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The purpose of this study was to evaluate upper-limb cooling following (treadmill) exercise performed in the heat (33oC, 70% relative humidity) at each of three speeds: light (6 km.h-1), intermediate (8 km.h-1) and moderate intensity (10 km.h-1). In all trials, exercise ceased when rectal temperature reached 39.0oC. Participants adopted a sitting position for a 20-min recovery, and liquid-cooling sleeves with cold water (6.3oC) were immediately positioned. The chosen work rates resulted in a two-fold difference in exercise duration across those trials, which terminated without significant between-trial differences within either auditory canal or rectal temperatures. Auditory canal temperature elevation rates became progressively faster as the work rate increased: 0.03oC.min-1 (light), 0.05oC.min-1 (intermediate) and 0.07oC.min-1 (moderate) (p0.05). That outcome was reflected in auditory canal cooling rates (0.03oC.min-1 [light], 0.04oC.min-1 [intermediate] and 0.05oC.min-1 [moderate]). Nevertheless, rectal temperatures continued to rise throughout recovery. It is concluded that heat extraction from moderately hyperthermic individuals, using upper-limb cooling sleeves, appears to be equally rapid, regardless of heating speed, providing the same level of hyperthermia was attained prior to initiating treatment.

This study investigated the separate and combined effects of skin cooling and cold fluid ingestion on the alleviation of heat strain when wearing protective firefighting clothing at an air temperature of 30°C with 50%RH. A vest with the dual functions of cooling and providing sports drink supply (1.2% body mass) was developed. Eight males participated in the following four conditions: control [CON], drinking only [DO], cooling only [CO], and both cooling and drinking [CD]. The results showed that rectal (Tre), mean skin temperature (Tsk) and heart rate (HR) during recovery were lower for CD than for CON (p

Public research including universities and research institutes is an important source of innovation. This paper describes how a performance feedback model explains the conditions under which firms ...

Purpose Abnormalities in hepatic oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption may serve as a significant indicator of hepatic cellular dysfunction and may predict treatment response. However, conventional and oxygen-enhanced hepatic BOLD MRI can only provide semiquantitative assessment of hepatic oxygenation. Methods A hepatic quantitative BOLD (qBOLD) model was proposed for noninvasive mapping of hepatic venous blood oxygen saturation (Yv ) and deoxygenated blood volume (DBV) in human subjects. The validity and the estimation bias of the proposed model were evaluated by Monte Carlo simulations. Eight healthy subjects were scanned after written consent with institutional review board approval. Results Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that the proposed single-compartment hepatic qBOLD model leads to significant deviation of the predicted T2 * decay profile from the simulated signal due to high hepatic blood volume fraction. Small relative estimation bias for hepatic Yv and significant overestimation for hepatic DBV were observed, which can be corrected by applying the calibration curves established from simulations. After correction, the mean hepatic Yv in human subjects was 56.8 ± 6.8%, and the mean hepatic DBV was 0.190 ± 0.035, consistent with measurements from other invasive approaches. Except in regions with significant vascular contamination, the maps for hepatic Yv and DBV were relatively homogenous. Conclusions With estimation bias correction, the hepatic qBOLD approach enables noninvasive mapping of hepatic blood volume and oxygenation in human subjects. The established protocol may be used to quantitatively assess hepatic tissue hypoxia in multiple liver diseases.

Background: Metformin inhibits cyclic AMP generation and activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which inhibits the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin pathways. Together these effects may reduce cyst growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Methods: A phase II, double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial of 26 months duration. Participants will include nondiabetic adults (n = 96) aged 18–60 years, with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥50 mL/min/1.73 m2 and ADPKD, recruited from university-based practices in Baltimore and Boston. Participants will be randomized in 1: 1 ratio to metformin or placebo at 500 mg once daily, increased every 2 weeks to a maximum of 1,000 mg twice daily as tolerated. Dose is decreased if eGFR falls to 30–45 mL/min/1.73 m2 and discontinued at eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. Results: The primary outcomes are safety, assessed by the rates of hypoglycemia, elevated lactic acid levels, adverse events, and tolerability assessed by the Gastrointestinal Severity Rating Scale and maximum tolerated dose of study medication. Secondary outcomes include changes in total kidney and liver volumes, pain, and health-related quality of life, and changes in urinary metabolomic biomarkers. Conclusions: Results of this trial will provide important information on the feasibility, safety, and tolerability of long-term use of metformin in patients with ­ADPKD and provide preliminary information regarding its efficacy in slowing disease progression. Furthermore, results may support or refute the hypothesis that metformin effects on disease progression are mediated through the activation of the AMPK pathway. These results will be essential for the justification and design of a full-scale efficacy trial.

We aimed to investigate the prognostic influence of primary tumor site on the survival of patients with breast cancer.Data of 63,388 patients with primary breast cancer from the Korean Breast Cancer Registry were analyzed. Primary tumor sites were classified into 5 groups: upper outer quadrant, lower outer quadrant, upper inner quadrant, lower inner quadrant (LIQ), and central portion. We analyzed overall survival (OS) and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) according to primary tumor site.Central portion and LIQ showed lower survival rates regarding both OS and BCSS compared with the other 3 quadrants (all P .05) and hazard ratios were 1.267 (95% CI, 1.180-1.360, P .001) and 1.215 (95% CI, 1.097-1.345, P .001), respectively. Although central portion showed more unfavorable clinicopathologic features, LIQ showed more favorable features than the other 3 quadrants. Primary tumor site was a significant factor in univariate and multivariate analyses for OS and BCSS (all P .001). For lymph node-negative patients, LIQ showed a worse OS than the other primary tumor sites in the subgroup with no chemotherapy (P .001), but that effect disappeared in the subgroup with chemotherapy (P = .058).LIQ showed a worse prognosis despite having more favorable clinicopathologic features than other tumor locations and it was more prominent for lymph node-negative patients who received no chemotherapy. The hypothesis of possible hidden internal mammary node metastasis could be suggested to play a key role in LIQ lesions.

Tolvaptan, a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist, has been shown to reduce the rates of growth in total kidney volume (TKV) and renal function loss in ADPKD patients, but also leads to polyuria because of its aquaretic effect. Prolonged polyuria can result in ureter dilatation with consequently renal function loss. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of tolvaptan-induced polyuria on ureter diameter in ADPKD patients.70 ADPKD patients were included (51 were randomized to tolvaptan and 19 to placebo). At baseline and after 3 years of treatment renal function was measured (mGFR) and MRI was performed to measure TKV and ureter diameter at the levels of renal pelvis and fifth lumbar vertebral body (L5).In these patients [65.7 % male, age 41 +/- 9 years, mGFR 74 +/- 27 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and TKV 1.92 (1.27-2.67) L], no differences were found between tolvaptan and placebo-treated patients in 24-h urine volume at baseline (2.5 vs. 2.5 L, p = 0.8), nor in ureter diameter at renal pelvis and L5 (4.0 vs. 4.2 mm, p = 0.4 and 3.0 vs. 3.1 mm, p = 0.3). After 3 years of treatment 24-h urine volume was higher in tolvaptan-treated patients when compared to placebo (4.7 vs. 2.3 L, p Tolvaptan-induced polyuria did not lead to an increase in ureter diameter, suggesting that tolvaptan is a safe therapy from a urological point of view.

Purpose In this trial, we investigated the efficacy and safety of adjuvant letrozole for hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer. Here, we report the clinical outcome in postmenopausal women with HR-positive breast cancer treated with adjuvant letrozole according to estrogen receptor (ER) expression levels. Methods In this multi-institutional, open-label, observational study, postmenopausal patients with HR-positive breast cancer received adjuvant letrozole (2.5 mg/daily) for 5 years unless they experienced disease progression or unacceptable toxicity or withdrew their consent. The patients were stratified into the following 3 groups according to ER expression levels using a modified Allred score (AS): low, intermediate, and high (AS 3-4, 5-6, and 7-8, respectively). ER expression was centrally reviewed. The primary objective was the 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate. Results Between April 25, 2010, and February 5, 2014, 440 patients were enrolled. With a median follow-up of 62.0 months, the 5-year DFS rate in all patients was 94.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 91.8-96.6). The 5-year DFS and recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates did not differ according to ER expression; the 5-year DFS rates were 94.3% and 94.1%in the low-to-intermediate and high expression groups, respectively (p = 0.6), and the corresponding 5-year RFS rates were 95.7% and 95.4%, respectively (p = 0.7). Furthermore, 25 patients discontinued letrozole because of drug toxicity. Conclusion Treatment with adjuvant letrozole showed very favorable treatment outcomes and good tolerability among Korean postmenopausal women with ER-positive breast cancer, independent of ER expression. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01069211.

In this paper, we present a detailed study on the effects of x-ray exposure on data corruption in commercially available NOR and NAND flash memory devices during x-ray inspection with a high-resolution Phoenix Nanomex system from GE. We investigated role of the x-ray tube voltage, tube current, device orientation, x-ray filters and photon energy. We explored the low exposure regime in detail when the first byte errors start occurring and also determined the absorbed dose for 100% byte errors. No data corruption was observed after the normal 2D x-ray inspection and CT scans of the NOR and NAND flash memory devices under study. However, increase in the tube voltage, tube current and/or the x-ray beam size resulted in byte errors which increased exponentially with the exposure time. The byte error rate was found to be much more sensitive to the tube voltage than the tube current. It was also affected by the device orientation with respect to the x-ray beam. The NAND flash memories were found to be more susceptible to data corruption from x-ray exposure than the NOR devices examined in this work. Some NOR devices were irradiated with the monochromatic x-rays from the CHESS synchrotron facility at Cornell University. Of all the photon energies used in this study, 12 keV x-ray irradiation resulted in the highest byte error rate. In this paper, we thus present a direct proof that it is the low-energy photon absorption that plays a major role in introducing bit errors in flash memories. Commonly available low-energy x-ray filters such as Cu and Al foils were found to be effective in preventing data corruption in such devices for long exposure time. Use of lower tube voltage, lower tube current, smaller x-ray spot size, short exposure time and low-energy x-ray filters, is recommended to prevent data corruption during 2D and 3D x-ray inspection of flash memory devices and other semiconductor devices in general.

숲가꾸기는 연료량을 줄여 산불의 위험을 줄이는 근본적인 방법이다. 본 연구에서는 솎아베기가 산불 연료량과 수관화 위험도, 산불행동에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 경남 거창과 전남 순천 2곳을 대상으로 솎아베기 미시행지(대조구), 강도(ha당 100본, 200본, 300본)에 따라 지표층, 관목층, 수관층의 연료량을 측정하였으며 NEXUS 2.0 프로그램을 이용하여 수관화 위험성을 전이·확산지수로 구분하여 산출하였다. 산불행동은 BehavePlus를 이용하였다. 솎아베기의 강도가 강할수록 지표층과 수관층의 연료량은 줄어들고, 관목층은 늘어났다. 수관화 전이지수는 솎아베기 강도에 따라 변함이 거의없는 반면에 수관화 확산지수는 강도가 강할수록 저감 효과가 컸다. 솎아베기를 실시한 산림은 지표화가 수관화로 전이되더라도 수관층을 타고 확산될 가능성은 낮았다. 솎아베기 강도가 강해질수록 확산속도는 느려지고, 열방출량은 작아지며 화선 강도는 약해지고, 화염길이는 짧아졌다. 이러한 결과들은 대형산불을 예방하기 위한 숲가꾸기 지침 개발에 활용이 가능하다.

This paper presents a 2-6 GHz GaN HEMT power amplifier monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) with bridged-T all-pass filters and output-reactance-compensation shorted stubs using the 0.25 mm GaN HEMT foundry process that is developed by WIN Semiconductors, Inc. The bridged-T filter is modified to mitigate the bandwidth degradation of impedance matching due to the inherent channel resistance of the transistor, and the shorted stub with a bypass capacitor minimizes the output reactance of the transistor to ease wideband load impedance matching for maximum output power. The fabricated power amplifier MMIC shows a flat linear gain of 20 dB or more, an average output power of 40.1 dBm and a power-added efficiency of 19-26 % in 2 to 6 GHz, which is very useful in applications such as communication jammers and electronic warfare systems.

The purpose of this study was to investigate prospectively whether the apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) of both breast cancer and normal fibroglandular tissue vary with the menstrual cycle and menopausal status. Institutional review board approval was obtained, and informed consent was obtained from each participant. Fifty-seven women (29 premenopausal, 28 postmenopausal) with newly diagnosed breast cancer underwent diffusion-weighted imaging twice (interval 12-20 days) before surgery. Two radiologists independently measured ADC of breast cancer and normal contralateral breast tissue, and we quantified the differences according to the phases of menstrual cycle and menopausal status. With normal fibroglandular tissue, ADC was significantly lower in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women (P = 0.035). In premenopausal women, ADC did not differ significantly between proliferative and secretory phases in either breast cancer or normal fibroglandular tissue (P = 0.969 and P = 0.519, respectively). In postmenopausal women, no significant differences were found between ADCs measured at different time intervals in either breast cancer or normal fibroglandular tissue (P = 0.948 and P = 0.961, respectively). The within-subject variability of the ADC measurements was quantified using the coefficient of variation (CV) and was small: the mean CVs of tumor ADC were 2.90 % (premenopausal) and 3.43 % (postmenopausal), and those of fibroglandular tissue ADC were 4.37 % (premenopausal) and 2.55 % (postmenopausal). Both intra- and interobserver agreements were excellent for ADC measurements, with intraclass correlation coefficients in the range of 0.834-0.974. In conclusion, the measured ADCs of breast cancer and normal fibroglandular tissue were not affected significantly by menstrual cycle, and the measurements were highly reproducible both within and between observers.

In this article, using a 0.25 µm GaN HEMT process, we present a 2-6 GHz GaN two-stage distributed power amplifier MMIC that utilizes tapered gate series capacitors and nonuniform drain transmission lines with tapered shunt capacitors to simultaneously obtain a linear gain enhancement and optimum load line for each transistor. By using well-derived equations to provide each transistor with the optimum load impedance and to tune the phase delay between the input and output transmission lines, the nonuniform distributed power amplifier is designed for second-stage amplification, and satisfactory performance is demonstrated. The phase balance and tapering of the gate series capacitors have a role in improving the linear gain of the two-stage amplifier. The measured data show a linear gain of 22±1 dB, an input/output return loss of more than 15 dB, saturated output power of 41.2-43.1 dBm under a continuous-wave mode, and a power-added efficiency of 18-22% from 2 to 6 GHz which are very competitive values compared with previous works. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 26:456-465, 2016.

차단기는 전기회로 내 과전류가 발생하거나 시스템 결함의 발생으로 인한 사고를 예방하기 위해 전류의 흐름을 끊는 장치이다. 차단기의 종류에는 여러 가지가 있지만 스프링 힘을 구동동력으로 하는 스프링 타입의 조작기가 주로 이용된다. 이는 누유에 의한 구동에너지의 감소 및 온도에 의한 조작력의 변동이 없으며, 구동에너지를 스프링에 결합된 기계부품으로 직접 전달하는 비교적 간단한 구조로 이루어져 있기 때문이다. 또한, 30~40ms 의 짧은 시간에 큰 부하를 가진 종동절(follower)을 높은 가속도로써 움직이게 하는 장점Key Words: Cam Profile Optimization(캠 윤곽 최적설계), Circuit Breaker(차단기), Design Sensitivity Analysis(민감도 분석), Multi-body Dynamics(다물체동역학) 초록: 차단기 메커니즘의 안전성은 클로징 메커니즘 작동 시 접점 이후의 속도 감소를 통한 오픈 샤프트가 래치에 걸리는 래칭(latching) 구간에서의 유지 시간 개선을 통해 확보된다. 이는 오픈 래치가 복귀할 시간을 확보하여 재 차단되는 현상을 줄이기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 캠 윤곽 최적화를 통해 기존의 구동 성능을 만족하고 래칭 구간에 대한 메커니즘의 안전성을 확보하고자 가동부의 변위 응답 중 래칭이 발생하는 구간에서의 유지 시간을 개선하였다. ADAMS 를 이용한 차단기 다물체동역학 모델을 개발하였으며 시험 결과와 비교하여 검증하고 최적설계 프로그램인 PIAnO 를 사용하여 캠 윤곽의 최적설계를 수행하였다. 캠 윤곽의 최적설계는 캠의 반경 방향으로 설계점을 선정하였으며 설계구간별 민감도 분석을 수행하였다. 최적화 결과 래칭 구간에서의 유지 시간을 개선하였다. Abstract: Higher circuit breaker safety standards can be obtained by increasing the sustaining time of the latching section. This time increase is achieved through velocity reduction after contacting when the closing mechanism operates. The potential for the re-closing phenomenon to occur is also reduced by obtaining time to return open latch. In this study, the sustaining time for the latching section was increased through cam profile optimization based on the displacement response of the moving parts. In addition, the existing performance velocity was also satisfied. A multibody dynamics model of the circuit breaker was developed using ADAMS. To validate the model, simulation results were compared to experiment results. Then, cam profile optimization was carried out using an optimal design program PIAnO. Design variables selected included the radial direction of the cam. Design sensitivity analysis was carried out by design section as well. As a result of optimization, the sustaining time for the latching section was increased.

On the basis of an inductive multiple case study of ten social enterprises, this study explores how social enterprises, which incorporate for-profit and not-for-profit logics as a hybrid form, gain...

The concept of entrepreneurship has been recognized and developed in the various context such as commercial entrepreneurship, corporate entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship, and academic entrepreneurship. Many research-centered universities have been sources of spin-off companies and technology commercialization. Now they are transforming into entrepreneurial universities. The purposes of this paper are (1) to develop the model of entrepreneurial university, (2) to analyze activities of some entrepreneurial universities, (3) to design a system to promote technology commercialization and entrepreneurship education, and (4) to suggest further research agenda for academic entrepreneurship. KAIST has been a leading research-centered university in Korea and has played a key role in promoting R&D commercialization and university spin-off. To cope with social demands on new roles of universities, KAIST is accelerating the innovation on education, research and commercialization system. This paper reviews the activities, strategies and performance of technology commercialization and university spin-off, and presents a new model of entrepreneurial university. Many leading universities have their own strategies and systems, and are facing many challenges. This paper will discuss the challenges ahead and suggest research agenda for university entrepreneurship. This study could provide a ground for discussion on specific issues related to academic entrepreneurship.

Purpose There are few reports from Asian countries about the long-term results of aromatase inhibitor adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. This observational study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of letrozole in postmenopausal Korean women with operable breast cancer. Methods Self-reported quality of life (QoL) scores were serially assessed for 3 years during adjuvant letrozole treatment using the Korean version of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast questionnaires (version 3). Changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and serum cholesterol levels were also examined. Results All 897 patients received the documented informed consent form and completed a baseline questionnaire before treatment. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 684 (76.3%) subjects, and 410 (45.7%) and 396 (44.1%) patients had stage I and II breast cancer, respectively. Each patient completed questionnaires at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months after enrollment. Of 897 patients, 749 (83.5%) completed the study. The dropout rate was 16.5%. The serial trial outcome index, the sum of the physical and functional well-being subscales, increased gradually and significantly from baseline during letrozole treatment (p

This study aims to investigate seismic response of bucket foundations for the support of offshore wind tower. The prototype design of the bucket foundation was scaled down with a scaling number of 1/240 to manufacture the model. An additional gravity base foundation (GBF) model was prepared and its diameter is same with the bucket. The dynamic centrifuge tests for both models installed in sandy soil were carried out at 60 G resulting in the 1/4 scale prototype. Two real earthquake motions, Kobe and El Centro earthquakes were applied to the models. The earthquake motion scaled with peak accelerations from 0.02 G to 0.2 G was excited at the base of the soil container. The acceleration at the platform level (i.e. the connection of the tower and foundation) for the bucket foundation is lower than that of the GBF. The types of earthquake affected the responses at the platform. The displacement at the platform level of the bucket was also lower than the GBF. The contact pressure was at the bottom invert of both models and skirt surface of the bucket. The contact pressure at the bottom invert of the GBF significantly increases with increasing excitation while that of the bucket is negligible. The contact pressure at the skirt surface of the bucket significantly increases due to seismic loading.

In order to activate the high precision and multi-functional machine tool, adequate technical level of the high-precision products is required. The hydrostatic bearings is used as a method for producing the high-precision products. The hydrostatic bearing has a relatively small run-out compared to its shape error by fluid film effect in hydrostatic state similar to pneumatic bearing and has high stiffness, load capacity and damping characteristics. In this study, we conducted a study on the thermal deformation of the grinding machine that has a great influence on the machining accuracy of the product. The temperature of the front bearing is 10°C or higher than the temperature of the rear bearing. Thermal deformation of the spindle was found to be dependent on the temperature of the hydrostatic bearing and could identify the overall thermal characteristics of the grinding machine.

Recently, it is essential to enhance the value of the products to make them more competitive. Therefore, the technical level of the high-precision products is required. Thermal deformation error, which accounts for a significant effect of processing accuracy of machine tools. In order to reduce thermal deformation error such studies the thermal characteristics of the Hydrostatic spindle is required. In this study, we could confirm the reliability of the analysis by assessing the thermal characteristics through measurement of the grinding machine temperature and thermal structural analysis. The temperature of the front bearing 10 °C or more higher than the temperature of the rear bearing, thermal deformation of the spindle, was found to be dependent on the temperature of the hydrostatic bearing. And could identify the thermal characteristics of the hydrostatic spindle.

This study will examine the consolidation that is occurring in the shipping industry and its effects on Busan`s status as a key transshipment hub in Southeast Asia as well as what measures the port must implement to attract transshipment traffic. With this in mind heading forward, trends in transshipment cargo, problems facing the port, as well as the current status of transshipment volumes at the Port of Busan must be fully understood so that thorough research can be done into appropriate measures to stimulate growth and attract cargo traffic. In this study, We analyze the current problems and status of transshipment cargo at Busan Port and factors affecting the competitiveness of transshipment cargo at Busan New Port, Korea`s key import/export gateway, have been examined. We show the Strategies to Attract Transshipment Cargo at the Busan New Port which is to become a an optimal transshipment port, a port`s internal environment including the scale and location of its hinterland, facilities and tariffs as well as the external environment including global networks and logistics IT management must be carefully considered as they are all key actors affecting cargo volumes.

This paper presents an X-band GaN HEMT power amplifier with a third harmonic-tuned circuit for a higher power density per area and a higher power-added efficiency (PAE) using a 0.25 μm GaN HEMT process of WIN semiconductors, Inc. The optimum load impedances at the fundamental and third harmonic frequencies are extracted from load-pull simulations at the transistor’s extrinsic plane, including the drain-source capacitance and the series drain inductance. The third harmonic-tuned circuit is effectively integrated with the output matching circuit at the fundamental frequency, without complicating the whole output matching circuit. The input matching circuit uses a lossy matching scheme, which allows a good return loss and a simple LC low-pass circuit configuration. The fabricated power amplifier monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) occupies an area of 13.26 mm2, and shows a linear gain of 20 dB or more, a saturated output power of 43.2~44.7 dBm, and a PAE of 35~37% at 8.5 to 10.5 GHz.

This paper presents a 300 W GaN power amplifier operating in the LTE band 7 (2.62∼2.69 GHz). From the loadpull simulation, optimum impedances of the GaN HEMT at the fundamental frequency and the second harmonic frequency are extracted for a maximum output power. The matching circuits that give the nearly optimum second harmonic impedances are implemented on a titanate substrate with a high dielectric constant and are integrated with a bare GaN transistor in a ceramic package. The fabricated power amplifier shows a saturated output power of 258∼324 W and a drain efficiency of 67∼73 % under the pulsed condition of 1 msec period and 10 % duty cycle. It also has an output power of 80∼85 W and a drain efficiency of 42∼49 % at ACLR of 30 dBc with the LTE input signal.

This paper proposes an omni-directional power-assist-modular(PAM) mobile robot for total nursing service system. We focus on verifying a kinematic model of dual-offset active wheel casters for PAM. To control holonomic mobile robotics system, we approached the kinematic model in the aspect of coordinate transformation, and obtained driving velocity and steering velocity from the Cartesian coordinate. Based on the kinematic model, we designed dual-offset active wheel casters with a differential gear mechanism and applied them into PAM. As a result, PAM can move easily at a confined area such as a patient's room of the hospital.

Recently, nanosatellites (nanosats) electric propulsion systems have attracted attention to researchers due to very simple structure and low delivery cost1. However, present electric propulsion system, such as hall effect thruster, arcjets, and plasma thrusters, have low thrust, short lifetime, no flexibility2. Among various thruster systems, the plasma thruster has versatile advantages such as high specific impulse and small size for future nanosats. However, it is difficult to generate high thrust because the plasma, which is produced by conventional devices, has low energy. In addition, these conventional plasma thrusters also are difficult to change direction because these thrusters have limited flexibility. New solutions must be offered to space mission designers to overcome these limitations. Here, we have proposed the highly energetic intense coupled microplasma with a single bundle of three hollow-core optical fibers to obtain both the high thrust and flexibility. The proposed flexible microplasma thruster, which has a protruded optical-fiber, can generate the highly energetic intense coupled microplasma with a strong plasma emission and a high thrust. The detailed novel microplasma device, microplasma physics, discharge and thrust characteristics, currents, fluid simulation, high-speed intensified chargecoupled device (ICCD) images, and more detailed mechanism are studied and will be discussed in detail. This research contributes to better understanding on the novel structure and design of future microplasma thruster system by analyzing microplasma phenomena.

Purpose To retrospectively investigate the relationship between the kinetic features of breast cancer assessed with computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) at preoperative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and disease-free survival in patients with primary operable invasive breast cancer. Materials and Methods This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board. The requirement to obtain informed consent was waived. The authors identified 329 consecutive women (mean age, 52.9 years; age range, 32-88 years) with newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer who had undergone preoperative MR imaging and surgery between January 2012 and February 2013. All MR images were retrospectively reviewed by using a commercially available CAD system, and the following kinetic parameters were noted for each lesion: peak enhancement (highest pixel signal intensity in the first series obtained after administration of contrast material), angio-volume (total volume of the enhancing lesion), and delayed enhancement profiles (the proportions of washout, plateau, and persistently enhancing component within a tumor). Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to identify the relationship between CAD-generated kinetics and disease-free survival after adjusting for clinical-pathologic variables. Results A total of 36 recurrences developed at a median follow-up of 50 months (range, 15-55 months). CAD-measured peak enhancement at preoperative MR imaging enabled differentiation between patients with and patients without recurrence (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.728; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.676, 0.775; P < .001). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that a higher peak enhancement (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.001; 95% CI: 1.000, 1.002; P = .004), a higher washout component (HR = 1.029; 95% CI: 1.005, 1.054; P = .017), and lymphovascular invasion at histopathologic examination (HR = 3.011; 95% CI: 1.302, 6.962; P = .010) were associated with poorer disease-free survival. Conclusion Higher values of CAD-measured peak enhancement and washout component at preoperative MR imaging were significantly associated with poorer disease-free survival of patients with primary operable breast cancer. © RSNA, 2017.

In this article, we survey different types of big data techniques such as Hadoop, NoSQL, and R and how semantic computing can be utilized to improve these methods. We explain the terms big data and semantic analysis. We discuss how big data analysis and semantic analysis are utilized in different domains such as healthcare and business.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to verify the feasibility of the 5th, 6th, and 7th editions of AJCC staging system by analyzing the 10-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of breast cancer patients according to the each editions of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system that staged by 5th and 6th editions of AJCC staging system. Methods: A total of 419 breast cancer patients were analyzed who had received initial treatment between 1998 and 2003 at Pusan National University Hospital. Patients were restaged using 5th, 6th, and 7th editions of AJCC staging system with retrospective data and 10year OS and DFS analysis were performed. Results: The mean age of patients was 51 years old and the mean follow-up period was 138 months. Ten-year OS was 89.9% and DFS was 88.3%. Ten-year DFS was affected significantly by the tumor size, lymph node metastasis, differentiation of tumor, lymphovascular invasion, HER2 gene and triple negative breast cancer. The stage of breast cancer according to the 5th, 6th, and 7th edition of AJCC staging system and the each T and N stage of breast cancer was statistically significant in 10-year OS and DFS. Although the significance was confirmed between 10-year DFS in each edition, higher significance were found in more recent edition. Conclusion: Restaging and predict prognosis based on 7th edition of AJCC staging system would be helpful to patients who had been previously staged based on 5th or 6th system.

In this study, the capability of an existing analysis method for the fluid-structure-soil interaction of an offshore wind turbine is expanded to account for the geometric nonlinearity and sea water drag force. The geometric stiffness is derived to take care of the large displacement due to the deformation of the tower structure and the rotation of the footing foundation utilizing linearized stability analysis theory. Linearizing the term in Morison`s equation concerning the drag force, its effects are considered. The developed analysis method is applied to the earthquake response analysis of a 5 MW offshore wind turbine. Parameters which can influence dynamic behaviors of the system are identified and their significance are examined.

The operating performance, spring characteristics, and material properties of a gas-insulated circuit breaker were optimized using multibody dynamics. The circuit breaker consisted of several latches and a cam. The dynamic behavior of the latches was affected by the spring characteristics, as well as by the materials and length of each latch. Our results indicated that the motion of the latches was a key factor in determining the opening time of the circuit breaker. A multibody model for the circuit breaker was developed and verified by comparing simulated results with experimental data. The opening time for the breaker was reduced by 1.5 ms in simulations.

Crystal and electronic structures of $\mathrm{BiFe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ thin films ($\ensuremath{\sim}10$ and \ensuremath{\sim}300 nm) grown on $\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ substrate have been investigated in terms of $\mathrm{BiFe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ film thickness dependence using the advanced transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique. Electron diffraction patterns of both $\mathrm{BiFe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ thin films acquired along ${[011]}_{\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}$ cross sections clearly exhibited the existence of extra Bragg's reflections which are absent in that from $\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. Structure factor calculations unambiguously revealed that the electron diffraction pattern corresponds to the [211] net pattern of rhombohedral $\mathrm{BiFe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. High-resolution TEM images combined with multislice simulation also demonstrated that the crystalline structure of both $\mathrm{BiFe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ films is rhombohedral. Electron energy loss spectroscopy results for both $\mathrm{BiFe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ thin films showed spectra with the characteristics of bulk $\mathrm{BiFe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, i.e., rhombohedral. The lattice mismatch of 2.5% between $\mathrm{BiFe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and $\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ found in a particular epitaxial relationship is considered to be the reason that $\mathrm{BiFe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ can grow by maintaining its bulk crystalline, i.e., rhombohedral, structure.

The primary aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of BRCA1/2 mutations among familial breast cancer (BC) patients in Korea. We analyzed 775 familial BC patients who were enrolled in the Korean Hereditary Breast Cancer (KOHBRA) study and treated at 36 institutions between May 2007 and May 2010. Patients with familial BC were defined as BC patients with family histories of BC or ovarian cancer (OC) in any relatives. All probands received genetic counseling and BRCA genetic testing was performed after obtaining informed consent. The mean age of BC diagnosis was 43.6 years. The numbers of probands with family histories of BC only and OC only were 682 and 93, respectively. The overall prevalence of the BRCA mutation among familial BC patients was 21.7 % (BRCA1 9.3 % and BRCA2 12.4 %). Subgroup analyses observed prevalences of the BRCA mutation as follows: 19.6 % among patients with BC family history only (BRCA1 7.6 % and BRCA2 12.0 %) and 36.6 % among patients with OC family history only (BRCA1 21.5 % and BRCA2 15.1 %). Most of the subgroups satisfied the 10 % probability criteria to undergo BRCA testing. However, the prevalence of the BRCA mutations among subgroups that had 2 BC patients in a family with both age at diagnosis of more than 50 years old did not reach the 10 % criteria (4.1 %). Korean familial BC patients are good candidates for BRCA testing even when they have family histories of single breast cancers. However, proband age at diagnosis should be carefully considered when selecting patients for testing.

Using longitudinal data collected over a seven-year period, we explored the effectiveness of upward feedback programs in changing managerial behaviors over time. We also examined the different impact of upward feedback programs used for two different purposes (developmental vs. administrative) on the performance (i.e. upward ratings) of R&D managers. We found that managers who initially performed poorly showed more performance improvement than those whose initial performance was good. We also found that managers' performance improved more when the upward feedback program was used for administrative purposes than when used for developmental purposes. We noted a significant performance improvement at the time when the purpose of upward feedback program changed from developmental to administrative. Herein, we discuss the practical and theoretical implications of integrating upward feedback programs into standard corporate practice.

Purpose : Not only oncologic safety but also satisfactory cosmetic results can be achieved by oncoplastic breast surgery. Authors applied thorcoepigastirc fasciocutaneous flap as oncoplastic surgery for patient with lower or cental portion of breast cancer, to assess the usefulness of this procedure. Patients and methods : A total of thirty-eight patients with lower or central portion of breast cancer underwent a partial mastectomy with immediate thorcoepigastirc fasciocutaneous flap reconstruction. The clinicopathologic factors were analyzed retrospectively and the cosmetic outcomes were evaluated based on 4-point scoring system. Results : The mean follow-up period was 12.2 months and mean tumor size was 1.8 cm. The mean excised breast volume was 67.9 mm and the cosmetic result showed excellent in 21 (55.3%) and good in 13 (34.2%). Conclusion : The partial mastectomy with immediate thoracoepigastric fasciocutaneous flap would be a useful oncoplastic surgery for breast cancers which are located in lower or central portion of the breast.

Cu-doped ZnO film in nanowire structure is synthesized by a closed space flux sublimation and periodic oxidation method at ∼300°C over Si substrate. Oxidative process controlled selfcatalytic VLS mechanism is proposed for the film growth. X-ray diffraction pattern establishes that Cu-doped ZnO nanowires retain the crystallite structure of the wurtzite ZnO. TEM studies indicate single crystal character of the Cu-doped ZnO nanowires. Optical absorption analysis of Cu-doped ZnO nanowires defines two direct energy band gaps. The low energy band gap at 3.2eV is intrinsic to the Cu-doped ZnO material. The higher energy band gap at 3.5eV is attributed to the nanosize, mediated by strong forward scattering of light from the nanowires. Sharp photoluminescence in Cu-doped ZnO corresponding to near bandgap free exciton emission is observed and a redshift of ∼0.07 eV is consistent with the effect of Cu-doping. The visible emission band in both ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO shows a broad green emission band with Cu-substitution shifting the maximum visible luminescence towards the higher energy side.

The Rammed Aggregate Piers(RAP) is the method to reduce the possibility of liquefaction by accelerating drainage and increasing shear resistance, which promotes dissipation of pore pressure occurred by vibration. Thus, this study investigates the reduction effect of liquefaction performing Shaking Table Test on soft ground. The reduction effect of excess pore pressure and characteristics of settlement of untreated and reinforced ground conditions were studied by varying ground acceleration and area replacement ratio. In results, the reduction effect of liquefaction is increased 10, 2.5, and 1.5 times from ground acceleration 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4(g) respectively.

Gestures have been employed for human computer interaction to build more natural interface in new computational environments. In this paper, we describe our approach to develop a gesture interface using spatial context information. The proposed gesture interface recognizes a system action (e.g. commands) by integrating gesture information with spatial context information within a probabilistic framework. Two ontologies of spatial contexts are introduced based on the spatial information of gestures: gesture volume and gesture target. Prototype applications are developed using a smart environment scenario that a user can interact with digital information embedded to physical objects using gestures.

In this paper, we propose assistant device system based on camera that can perform general mouse function for the physically disabled. Most disabled people use special hardware and rely largely on foreign-made assistance device and the using rate of assistance device was very low because of high price. To solve this problem, we propose effective system based on web camera that can perform general mouse function and can raise accessibility for the physically disabled. In the proposed method, we firstly attach color marker on arbitrary device or body parts and then input the information of color using camera and extract coordinate information of color marker and finally, match processing information(coordinate) to special event(keyboard, mouse) and control various applications. The proposed method shows good performance in price and performance compared with other techniques by real field test.

Based on an inductive multiple case study of five social enterprises, the authors examine what kinds of paradoxes emerge in social enterprises and how they cope with those paradoxes. The authors as...

In this paper the order picking problem in warehouses is considered, a topic which has received considerable attention from the international academic body in recent years. The order picking problem deals with the retrieval of order items from prespecified locations in the warehouse, and its objective is usually the minimization of travel time or travel distance. Hence, a well-thought order picking policy in combination with an appropriate storage policy will enhance warehouse efficiency and reduce operational costs. This paper starts with a literature overview summarizing approaches to routing order pickers, assigning stock-keeping units to pick locations and designing warehouse layouts. Since the layout design might affect both storage and routing policies, the three factors are interdependent with respect to order picking performance. To test these interdependencies, a simulation experiment was set up, involving two types of warehouse layout, four types of storage policy, five well-known heuristics and five sizes of order picking list. Our results illustrate that from the point of view of order picking distance minimization it is recommended to equip the warehouse with a third cross aisle, although this comes at the cost of a certain space loss. Additionally, we propose a set of most appropriate matches between order picking heuristics and storage policies. Finally, we give some directions for further research and recommend an integrated approach involving all factors that affect warehouse efficiency.

Additional hydrogen (H2) annealing and subsequent electrochemical treatment are found to make tin-doped indium oxide (ITO)-based photoelectrodes suitable for highly efficient dye sensitized solar cells. The additional H2 annealing process recovered the electrical conductivity of the ITO film the same as its initial high conductivity, which enhanced the charge collecting property. Moreover, the employment of electrochemical oxidation of TiO2/ITO photoelectrode improved the energy conversion efficiency of the ITO-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC), higher than that of a conventional FTO-based DSSC. Electrochemical impedance analysis showed that the H2 annealing process reduced the internal resistance of the cell, i.e., the resistance of the ITO and the Schottky barrier at the TiO2/ITO interface were reduced, and that the electrochemical treatment recovered the diodelike characteristics of the DSSC by retarding back electron transfer from the photoelectrode to the electrolyte. The present work demonstra...

T-DMB(Terrestrial Digital Multimedia Broadcasting) system, is based on the Eureka-147 standard, provides various multimedia data services. However T-DMB system needs upgrades for more various services and better services. Therefore, we proposed advanced T-DMB system using unequal error protection system and hierarchical modulation in this paper while maintaing backward compatibility. And we simulated various bit split methods and double binary turbo code of DVB-RCS standard as method of LP data stream for additional service of advanced T-DMB. As the simulation results, double binary turbo code of proposed advanced T-DMB system have each coding gain of over 2 dB compared to conventional T-DMB.