardation value of two times rubbed polyimide was almost 1.8 times that of one time rubbed polyimide. And also, the response time, contrast and stability of smectic layer strongly depended upon the rubbing condition of aligning polyimide. The hysteresis of voltage–transmittance could be controlled by applying the two times rubbing method.

This paper proposes a near-duplicate video clustering method based on temporal gradient pattern (TGP). Most related work that extract feature from video ignored temporal changes of video. To solve this problem we propose feature extraction method that used temporal changes of video that is the most important feature at video. Temporal gradient pattern is extracted from a shot video and patterned by temporal changes of frames within a shot video. We proposed the method that can cluster near-duplicate video effectively and quickly using the temporal gradient pattern. Experiments have performed for speed, feature extraction and video clustering evaluation. Proposed method shows good performance to represent videos using proposed feature extraction method, clustering method can obtain good performance and speed also is good.