Search

The existing Dixon’s test (DT) under classical statistics has been widely applied in a variety of fields. The main target of DT is to recognize the outlier or suspicious observation in the sample. The DT available in the literature is workable when all the observations in the sample or the population are precise, determined and certain. In practice, under the complex system, it may not possible that all observations in the data are determined. In such situations, the existing DT cannot be applied for the detection of the outlier value in the sample. In this paper, we will introduce a new Dixon’s test under the neutrosophic statistics is called (NDT). We will present the testing procedure for the proposed test using the neutrosophic statistical interval method. We will discuss its application with the help of an example. Keywords: Classical statistics, Neutrosophic statistical interval method, Dixon’s test, Testing procedure, A complex system

Evaluation as a procedure for fixing quantitative and qualitative characteristics has long been known and plays a significant role in the analysis of the end result of any activity. Researches on the evaluation of software systems have shown that none of the methods and approaches of the expert evaluation procedure is perfect. The quality of the final evaluations is greatly influenced by criteria such as the subjectivity of the expert or group of experts, as well as their competence and qualifications. The article shows how the proposed criterion for assessing the level of expert competence can minimize the impact of the opinion subjectivity on the quality of assessments. The efficiency of using the modified interval method of expert assessment during a choice of experts who will carry out the procedure of software expert assessment is shown in practice.

BACKGROUND: The patient scenario of a tertiary hospital changes with the implementation of various national programmes in any country. These programmes are conceived after understanding the felt need of the society. Though IUCD was available as an interval method of contraception in the past also and was meant to be effective for 10 years, the prerequisite to come again to the medical facility after 6 weeks of childbirth for insertion resulted in almost all patients to dropout and only the highly motivated would come on their own. Post-partum insertion of IUCD at the time of childbirth or within 48 h has addressed the need of contraception in the post-partum period as well as omitted the need for second visit to a health set-up. Earlier, after achieving the desired family goal of children, tubectomy was the preferred choice, irrespective of age of children but PPIUCD seems to have come up as a long-term reversible method of contraception. OBJECTIVE: The present study was conceived to study the shift of method of long-term contraception from tubal sterilization and vasectomy to PPIUCD over a period of 8 years from 2010 to 2017. METHOD: This study was a retrospective analytical study conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Safdarjung Hospital between the years 2010 and 2017. The number of IUCDs inserted post-placental (i.e. within 10 min of delivery of placenta) and within 48 h (of vaginal childbirth) and intra-caesarean (intrauterine insertion while performing caesarean) were recorded and analysed. Also, sterilizations (tubectomy) and interval IUCD insertions done during this time period were compared. RESULTS: With the introduction of PPIUCD in national family programme, more women are inclining towards long-term spacing method and not resorting to sterilizations. PPIUCD is preferred over interval IUCD. CONCLUSIONS: PPIUCD is there to stay as a method of long-term contraception.

Data about the technological production characteristics are sent to the archive, where they will be stored for many years. However, the stored data contains many undisclosed links between technological factors and technical and economic production indicators. The article presents a hypothesis about the possibility of processing data generated during production processes of industrial enterprises by analogy developing mining and physical dumps. The article provides an example of studying the sufficiency of the volume of a data metallurgical dump for constructing mathematical models using the experimental planning method. Samples from real production data dumps can compensate for the difficulties of implementing a modern active experiment in training future specialists in secondary vocational and higher education institutions. It is established that the data accumulated over the year in the production archive contain the necessary combinations of realizations of random variables for the two-factor model. The interval method of varying the levels of variables enables to construct an experimental matrix for a three-factor model as well. Keywords: data dump, production data, metallurgical data, data analysis in metallurgy, matrix, mathematical planning, production management, model, model parameters identification, interval method.

Purpose: to determine the level of preparedness of cadets of the second year of military university – potential candidates for admission to the units of the Special Operations Forces . Material & Methods: experimental material was the official test results of cadets during the admission of current and test standards during the year of their studies at a military high school . Cadets of the second year took part in the experiment. Two groups of 26 cadets were created, identical in terms of physical preparedness . The testing of the physical readiness of the cadets was assessed by the exercises "Manual on physical training in the Armed Forces of Ukraine" (2014): running to different distances, exercises for strength and strength endurance, overcoming the combined arms obstacle course. A program for the development of endurance using the interval method of training is proposed . Results: after training on the proposed program, the results grew by almost 10%, and in the group that trained according to the traditional scheme, the results only increased by 3%. Conclusion: increase in results depends on the organization of the educational process and on the methods of training are used. In the CG the results are largely inferior to the increase in the results in the EG. The proposed program gives a significantly better result.

Mass exchange units are important in many industrial processes. Therefore, there is a need to design and operate these units in a coordinated and integrated manner. This chapter presents a systematic approach for the synthesis of mass exchanger networks involving utility targeting. A sequential technique for targeting external mass separating agent and developing an optimal network design is discussed. The proposed technique was applied to a CO2 adsorption process involving two mass separating agents (MSAs) that do not overlap. A thermodynamic analysis of the CO2 adsorption process was outlined using the composition interval method. Feasible structures were formulated, and the synthesis task was expressed in a two-stage targeting procedure as an optimization task. This chapter also discussed a trade-off between the process and external MSA in the case study considered to determine the minimum amount of external MSA required for a typical CO2 capture process. The results obtained indicated that mass integration via process synthesis is an effective strategy to minimize the quantity of external utilities in industrial processes.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: determinar la efectividad del entrenamiento discontinuo en el VO2Máx., en período competitivo, en atletas de combate que viven y entrenan en Medellín-Colombia, con nivel deportivo nacional o internacional. Método: se seleccionó, a conveniencia, una muestra de 42 sujetos: 15 mujeres y 27 hombres, de ellos 21 judokas, 9 esgrimistas, 6 taekwondokas y 6 luchadores, de las Selecciones Antioqueñas de la Categoría Absoluta, con edad= 21,26±3,98 años, talla: 1.69±0.09 m, peso= 65.70± 12.05 k. y experiencia deportiva de 8.54±4.27 años. Fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos grupos experimentales y un grupo control. Los grupos experimentales entrenaron la resistencia durante 4 semanas, con 4 estímulos por se-mana, antes de ir a los Juegos Nacionales, máxima competencia deportiva en Colombia. Un grupo experimental entrenó con el método interválico y el otro con el método intermitente. El grupo control no realizó un entrena-miento específico de la resistencia, manteniendo el entrenamiento de fuer- 343Educación Física y Deporte, V. 38 (2), 341-355, Jul-Dic 2019za y de las componentes técnico-tácticas en forma semejante a la de los sujetos que integraron los grupos experimentales. Resultados: se hallaron diferencias significativas entre el pre-test y el pos-test para el grupo intermitente (p

Decisions regarding family planning cannot be forced but need to adopted willingly. Countries with many customs and traditions prefer interval method than sterilisation as a method of family planning. Awareness on benefits and ways of family planning will help to control overpopulation, increase life expectancy and reduce the maternal and neonatal mortality. The aim of the study was to identify the knowledge of married women on birth spacing methods visiting the outpatient department of tertiary hospital at Mangaluru. Non-probability sampling technique was used to select 323 married women. The baseline characteristics showed that 36.6% of subjects were in the age group of 32–38 years, 41.9% were Hindus and 65.6% were educated up to SSLC. About 42.9% of the subjects were multigravida and 37.5% subjects were married for

Named data link state routing (NLSR) protocol is widely used in current NDN architecture. Due to the limited bandwidth resources of NDN, in the large-scale network running NLSR, when routing information is frequently updated, resulting in a sudden increase in interactive information and the Interest storm is formed. It will cause congestion of protocol information flow and affect network quality and performance index. NLSR does not take corresponding control measures for its Interest traffic and transmission frequency. Therefore, we propose a method to solve this Interest storm: the exponential regression algorithm is used to dynamically adjust the retransmission interval of Sync Interest and the timeout retransmission Interest quantity detection method is provided to add the flow control. The simulation results show that the congestion control method can adjust the sending quantity and retransmission interval of Interest well according to the network traffic.

The aim of this study was to test the accuracy of different methods of resting energy expenditure (REE) data analysis using indirect calorimetry (IC) during traditional (30 min) and abbreviated (10 min) protocols.Fifteen women and 15 men (21-34 y of age) completed two consecutive 30-min IC measurements. Body composition was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The reference method for REE analysis was 5 min in steady state (SS) during 30 min (first 5 min discarded). REE measurements were randomized to define a reference or testing method. An interval method was defined using 25, 20, and 15 min (with first 5, 10, and 15 min discarded, respectively), during 30 min, and 5 min (first 5 min discarded) during 10-min intervals. The SS method was defined using 5 min in SS (first 5 min discarded) during 30 min, 5, 4, and 3 min in SS during 10-min (first 5 min discarded) intervals.Interval methods during 30 min and SS and interval methods during 10 min demonstrated large bias with significantly high REEs compared to the reference method (78.8-109.0 kcal/d, all P0.001). Testing methods demonstrated large upper limits of agreement between 225.2 and 322.8 kcal/d. No mean differences (P0.05), small bias (14.3 kcal/d), and narrow limits of agreement (-125.8 to 154.4 kcal/d) were observed between 5-min SS during 30 min and the reference method.All interval methods and SS methods during 10 min overestimated REE. We recommend using 5-min SS during 30 min. The measurement may be repeated until all participants achieve SS.

Testing a large off-axis aspheric surface in null configuration, the measured image lost symmetry due to spherical aberration brought by null compensator. The mapping relation was not determinated like testing sphere with linear transform, but was nonlinear depending on the test configuration. In this paper, an interval method was proposed to trace all intersections, and polynomials or spline method was presented to correct the nonlinear mapping error. This will improve and accelerate process-cycle. Then experimental study on off-axis aspheric surface with 720 mm aperture, 400 mm off-axis magnitude proved the validity and efficiency of the method. The fluctuated curve of surface error shows a tendency of low efficiency and slow convergency in the beginning polishing cycles without correction method. Using nonlinear correction, the surface error decreased monotonously to pv = 0.550λ, rms = 0.049λ in same polishing cycles.

Study Design Retrospective study. Objective Traumatic atlanto-occipital dissociation (AOD) remains a diagnostic challenge, and delay in diagnosis is associated with catastrophic outcomes. Recently, a revised version of the condyl–C1 interval (CCI) utilizing parasagittal computed tomography (CT) reconstruction was used successfully with unilateral dislocation of 2.5 mm at the level of that joint diagnostic of AOD. We report the utility of this simple technique in the diagnosis of six patients with AOD. Methods Two blinded neurosurgeons assessed CTs of six patients with AOD and 30 patients without AOD. The following methodologies were applied: basion–dens interval (BDI), basion–axial interval (BAI), Lee X-lines, Powers ratio, CCI, and revised CCI. The average sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) as well as the kappa statistic indicating interrater reliability of each method were investigated. Results The average sensitivity for BDI, BAI, Lee X-lines, Power ratio, CCI, and revised CCI was 0.75, 0.33, 0.67, 0.50, 1.00, and 1.00, respectively. The average specificity was 1.00, 1.00, 0.50, 1.00, 0.94, and 1.00, respectively. The average PPV was 1.00, 1.00, 0.25, 1.00, 0.80, and 1.00, respectively. The average NPV was 0.96, 0.88, 0.89, 0.91, 1.00, and 1.00, respectively, and the kappa statistic was 0.57, 0.25, 0.25, 0.20, 1.00, and 1.00, respectively. Conclusion Based on this study, the revised CCI method is simple yet the most sensitive and reliable technique for the diagnosis of AOD.

One of the important types of decision-making theory is uncertain decision-making. It is critical to express uncertain information effectively and depose them in reasonable and simple way. Firstly this paper makes a brief overview of the existing method for recording uncertainty information, such as stochastic method, fuzzy mathematics and interval method. Then the conception of grey system theory is introduced and the conception of Grey Potential Degree is build up in the paper. And a new grey potential-based method on comparing grey number is proposed. At the same time the standard grey potential and its application is studied. It is presented by two examples, that the grey potential-based method could be used to solve the problem of comparing and sorting grey number conveniently and effectively.

Existing tools used in many power system operations evaluate individual scenarios for power injection and network configuration but fail to consider nearby regions in the operating space. Such tools may lead to market transactions, preventive actions, or corrective actions that are nominally efficient but poor in general. Herein the foundations of an interval method are introduced. The presented results include an algorithm defined within a tractable optimisation framework that computes maximal power injection sets containing power injection profiles that are necessarily secure. The method is demonstrated on a simple 4 bus test system as well as on a medium sized IEEE 30 bus test system.

This study examined the strudents preferences toward syariah bank loyalities in the accounting department program of Bandung Islamic University. In addition, this research examine the validity, reliability and successive interval method on the variables. The research was conducted by cross-sectional basis. Analysis of the research conducted on 208 respondents. Respondents are students on accounting department program of Bandung Islamic University. This study applies OLS analytical tools. The results of the data analysis shows that students on accounting department program of Bandung Islamic University loyalities are positively and significantly influence toward Islamic banks in Bandung.

An interval method of radar signal detection and selection based on non-energetic polarization parameter – the ellipticity angle – is suggested. The examined method is optimal by the Neumann–Pearson criterion. The probability of correct detection for a preset probability of false alarm is calculated for different signal/noise ratios. Recommendations for optimization of the given method are provided.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to depict the developmental process of a buildability assessment model for use at the scheme design stage of building projects, which have a priority requirement for functional performance rather than aesthetic performance.Design/methodology/approachFirst, major decisions made at the scheme design stage of building projects were identified through pilot interviews and a questionnaire survey on designers. Second, these decisions were rated for their relative importance towards buildability through another questionnaire survey on contractors, analysed using the reliability interval method. Based on these results, a list of buildable and non‐buildable features and their impacts is compiled by interviewing major contractors. These findings were incorporated into a modified framework of buildability assessment for complete design, substituting information available at the scheme design stage. Validation was carried out using four sample projects and feedback from practitioners.FindingsThe results obtained from the Scheme Design Buildability Assessment Model have been demonstrated as reflective of actual buildability level. Buildable and non‐buildable features, as exemplified by typical building projects in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, have been identified.Originality/valueThis is the first model which provides a tool for use by the design team to evaluate the buildability of their designs at an early stage, so that necessary improvements can be made without affecting the development program.

This paper studies the aperture phase errors of reflector antenna based on the interval method. Through the interval matrix perturbation algorithm and the interval truncation algorithm, the effect of surface nodal displacement intervals on the aperture phase errors is obtained. The numerical example of an 8m diameter reflector antenna shows that the method is rational and feasible.

Bursts are electrical spikes firing with a high frequency, which are the most important property in synaptic plasticity and information processing in the central nervous system. However, bursts are difficult to identify because bursting activities or patterns vary with physiological conditions or external stimuli. In this paper, a simple method automatically to detect bursts in spike trains is described. This method auto-adaptively sets a parameter (mean inter-spike interval) according to intrinsic properties of the detected burst spike trains, without any arbitrary choices or any operator judgment. When the mean value of several successive inter-spike intervals is not larger than the parameter, a burst is identified. By this method, bursts can be automatically extracted from different bursting patterns of cultured neurons on multi-electrode arrays, as accurately as by visual inspection. Furthermore, significant changes of burst variables caused by electrical stimulus have been found in spontaneous activity of neuronal network. These suggest that the mean inter-spike interval method is robust for detecting changes in burst patterns and characteristics induced by environmental alterations.

The aim of this paper is to analyze pattern distortion of reflector antennas with surface deformation by means of interval arithmetic. Since a reflector surface is susceptible to generate the deformation caused by structural parameter tolerances from the manufacture process or external loads (e.g., gravity, wind and ice) under the operating conditions, a robust analytical expression is introduced to model the effect of surface errors on the radiated performance of the antenna using the interval methods. In the expression, the upper and lower bounds of power pattern intervals are derived as functions of the intervals of surface errors on the basis of distorted surface caused by external loads, where the errors are connected to pattern distortion by the variation of phase terms of the aperture fields. The power pattern intervals are given under the case of different surface errors. The results clearly demonstrate that the interval method have the potential ability of giving a robust performance analysis of distorted reflector antennas.

There are mainly two computing methods of the capacity of high-speed railway, named “Deduction coefficient method” and “tracking interval method”. The two methods usually treat the time period which the train could use as an integral whole, and calculate a whole capacity of high-speed railway. Without considering the time period’s characteristics, these methods have some disadvantages. For example, the preferences for choosing the time period of passengers will lead to creating some peak hours, in which there are some shortages of the capacity and some off-peak hours, in which there are some overage of the capacity. Based on the disadvantages, this paper considers subdividing the whole capacity hours into lots of time buckets and finds out a new calculation of the capacity of high-speed railway, according to the travel characteristics of passengers and the locations of the high-speed train sections.

Measuring and monitoring of power quality of supplied electric energy are important links in electro-distribution chain. Modern systems used for this purpose are complex. Goal of this paper is to present a new approach to the measurements of power quality, which can achieve equal or better performances using less complicated hardware. In this paper, we have presented the method of measuring over an interval in measurements of relevant factors of power quality: grid voltage frequency, grid voltage RMS and grid voltage distortion factor. Also given is the analysis of performances from metrology point of view, which shows that the measurement uncertainty of proposed method is many times lower than required, regarding maximum deviations from nominal values, defined by the European norm EN50160.[Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR32019: Measurement in concept of smart grid]

Based on the structural and dynamic characteristics of aero-engine rotor system, we used Lagrange method to develop a two-bearing and a multi-bearing rotor model with misalignment. An equation of motion was derived with features of response examined. Due to the uncertainty of mechanical parameters, interval method was adopted to investigate the dynamic response of rotor system with misalignment. Dynamic response and influence of the key mechanical parameters will be obtained in further research. The two times harmonic was found as a distinctive feature of misalignment and the magnitude of it in spectrum is closely related to some key mechanical factors. We also found interval method outstandingly performed in investigating dynamic response when some key parameters are uncertain.

Risk management is a process to identify, assess, and mitigate potential risks to the success of a project. Risks that are not handled appropriately can result in a catastrophe, such as the Space Shuttle Challenger explosion. In this study, a method of using interval vector of cumulative failure rates was developed to improve the categorisation of risks. The cause of the Challenger accident was explored and design failures explained. An illustrative example will be presented to demonstrate the use of newly developed method on the space shuttle solid rocket booster field joint.

The evaluators frequently couldn’t give a definition value but an interval to the evaluation objects during their evaluation course, and then Grey Interval Method(GIM) was proposed. Semantic Differential Method(SDM) was fit for those evaluators without experience and training. Therefore, a method that introduced GIM into SDM is proposed in this paper. It can allow the evaluators give their options more favoringly. At last, a sound quality example was given to prove the method.

Based on interval mathematics, an interval method for sensitivity analysis of the operational effectiveness. Without the use of operations of partial derivatives, the method allows information on the operational effectiveness to be obtained from the parameters of the weapon system. Examples were used to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the method.

This paper was presented in part at the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., September 2003., Given some geometric elements such as points and lines in R3, subject to a set of pairwise distance constraints, the problem tackled in this paper is that of finding all possible configurations of these elements that satisfy the constraints. Many problems in robotics (such as the position analysis of serial and parallel manipulators) and CAD/CAM (such as the interactive placement of objects) can be formulated in this way. The strategy herein proposed consists of looking for some of the a priori unknown distances, whose derivation permits solving the problem rather trivially. Finding these distances relies on a branch-and-prune technique, which iteratively eliminates from the space of distances entire regions which cannot contain any solution. This elimination is accomplished by applying redundant necessary conditions derived from the theory of distance geometry. The experimental results qualify this approach as a promising one., This work was supported by projects: 'Design and implementation of efficient parallelizable algorithms with applications to robotics and proteomics' (J-00869), 'Grup de recerca consolidat - ROBÒTICA' (8007), 'Resolución de sistemas de ecuaciones cinemáticas para la simulación de mecanismos, posicionado interactivo de objetos y conformación de moléculas' (070-722). This work was supported in part by the Spanish CICYT under Contracts TIC2000-0696 and TIC2003-03396, and in part by the Catalan Research Commission through the “Robotics and Control” group. The work of J. M. Porta and L. Ros was supported by a Ramón y Cajal contract from the Spanish Ministry for Science and Technology.

Computer-aided design/manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems intended to support automated design and manufacturing applications such as shape generation and solid free-form fabrication (SFF) must provide not only methods for creating and editing models of objects to be manufactured, but also methods for interrogating the models. Interrogation refers to any process that derives information from the model. Typical interrogation tasks include determine surface area, volume or inertial properties, computing surface points and normals for rendering, and computing slice descriptions for SFF. While currently available commercial modeling systems generally employ a boundary representation (B-rep) implementation of solid modeling, research efforts have considered implicit modeling schemes as a potential source of improved robustness. Implicit implementations are available for a broad range of modeling operations, but interrogation operations have been widely considered too costly for many applications. This paper describes a method based on interval analysis for interrogating implicit solid models that aims at achieving both robustness and efficiency.

Purpose: This study invesitgates the validity of the interval method to determine the anisotropy factors of high dose rate (HDR) 192 Ir sources. Methods and Materials: A calculation method, which is one of the various numerical implementations of the Sievert integral and known as the interval method, is applied to determine the anisotropy factors of a HDR 192 Ir source. Calculated results from r = 1 cm to 10 cm are compared to published data. Results: The comparison shows that the error resulting from the interval method increases from 1.3 to 28.1% as the radial distance increases from r = 1 cm to 10 cm and is significantly smaller than that previously reported. Conclusions: The interval method might be considered as a method that provides a very rough estimate of the anisotropy of HDR 192 Ir sources whenever no conclusive anisotropy data is available.

The interval method of estimating model parameters (MPs) for the Galaxy was suggested earlier (Kutuzov 1988). Intervals are proposed to be used both for observational estimates of galactic parameters (GPs) and for the values of MPs. In this work we consider a model as a tool for studying mutual interaction of GPs. Two-component model is considered (Kutuzov, Ossipkov 1989). We have to estimate the array P of eight MPs.

Commercial hardware and software system suppliers do not yet include support for interval arithmetic in their products. In this paper, the reasons for this lack of support are described. Based on these descriptions, recommendations are made to help stimulate end-user demand and commercial support for interval arithmetic.

To solve the dynamic response problem that contains uncertain parameters, the uncertain differential equations need to be calculated. In this study, a new efficient numerical interval method for uncertain differential equations is presented. The interval dynamic analysis of a Two-Degree-of-Freedom (2DOF) bicycle car model with uncertain parameters is presented. Considering the vehicle parameters as the interval variables, the lower and upper bound of the vehicle handling uncertain responses are obtained by the proposed numerical interval method. The comparison between the numerical interval method and the Monte Carlo method indicates that the proposed numerical interval method is more effective.

We compare two well known methods of computing with uncertain quantities as used for geometric reasoning in robotics and computer vision. One method is based on intervals, the other on normal probability distributions. We find the latter method is better, in terms of both speed and accuracy.

Another approach for the localization of left-to-right intracardiac shunts has been described. RIHSA was injected through the tip orifice of a double-lumen catheter as continuous samples of blood were being obtained from the proximal lumen of the catheter and from the brachial artery simultaneously. Radioactive counting rates of the two samples were continuously recorded for calculation by the pip interval method. The catheter sampling sites were selected to demonstrate the specific location at which indicator appeared earlier than at the brachial artery. Seven of the patients in this study had atrial septal defects. One patient had a ventricular septal defect. Verification of the RIHSA localization of the defect was done in all patients by blood oxygen and pressure studies and in four patients at surgery.

Two methods of relating daily pollen counts to patients' symptom scores in clinical trials of hyposensitisation in hay fever are described. The problems involved in comparing results from different centres and years of a trial are discussed with particular reference to symptoms which are not pollen related. The Normalised Regression method is a powerful technique, but often the Pollen Interval method is preferable on the grounds of simplicity of communication and calculation.