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48 results on '"J. Dichgans"'

1. Analgetika-induzierter Dauerkopfschmerz

Author

Wolf-Dieter Gerber, Hans-Christoph Diener, J. Dichgans, M. Kluck, H. Kukiolka, and E. J. Verspohl

Subjects
Vasomotor, Nausea, business.industry, Codeine, Physical dependence, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Ergotamine Tartrate, Migraine, Anesthesia, medicine, Vomiting, medicine.symptom, Headaches, business, medicine.drug
Abstract

Fifty-two patients, most of whom had had daily headaches for years, were examined and treated. Among them there were 40 who originally had migraine, the others had vasomotor or post-contusional headaches. Average duration of the migraine was 21 years, of chronic headache 7.6 years. All patients had been taking analgesics of a mixed type regularly and for a long time, on average 35.6 tablets or suppositories weekly. All patients had taken more than three different drugs. After an observation period of 3-6 months for grading the headaches and registering the amount of drug intake, all patients were admitted to hospital when all analgesics were at once discontinued. Changing degrees of withdrawal symptoms were the rule: increased headaches, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, sweating, sleep disorders, and in some also hallucinations and cerebral episodes. At the end of the hospital stay chronic headache had completely disappeared or markedly improved in 77% of patients. Even after an average of 16 months of subsequent observation, chronic headache continued to be significantly improved in 70% of patients. There was a significant reduction in frequency and intensity of attacks in the patients with originally typical migraine. Regular intake of analgesics of the mixed type induces chronic headaches. These are most commonly caused by ergotamine tartrate and aminophenol derivatives, while psychological and physical dependence on anti-migraine drugs is initiated and maintained by additional barbiturates, caffeine and codeine.

Published
2008

5. SELEDO: a 5-y-ear long-term trial on the effect of selegiline in early parkinsonian patients treated with levodopa

Author

Klaus Schimrigk, P. Krauseneck, P.H. Kraus, B. Conrad, J. Schnitker, H.P. Vogel, U. Rinne, Horst Przuntek, G. Pergande, and J. Dichgans

Subjects
Adult, Male, Levodopa, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, Time Factors, Placebo, Placebo group, law.invention, Antiparkinson Agents, Pharmacotherapy, Randomized controlled trial, law, Selegiline, medicine, Clinical endpoint, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Aged, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, business.industry, Parkinson Disease, Drug Tolerance, Middle Aged, Clinical trial, Neurology, Anesthesia, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Neurology (clinical), business, medicine.drug
Abstract

The SELEDO (from selegiline plus levodopa) study was carried out as a randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled, double- blind, multicenter long-term, 5-year trial to evaluate the possible advantages of combining selegiline and levodopa in the early treatment of Parkinson's disease. One-hundred-and-sixteen patients were randomized either to selegiline or placebo. Before starting the study medication, the levodopa dose was titrated to the individual requirements of each patient. The primary study end point (time when levodopa had to be increased by >50% of the titrated dose) was reached in 23 of 59 patients in the selegiline group and 26 of 48 patients in the placebo group. At the end of the 5 years' treatment period the rates derived from a life-table analysis were 50.4% in the selegiline group and 74.1% in the placebo group (P = 0.027, log-rank test). The median time to reach the primary end point was 4.9 years in the selegiline group and 2.6 years in the placebo group. In patients treated with selegiline, the mean levodopa dose changed only slightly over the 5 years of treatment compared to the initially titrated dose, but rose markedly in the placebo group, where the dose of levodopa had to be adjusted earlier than in the selegiline group. At the same time, the lower levodopa dosage in the selegiline group was accompanied by at least equal therapeutic efficacy (which is necessary for an unambiguous interpretation). Subgroup analyses showed greater benefit for selegiline treated) patients in the earlier stages. Long-term side effects appeared later in the selegiline group, although the difference was not significant. The early combination of selegiline and levodopa proved to be clearly superior to levodopa monotherapy.

Published
1999

6. Manifestation of Hashimoto’s Encephalopathy Years before Onset of Thyroid Disease

Author

R. Peschen-Rosin, M. Schabet, and J. Dichgans

Subjects
Adult, endocrine system, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, endocrine system diseases, Prednisolone, Encephalopathy, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Hashimoto's encephalopathy, Epilepsies, Myoclonic, Neurological disorder, Gastroenterology, Thyroiditis, Central nervous system disease, Autoimmune thyroiditis, immune system diseases, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, business.industry, Thyroid disease, Thyroiditis, Autoimmune, Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins, Electroencephalography, medicine.disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Thyroid Diseases, Carbamazepine, Neurology, Immunoglobulin G, Immunology, Anticonvulsants, Female, Neurology (clinical), medicine.symptom, business, Myoclonus
Abstract

Patients with Hashimoto’s encephalopathy (HE), a steroid-responsive disorder, associated with Hashimoto’s disease and high levels of thyroid-related autoantibodies usually present with a subacute onset of confusion, focal or generalized seizures. Frequent EEG abnormalities include generalized, rhythmic bifrontal or temporal slowing. Elevated protein levels or an intrathecal IgG synthesis may be present in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A 39-year-old woman underwent a relapsing course of myocloni and generalized seizures. Initially, thyroid function, thyroid-related autoantibody screening and cerebral MRI were unrevealing. CSF showed oligoclonal bands. Short-term treatment with high doses of prednisolone resolved the myocloni. During the 5th episode of myocloni, signs of hyperthyroidism and elevation of thyroid microsomal antibody titer developed. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and HE were diagnosed. After subtotal thyroidectomy the patient remained asymptomatic.

Published
1999

7. Color vision tests for early detection of antiepileptic drug toxicity

Author

Hans-Jürgen Thiel, A. Bayer, D. Schmidt, S. Ried, Walter Paulus, Eberhart Zrenner, M. Kuehn, and J. Dichgans

Subjects
Adult, Phenytoin, Adolescent, genetic structures, Color vision, medicine.medical_treatment, Vision Disorders, Pharmacology, Epilepsy, medicine, Humans, Vision test, Valproic Acid, business.industry, Vision Tests, Osmolar Concentration, Neurotoxicity, Carbamazepine, medicine.disease, eye diseases, Anticonvulsant, Anticonvulsants, Neurology (clinical), business, Color Perception, medicine.drug
Abstract

A previous suggestion that antiepileptic drugs may induce color vision deficiencies prompted us to examine whether color vision deficiencies may occur at lower drug serum concentrations than those associated with symptoms of neurotoxicity. Eighty patients presenting with epilepsy received monotherapies of valproic acid, phenytoin, or carbamazepine; 18 patients did not receive antiepileptic drug therapy. Color vision was tested by the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test, spectral sensitivity, and the newly developed tritan screening plates. Patients treated with phenytoin or carbamazepine developed blue-yellow color vision deficiencies. In contrast, patients exposed to valproic acid or receiving no drug treatment showed normal color vision. There was a significant correlation (p < 0.0001) between signs of neurotoxicity induced by phenytoin or carbamazepine and blue-yellow color vision deficiencies. In contrast, we found no correlation between these signs of neurotoxicity and the drug serum concentrations (p = 0.0637). Color vision testing in epileptic patients treated with phenytoin or carbamazepine appears to be a sensitive method for early detection and monitoring of clinical neurotoxicity.

Published
1997

9. Fourth meeting of the European Neurological Society 25–29 June 1994 Barcelona, Spain

Author

H. Hattig, C. Delli Pizzi, M. C. Addonizio, Michelle Davis, A. R. Giovagnoli, L. Florensa, M. Roth, J. de Kruijk, Francisco Lacruz, Ph. Dewailly, A. Toygar, C. Avendano, P.P. De Deyn, J. F. Hurtevent, F. Lomeila, T. W. Wong, Gordon T. Plant, M. Bud, H. J. Willison, DH Miller, D. W. Langdon, R. Cioni, J. Servan, A. Kaygisiz, E. Racadot, D. B. Schens, E. Picciola, L. Falip, C. Bouchard, J. Jotova, A. Jorge-Santamaria, P. Misra, A. Dufour, C. P. Panagopoulos, A. Venneri, B. Sredni, B. Angelard, M. Janelidze, M. Carreno, J. Obenberger, J. Pouget, H. W. Moser, R. Kaufmann, J. A. Molina, D. Linden, A. Martin Urda, E. Uvestad, A. Krone, J. P. Cochin, J. Mallecourt, A. Cambon-Thomsen, K. Violleau, P. Osschmann, A. M. Durocher, E. Bussaglia, D. M. Danielle, H. Efendi, C. Van Broeckhoven, K. G. Jordan, W. Rautenberg, C. Iniguez, J. M. Delgado, Graham Watson, M. Lawden, Gareth J. Barker, K. Stiasny, James T. Becker, G. Campanella, E. Peghi, A. Poli, A. Haddad, T. Yamawaki, Giacomo P. Comi, S. Sotgiu, B. Ersmark, A. Pomes, M. Ziegler, P. Ferrante, P. Ruppi, H. KuÇukoglu, R. Bouton, U. K. Rinne, P. Vieregge, M. Dary, P. Giunti, Peter J. Goadsby, S. Jung, E. Secor, A. Steinberg, N. Vila, M. A. Hernandez, M. Cursi, A. Enqelhardt, A. Engelhardt, J. Veitch, F. Di Silverio, F. Arnaud, B. Neundörfer, R. Brucher, Dominique Caparros-Lefebvre, B. Meyer, Marianne Dieterich, M. H. Snidaro, R. Gomez, R. Cerbo, M. Ragno, J. M. Vance, S. Nemni, A. Caliskan, F. Barros, I. Velcheva, D. Ceballos-Baumann, V. Barak, A. Avila, N. Antonova, F. Resche, S. Pappata, L. Varela, S. R. Silveira Santos, A. Cammarota, L. Naccache, Y. Nara, E. Tournier-Lasserves, R. Mobner, T. Chase, A. Ensenyat, J. Ulrich, G. Giegerich, M. Rother, M. Revilla, N. Nitschke, K. Honczarenko, E. Basart Tarrats, J. Blin, B. Jacob, J. Santamaria, S. Knezevic, J. L. Castillo, M. Antem, J. Colomer, O. Busse, Didier Hannequin, S. Carrier, J. B. Ruidavets, C. Rozman, J. Bogoussslavsky, J. Pascual Calvet, E. Monros, J. M. Polo, M. Zucconl, Javier Muruzabal, R. R. Allen, R. Rivolta, K. Haugaard, A. Nespolo, K. Hoang-Xuang, G. Bussone, T. Avramidis, E. Corsini, Christiana Franke, T. Vinogradova, H. Boot, K. Vestergaard, G. H. Jansen, N. Argentino, M. Raltzig, W. Linssen, Mark B. Pepys, P. Roblot, L. Lauritzen, E. Fainardi, D. Morin, T. X. Arbizu Urdiain, J. Wollenhaupt, S. Bostantjopoulou, G. Pavesi, A. D. Forman, Giovanni Fabbrini, D. Jean, J. J. Archelos, M. I. Blanchs, M. Del Gobbo, Anna Carla Turconi, Ch. Derouesné, Elio Scarpini, A. Visbeck, P. Castejon, J. P. Renou, F. Mounier-Vehier, G. Potagas, Ch. Duyckaerts, A. Filla, R. Schneider, G. Ronen, K. Nagata, J. P. Vedel, A. Henneberg, G. van Melle, C. Baratti, H. Knott, M. C. Prevett, A. Bes, B. Metin, Jos V. Reempts, L. Martorell, Mefkure Eraksoy, H. O. Handwerker, D. S. Younger, O. Oktem, D. Frongillo, C. Soriano-Soriano, L. Niehaus, F. Zipp, A. Tartaro, S Newman, R. H. Browne, P. Davous, R. Sanchez, M. Muros, M. E. Kornhuber, A. Lavarone, M. Mohr, M. R. Garcia, S. Russell, H. Kellar-Wood, M. R. Tola, B. Ostermeyer, Ch. Tzekov, K. Sartor, E. B. Ringelstein, P. P. Gazzaniga, Paul Krack, H. Fidaner, H. Rico, T. Dbaiss, F. Alameda, E. Torchiana, L. Rumbach, I. Charques, J. M. Bogaard, C. D. Frith, L. J. Rappelle, R. Brenner, A. Joutel, K. Fuxe, G. HÄcker, M. J. Blaser, J. Valls-SolÇ, G. Ulm, M. Alberdi, A. Bock, F. W. Bertelsmann, U. Wieshmann, J. Visa, J. R. Lupski, D. D'Amico, L. M. P. Ramos, A. A. Vanderbark, R. Horn, M. Warmuth, Dietmar Kühne, Mark S. Palmer, C. Ehrenheim, E. Canga, S. Viola, O. Scarpino, P. Naldi, R. Almeida, A. A. Raymond, J. Gamez, Stephan Arnold, A. DiGiovanni, J. Dalmau, C. C. Chari, H. F. Beer, J. C. Koetsier, J. Iriarte, E. Yunis, J. Casadevall, E. Le Guern, E. Stenager, S. R. Benbadis, J. M. Warter, F. Burklin, I. Theodorou, L. Johannesen, G. A. Graveland, X. Leclerc, I. Vecchio, L. Ozelius, G. Nicoletti, R. K. Gherardi, E. Esperet, M. L. Delodovici, F. Cattin, F. Paiau, Giorgio Sacilotto, C. A. J. Broere, D. Chavdarov, J. P. Willmer, C. H. Hawkes, Th. Naegele, E. Ellie, E. Dartigues, M. J. Guardiola, S. Hesse, Z. Levic, Marco Rovaris, P. Saugeir-Veber, B. A. Yaqub, H. F. Durwen, R. Larumbe, J. Ballabrina, M. Sendtner, J. Röther, M. Horstink, C. Kluglein, M.P. Montesi, H. Apaydin, J. Montoya, E. Waubant, Ch. Verellen-Dunoulin, A. Nicolai, J. Lopez-Delval, R. Lemon, G. Cantinho, E. Granieri, A. Zeviani, Wolfgang H. Oertel, U. Ficola, V. Di Piero, V. Fragola, K. Sabev, M. V. Guitera, I. Turki, F. Bolgert, P. Ingrand, J. M. Gobernado, L. M. E. Grimaldi, S. Baybas, B. Eymard, Y. Rolland, Y. Robitaille, Ta. Pampols, P. J. Koehler, A. Carroacedo, J. Vilchez, S. Di Vittorio, I. R. Rise, T. Nagy, M. Kuffner, E. Palazzini, A. Ott, J. Pruim, T. X. Arbizu, E. Manetti, C. Cervera, S. Felber, G. Gursoy, J. Scholz, G. A. Buscaino, M. S. Chen, A. Pascual, J. Hazan, J. U. Gajda, J. G. Cea, G. Bottini, G. Damalik, F. Le Doze, G. Bonaldi, J. M. Hew, C. Messina, A. M. Kennedy, J. M. Carney, N. M. F. Murray, M. Parent, M. Koepp, V. Dimova, D. De Leo, K. Jellinger, G. Salemi, S. Mientus, M. L. Hansen, F. Mazzucchelli, J. Vieth, M. Mauri, E. Bartels, L. Johannsen, C. Humphreys, J. Emile, D. N. Landon, E. Kansu, R. Sanchez-Pernaute, Rsj Frackowiak, M. Gonzalez Torres, L. Oller, C. Machedo, J. Kother, M. Billiard, H. Durak, T. Schindler, A. Frank, A. Uncini, A. Sbriccoli, C. Farinas, D. W. Paty, N. Fast, A. T. Zangaladze, A. Kerkhofs, J. M. Pino Garcia, I. De la Fuente, B. Marini, L. Gomez, I. Rubio, Alessandra Bardoni, C. Brodie, P. Acin, U. Sliwka, S. A. Hawkins, S. Tardieu, F. Vitullo, J. M. Pereira Monteino, R. Gagliardi, T. Jezewski, A. Cano, T. Lempert, F. Abad Alegria, G. Rotondo, D. Ince, C. Martinez Parra, Y. Huang, H. Luders, Y. Steinvil, F. G. A. Van Der Meche, R. Bianchi, A. Sanchez, T. Sevilla, J. M. Ketelslegers, A. Domzal-Stryga, M. Pandolfo, M. O. Josse, K. W. Neff, I. Blanco, G. W. Bruyn, O. W. Witte, J. L. Thibault, G. Andersen, J. Pariset, A. Marcone, R. J. M. Lane, A. Hofman, M. Verin, T. Matilla, P. Bedoucha, J. Roche, M. Lai, M. Collard, A. Ugarte, F. Gallecho, D. Silbersweig, C. Kennard, J. P. Azulay, T. W. Ho, P. L. I. Dellemijn, R. Girardello, F. Baas, B. Voss, F. Rozenberg, E. M. Brocker, V. Stanev, A. A. J. Soeterboek, A. Marra, A. Rey, E. Ertem, M. Sawradewicz-Rybak, J. De Keyser, P. Cavallari, F. Proust, Y. Chevalier, H. C. Hansen, D. Leys, C. A. Davie, K. Hoang-Xuan, C. Bairati, H. van Crevel, Thomas T. Warner, B. Bompais, A. Dobbeleir, T Campbell, C. Macko, C. J. M. Klijn, M. Dussallant, T. P. Berlit, W. Rozenbaum, M. J. van den Bent, W. A. Rocca, M. Muller, H. Hundemer, U. Zifko, M. Campera, F. Drislane, D. Ranoux, T. M. Kloss, Anil Kumar, I. Ruolt, C. Bargnani, B. Marescau, N. A. Losseff, S. Notermans, B. Kint, E. T. Burke, C. Aykut, J. Matias Guiu, P. Maquet, T. Drogendijk, M. Leone, K. von Ammon, M. Pepeliarska, C. Prados, L. DiGiamberardino, T. Logtenberg, G. Lenoir, I. Castaldo, Damhaut, M. Radionova, G. Sirabian, R. Navon, Giovanni Antonini, K. Al Moutaery, E. Chamas, R. Schönhuber, M. Giannini, B. Debilly, I. Labatut, H. Henon, J. A. Egido, M. Baudrimont, J. N. Lorenzo, J. E. C. Bromberg, R. Antonacci, J. J. Vilchez, T. Moulin, B. Rautenstrauss, Giovanni Meola, J. Noth, S Mammi, P. Laforet, F. Lopez, C. Gehring, S. Bort, G. Rancurel, D. Decamps, S. Kostadinova, Y. Shapira, B. Neundoerfer, D. Chavrot, M. Solimena, J. P. Salier, W. Deberdt, R. Hoff-Jörgensen, A. Messina, S. Meairs, G. Rosoklija, E. Nelis, I. Bertran, C. Ertekin, J. Lohmeyer, Mitermayer Galvao dos Reis, L. Calo, E. Maccagnano, A. P. Hays, J. Verlooy, M. G. Forno, T. Blanco, L. Bail, Gabriella Silvestri, J. Montero, F. Bertrand, R. T. Ghnassia, C. Besses, T. Sereghy, F. Shalit, G. Bogliun, S. Braghi, St. Baykouchev, C. Franke, A. Lasa, L. C. Archard, J. Kriebel, S. Shaunak, M. Nocito, Alexander Tsiskaridze, E. Manfredini, T. Seigal, David G. Gadian, M. Barlas, J. D. Degos, C. Seeber, J. Caemert, J. L. Mas, R. B. Pepinsky, M. G. D'Angelo, N. Baumann, S. Yorifuji, H. P. Endtz, M. A. Cassatella, R. A. C. Hughes, V. Golzi, A. Bittencourt, A. Ferreira, M. Sanson, C. Alper, M. Vermeulen, M. A. A. van Walderveen, E. Alexiou, C. H. Lucas, M. Fiorelli, Y. N. Debbink, R. Gil, S. Congia, T. Banerjee, J. M. Bouchard, A. N. Pinto, A. Ceballos-Baumann, G. Grollier, P. I. M. Schmitz, M. D. Catata, N. Lahat, N. S. Rao, P. Papathanasopoulos, J. Valls-Solé, D. Claus, G. Schroter, A. Castro, C. Videbaek, R. Martinez Dreke, A. D. Platts, M. Hermesl, A. C. PeÇanha-Martins, M. Cardoso Silva, P. Masnou, M. J. A. Tanner, Ch. Confavreux, B. Mishu, H. Rasmussen, L. Valenciano, Carlo Pozzilli, S. W. Li, V. Salzman, Y. Vashtang, Massimo Franceschi, M. Severo, G. Deuschl, S. Setien, G. Mariani, A. Protti, J. Castillo, M. J. B. Taphoorn, M. Frontali, I. Milonas, D. Decoq, J. A. Navarro, S. Castellvi-Pel, C. Ertikin, M. Urtasun, Y. Lajat, B. E. Kendall, E. Verdu, B. Gueguen, E. Boisen, R. Couderc, A Danek, JM Stevens, F. Nicoli, L. Feltri, M. L. Vazquez-Andre, J. A. Morgan-Hughes, L. D'Angelo, F. Y. Liew, L. F. Pascual, J. Patrignani Ochoa, Vittorio Martinelli, J. Cophignon, L. Zhang, S. Martin, J. F. Meder, H. C. Buschmann, L. Bertin, J. van Gijn, A. Barreiro, A. Cools, C. Leon, A. Berod, E. A. Anllo, E. Zanette, L. Petrov, R. Barona, B. Gallicchio, P. J. Cozzone, N. Diederich, G. Cancel, L. Schelosky, P. Orizaola, K. Yulug, S. Ozer, Valeria A. Sansone, B. Guiraud-Chaumeil, K. Voigt, P. Labauge, M. Eoli, J. Zhu, J. Aguirre, M. Ferrarini, B. Zyluk, E. Planas, A. Cadilha, C. Tortorella, H. Bismuth, C. E. Counsell, A. Laun, A. Ferlini, Rio J. Montalban, N. Biary, L. Becker, M. Fardeau, M. Poloni, V. M. S. de Bruin, C. Fornada, J. Barros, E. Ganzmann, E. Touze, D. Wallach, J. Peila, H. Fujimura, M. T. Iba-Zizen, G. Macchi, C. Villoslada, R. Gouider, Ph. Rondepierre, P. Grummich, P. Chiodi, C. Conte, M. Michels, P. Annunziata, G. Semana, C. Sommer, J. Vajsar, D. Zekin, J. Kulisevsky, David G. Munoz, B. Jacotot, M. Magoni, A. Luxen, T. Garcia-Silva, S. Di Cesare, Christophe Tzourio, M. Gomori, I. Picomell, L. Santoro, F. Villa, Giovanni Pennisi, T. Ribalta, J. M. Molto, L. Marzorati, P. Loiseau, F. Gemignani, A. Gironell, J. Wissel, A. Prusinski, F. Cailloux, P. Villanueva-Hemandez, P. Cozzone, T. Del Ser, J. Sans-Sabrafen, M. Zappia, P. W. A. Willems, G. Tchernia, D. Gardeur, R. Bauer, F. Palomo, H. Metz, S. Lamoureux, C. Chastang, I. Reinhard, A. Goldfarb, S. Harder, Jordi Río, C. Ozkara, E. Tekinsoy, P. Vontobell, J. De Recondo, M. Rabasa, L. Lacomblez, F. Boon, Dgt Thomas, V. Palma, Renato Mantegazza, A. Dervis, M. Nueckel, B. YalÇinerner, I. Duran, G. Dalla Volta, A. Zubimendi, J. Pinheiro, A. Marbini, Xavier Montalban, H. Wekerle, X. Pereira Monteino, F. Crespo, F. Koskas, N. Battistini, C. Ruiz, H. Offner, J. de Pommery, P. Kanovsky, J. Y. Barnett, J. Pardo, G. Tomei, R. Rene, H. M. Lokhorst, P. Thajeb, H. Bilgin, D. McGehee, R. Fahsold, L. Morgante, Katie Sidle, C. Delwaide, M. N. Diaye, P. H. Rice, A. Creange, C. Sabev, K. Stephan, K. WeilBenborn, G. Magnani, L. Grymonprez, F. Cardellach, M. Kaps, N. G. Meco, F. Vega, V. Bonifati, A. Desomer, M. Baldy-Moulinier, G. Kvale, F. J. Authier, B. Yegen, T. Ho, J. M. Rozet, E. A. Cabanis, L. Bruce, L. Ambrosoli, M. A. Petrella, M. Hernandez, P. Timmings, H. B. van der Worp, F. Mahieux, A. Urbano-Marquez, D. A. Krendel, A. A. Garcia, R. Divari, R. Michalowicz, M. R. Piedmonte, M. Bondavalli, M. Zanca, P. F. Ippel, Onofre Combarros, B. Tavitian, E. Hirsch, I. Anastasopoulos, A. Roses, A. Köhler, P. Vienna, V. Timmerman, P. Sergi, F. Cornelio, A. Di Pasquale, R. Verleger, S. Castellvirel, J. Proano, B. van Moll, F. Rubio, W. Hacke, I. Lavenu, L. Zetta, M. W. Tas, N. Bittmann, M. Bonamini, O. R. Hommes, V. Dousset, N. Afsar, S. Belal, R. R. Myers, J. Goes, Giuseppe Vita, E. Clementi, V. G. Karepov, M. Jueptner, A Vincent, P. Emmrich, Th. Heb, A. Caballo, J. Gallego, T. Mokrusch, C. Perla, L. Gebuhrer, O. Titlbach, Alessandro Prelle, A. Czlonkowska, M. Russo, D. Hadjiev, T. S. Chkhikvishvili, M. Oehlschlager, G. Becker, I. Günther, E. N. Stenager, J. Garcia Agundez, J. Casademont, J. Batlle, S. Podobnik-Sarkanji, C. Alonso-Villaverde, B. Delaguillaume, B. Genc, B. Mazoyer, A. Rodriguez-Al-barino, Ch. Hilger, B. Ferrero, R. Price, W. Grisold, L. Fuhry, D. Oulbani, D. Ewing, A. Petkov, W. Walther, A. Gokyigit, John Newsom-Davis, J. Tayot, D. Seliak, G. Pelliccioni, D. Campagne, K. Kessler, F. Boureau, D. Perani, J. P. N'Guyen, N. Tchalucova, B. A. Antin-Ozerkis, C. Lacroix, B. D. Aronovich, I. H. Jenkins, E. A. dos Reis, M. Hortells, H. M. Meinck, H. Ch. Buschmann, S. C. J. M. Jacobs, T. Wetter, P. Creissard, N. Martinez, J. Weidenfeldl, H. J. Sturenburg, G. Damlacik, V. Gracia, J. C. Turpin, A. Pou-Serradell, J. P. Vincent, T. Gagoshidze, U. Ozkutlu, M. McLeod, K. Siegfried, I. Tchaoussoglou, J. Hildebrand, S. Kowalska, M. C. Picot, G. Galardin, L. Crevits, F. Andreetta, S. 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Garcia de Yebenes, N. K. Olsen, P. Hitzenberger, S. Einius, Aj Thompson, Ch. J. Vecht, T. Crepin-Leblond, Klaus L. Leenders, A. Di Muzio, L. Georgieva, René Spiegel, K. Sabey, D. Ménégalli, J. Meulstee, U. Liszka, P. Giral, C. Sunol, J. M. Espadaler, A. D. Crockar, K. Varli, G. Giraud, P. J. Hülser, A. Benazzouz, A. Reggio, M. Salvatore, K. Genc, M. Kushnir, S. Barbieri, J. Ph. Azulay, M. Gianelli, N. Bathien, A. AlMemar, F. Hentati, I. Ragueneau, F. Chiarotti, R. C. F. Smits, A. K. Asbury, F. Lacruz, B. Muller, Alan J. Thompson, Gordon Smith, K. Schmidt, C. Daems Monpeun, Juergen Weber, A. Arboix, G. R. Fink, A. M. Cobo, M. Ait Kaci Ahmed, E. Gencheva, Israel-Biet, G. Schlaug, P. De Jonghe, Philip Scheltens, K. Toyka, P. Gonzalez-Porque, A. Cila, J. M. Fernandez, P. Augustin, J. Siclia, S. Medaglini, D. E. Ziogas, A. Feve, L. Kater, G. J. E. Rinkel, D. Leppert, Rüdiger J. Seitz, S. Ried, C. Turc-Carel, G. Smeyers, F. Godinho, M. Czygan, M. Rijntjes, E. Aversa, M. Frigo, Leif Østergaard, J. L. Munoz Blanco, A. Cruz-Matinez, J. De Reuck, C. Theillet, T. Barroso, V. Oikonen, Florence Lebert, M. Kilinc, C. Cordon-Cardon, G. Stoll, E. Thiery, F. Pulcinelli, J. Solski, M. Schmiegelow, L. J. Polman, P. Fernandez-Calle, C. Wikkelso, M. Ben Hamida, M. Laska, E. Kott, W. Sulkowski, C. Lucas, N. M. Bornstein, D. Schmitz, M. W. Lammers, A. de Louw, R. J. S. Wise, P. A. van Darn, C. Antozzi, P. Villanueva, P. H. E. Hilkens, C. Constantin, W. Ricart, A. Wolf, M. Gamba, P. Maguire, Alessandro Padovani, B. M. Patten, Marie Sarazin, H. Ackermann, L. Durelli, S. Timsit, Sebastian Jander, B. W. Scheithauer, G. Demir, J. P. Neau, P. Barbanti, A. Brand, N. AraÇ, V. Fischer-Gagnepain, R. Marchioli, G. Serratrice, C. Maugard-Louboutin, G. T. Spencer, D. Lücke, G. Mainardi, K. Harmant Van Rijckevorsel, G. B. Creel, R. Manzanares, Francesco Fortunato, A. May, J. Workman, K. Johkura, E. Fernandez, Carlo Colosimo, L. Calliauw, L. Bet, Félix F. Cruz-Sánchez, M. Dhib, H. Meinardi, F. Carrara, J. Kuehnen, C. Peiro, H. Lassmann, K. Skovgaard Olsen, A. McDonald, L. Sciulli, A. Cobo, A. Monticelli, B. Conrad, J. Bagunya, J. Benitez, V. Desnizza, B. Dupont, O. Delrieu, D. Moraes, J. J. Heimans, F. Garcia Rio, M. Matsumto, A. Fernandez, R. Nermni, R. Chalmers, M. J. Marchau, F. Aguado, P. Velupillai, P. J. Martin, P. Tassan, V. Demarin, A. Engelien, T. Gerriets, Comar, J. L. Carrasco, J. P. Pruvo, A. Lopez de Munain, D. Pavitt, J. Alarcon, Chris H. Polman, B. Guldin, N. Yeni, Hartmut Brückmann, N. Wilczak, H. Szwed, R. Causaran, G. Kyriazis, M. E. Westarp, M. Gasparini, N. Pecora, J. M. Roda, E. Lang, V. Scaioli, David R. Fish, D. Caputo, O. Gratzl, R. Mercelis, A. Perretti, G. Steimetz, I. Link, C. Rigoletto, A. Catafau, G. Lucotte, M. Buti, G. Fagiolari, A. Piqueras, C. Godinot, J. C. Meurice, Erodriguez J. Dominigo, F. Lionnet, H. Grzelec, David J. Brooks, P. M. G. Munro, F. X. Weilbach, M. Maiwald, W. Split, B. Widjaja-Cramer, V. Ozturk, J. Colas, E. Brizioli, J. Calleja, L. Publio, M. Desi, R. Soffietti, P. Cortinovis-Tourniaire, E. F. Gonano, G. Cavaletti, S. Uselli, K. Westerlind, H. Betuel, C. O. Dhiver, H. Guggenheim, M. Hamon, R. Fazio, P. Lehikoinen, A. Esser, B. Sadzot, G. Fink, Angelo Antonini, D. Bendahan, V. Di Carlo, G. Galardi, A. F. Boller, M. Aksenova, Del Fiore, V. de la Sayette, H. Chabriat, A. Nicoletti, A. Dilouya, M. L. Harpin, E. Rouillet, J. Stam, A. Wolters, M. R. Delgado, Eduardo Tolosa, G. Said, A. J. Lees, L. Rinaldi, A. Schulze-Bonhage, MA Ron, C. Lefebvre, E. W. Radü, R. Alvarez, M. L. Bots, P. Reganati, S. Palazzi, A. Poggi, N. J. Scolding, V. Sazdovitch, T. Moreau, E. Maes, M. A. Estelies, P. Petkova, Jose-Felix Marti-Masso, G De La Meilleure, N. Mullatti, M. Rodegher, N. C. Notermans, T. A. T. Warner, S. Aktan, J. P. Louboutin, L. Volpe, C. Scheidt, W. Aust, C. M. Wiles, U. Schneider, S. K. Braekken, W. R. Willems, K. Usuku, Peter M. Rothwell, C. Talamon, M. L. Sacchetti, A. Codina, M. H. Marion, A. Santoro, J. Roda, A. Bordoni, D. J. Taylor, S. Ertas, H. H. Emmen, J. Vichez, V. BesanÇon, R. E. Passingham, M. L. Malosio, A. Vérier, M. Bamberg, A. W. Hansen, E. Mostacero, G. Gaudriault, Marie Vidailhet, B. Birebent, K. Strijckmans, F. Giannini, T. Kammer, I. Araujo, J. Nowicki, E. Nikolov, A. Hutzelmann, R. Gherardi, J. Verroust, L. Austoni, A. Scheller, A. Vazquez, S. Matheron, H. Holthausen, J. M. Gerard, M. Bataillard, S. Dethy, V. H. Patterson, V. Ivanez, N. P. Hirsch, F. Ozer, M. Sutter, C. Jacomet, M. Mora, Bruno Colombo, A. Sarropoulos, T. H. Papapetropoulos, M. Schwarz, D. S. Dinner, N. Acarin, B. Iandolo, J. O. Riis, P. R. J. Barnes, F. Taroni, J. Kazenwadel, L. Torre, A. Lugaresi, I. L. Henriques, S. Pauli, S. Alfonso, Pedro Quesada, A. S. T. Planting, J. M. Castilla, Thomas Gasser, M. Van der Linden, A. Alfaro, E. Nobile-Orazio, G. Popova, W. Vaalburg, F. G. A. van der Mech, L. Williams, F. Medina, J. P. Vernant, J. Yaouanq, B. Storch-Hagenlocher, A. Potemkowski, R. Riva, M. H. Mahagne, M. Ozturk, Ve. Drory, N. Konic, C. Jungreis, A. Pou Serradell, J. L. Gauvrit, G. J. Chelune, S. Hermandez, T. Dingus, L. Hewer, Ch. Koch, M. N. Metz-Lutz, G. Parlato, M. Sinaki, Charles Pierrot-Deseilligny, H. C. Diener, J. Broeckx, J. Weill-Fulazza, M. L. Villar, M. Rizzo, O. Ganslandt, C. Duran, N. A. Fletcher, G. Di Giovacchino, Susan T. Iannaccone, C. Kolig, N. Fabre, H. A. Crockard, Rita Bella, M. Tazir, E. Papagiannuli, K. Overgaard, Emma Ciafaloni, I. Lorenzetti, F. Viader, P. A. H. Millac, I. Montiel, L. H. Visser, M. Palomar, P. L. Murgia, H. Pedersen, Rafael Blesa, S. Seddigh, W. O. Renier, I. Lemahieu, H. M. L. Jansen, L. Rosin, J. Galofre, K. Mattos, M. Pondal, G. M. Hadjigeorgiou, D. Francis, L. Cantin, D. Stegeman, M. Rango, A. B. M. F. Karim, S. Schraff, B. Castellotti, I. Iriarte, E. Laborde, T. J. Tjan, R. Mutani, D. Toni, B. Bergaasco, J. G. Young, C. Klotzsch, A. Zincone, X. Ducrocq, M. Uchuya, O. J. Kolar, A. Quattrone, T. Bauermann, Nereo Bresolin, J. Vallée, B. C. Jacobs, A. Campos, Werner Poewe, J. A. Villanueva, A. W. Kornhuber, A. Malafosse, E. Diez-Tejedor, G. Jungreia, M. J. A. Puchner, A. Komiyama, O. Saribas, V. Volpini, L. Geremia, S. Bressi, A. Nibbio, Timothy E. Bates, T. z. Tzonev, E. Ideman, G. A. Damlacik, G. Martino, G. Crepaldi, T. Martino, Kjell Någren, E. Idiman, D. Samuel, J. M. Perez Trullen, Y. van der Graaf, J. O. Thorell, M. J. M. Dupuis, E. Sieber, R. D'Alessandro, C. Cazzaniga, J. Faiss, A. Tanguy, A. Schick, I. Hoksergen, A. Cardozo, R. Shakarishvili, G. K. Wennlng, J. L. Marti-Vilalta, J. Weissenbach, I. L. Simone, Amalia C. Bruni, Darius J. Adams, C. Weiller, A. Pietrangeli, F. Croria, C. Vigo-Pelfrey, Patricia Limousin, A. Ducros, G. Conti, O. Lindvall, E. Richter, M. Zuffi, A. Nappo, T. Riise, J. Wijdenes, M. J. Fernandez, J. Rosell, P. Vermersh, S. Servidei, M. S. C. Verdugo, F. Gouttiere, W. Solbach, M. Malbezin, I. S. Watanabe, A. Tumac, W. I. McDonald, D. A. Butterfield, P. P. Costa, F. deRino, F. Bamonti, J. M. Cesar, C. H. Lahoz, I. Mosely, M. Starck, M. H. Lemaitre, K. M. Stephan, S. Tex, R. Bokonjic, I. Mollee, L. Pastena, M. Gutierrez, F. Boiler, M. C. Martinez-Para, M. Velicogna, O. Obuz, A. Grinspan, M. Guarino, L. M. Cartier, E. Ruiz, D. Gambi, S. Messina, M. Villa, Michael G. Hanna, J. Valk, Leone Pascual, M. Clanet, Z. Argov, B. Ryniewicz, E. Magni, B. Berlanga, K. S. Wong, C. Gellera, C. Prevost, F. Gonzalez-Huix, R. Petraroli, J. E. G. Benedikz, I. Kojder, C. Bommelaer, L. Perusse, M. R. Bangioanni, Guy M. McKhann, A. Molina, C. Fresquet, E. Sindern, Florence Pasquier, M. J. Rosas, M. Altieri, O. Simoncini, M. Koutroumanidis, C. A. F. Tulleken, M. Dary-Auriol, S. Oueslati, H. Kruyer, I. Nishisho, C. R. Horning, A. Vital, G. V. Czettritz, J. Ph. Neau, B. Mihout, A. Ameri, M. Francis, S. Quasthoff, D. Taussig, S. Blunt, P. Valentin, C. Y. Gao, O. Heinzlef, H. d'Allens, C. Coudero, M. Erfas, G. Borghero, P. J. Modrego Pardo, M. C. Patrosso, N. L. Gershfeld, P. A. J. M. Boon, O. Sabouraud, M. Lara, J. Svennevig, G. L. Lenzi, A. Barrio, H. Villaroya, JosÇ M. Manubens, O. Boespflug-Tanguy, M. Carreras, D. A. Costiga, J. P. Breux, S. Lynn, C. Oliveras Ley, A. G. Herbaut, J. Nos, C. Tornali, Y. A. Hekster, J. L. Chopard, J. M. Manubens, P. Chemouilli, A. Jovicic, F. Dworzak, S. Smirne, S. E. Soudain, B. Gallano, D. Lubach, G. Masullo, G. Izquierdo, A. Pascual Leone Pascual, A. Sessa, V. Freitas, O. Crambes, L. Ouss, G. W. Van Dijk, P. Marchettini, P. Confalonieri, M. Donaghy, A. Munnich, M. Corbo, and M. E. L. van der Burg

Subjects
Neurology, business.industry, Media studies, Library science, Medicine, Neurology (clinical), business
Published
1994

12. Upbeat nystagmus changing to downbeat nystagmus with convergence in a patient with a lower medullary lesion

Author

M. Fetter and J. Dichgans

Subjects
Vestibular system, medicine.medical_specialty, Pathology, Stereotactic biopsy, genetic structures, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Downbeat nystagmus, Lesion, Ophthalmology, Hemiparesis, Swallowing, medicine, Neurology (clinical), Upbeat nystagmus, Radiology, medicine.symptom, business, Medulla
Abstract

The authors report an 18-year-old male patient with acute onset hemiparesis on the right side, difficulties in speaking and swallowing, and upbeat nystagmus changing to downbeat nystagmus on convergence, with a circumscribed structural lesion in the lower medulla on MRI scan. Stereotactic biopsy did not disclose the diagnosis, only nonspecific edema with gliosis and siderophages was found. Accordingly, a nonspecific inflammation was suspected. Over several months most of the symptoms, except the hemiparesis, subsided despite the fact that the lesion did not change in size or enhancement on MRI scan. To our knowledge, this is the first case with a localized structural lesion that shows this unusual oculomotor syndrome. The syndrome is discussed in the light of recent results on the origin of vertical spontaneous nystagmus.

Published
1990

15. A patient with Marfan's syndrome and neurofibromatosis type 1 with polyneuropathy

Author

S. Isenmann, J. Dichgans, U. Bühring, and I. Hartlapp

Subjects
Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Neurofibromatosis 1, Neural Conduction, Schwannoma, Marfan Syndrome, Polyneuropathies, Rare case, Medicine, Neurofibroma, Humans, Family history, Neurofibromatosis, De novo mutations, S syndrome, business.industry, Brain, medicine.disease, Dermatology, Surgery, Electrophysiology, Neurology, Spinal Cord, Female, Neurology (clinical), business, Polyneuropathy
Abstract

Both Marfan's syndrome and neurofibromatosis type 1 are hereditary, autosomal dominant conditions. Here, we report the rare case of a patient fulfilling the clinical criteria for both diseases. In the absence of a family history of either of the two conditions, two independent de novo mutations are the most likely cause.

Published
2004

16. Interaction of smooth pursuit and at the vestibuloocular reflex in three dimensions

Author

Tutis Vilis, D. Tweed, J. Dichgans, H. Misslisch, and Michael Fetter

Subjects
Adult, Male, Communication, Physiology, business.industry, Head (linguistics), General Neuroscience, Eye movement, Fixation, Ocular, Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular, Pursuit, Smooth, Smooth pursuit, Mechanism (engineering), Electromagnetic Fields, Head Movements, Humans, Female, Hersenen en Gedrag / Bio-elektriciteit, Vestibulo–ocular reflex, business, Psychology, Brain and Behaviour / Bioelectricity, Neuroscience, Photic Stimulation
Abstract

1. What is the neural mechanism of vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) cancellation when a subject fixates a target moving with the head? One theory is that the moving target evokes pursuit eye movements that add to and cancel the VOR. A recent finding with implications for this theory is that eye velocity vectors of both pursuit and the VOR vary with eye position, but in different ways, because pursuit follows Listing's law whereas the VOR obeys a “half-Listing” strategy. As a result, pursuit cannot exactly cancel the VOR in most eye positions, and so the pursuit superposition theory predicts an eye-position-dependent pattern of residual eye velocities during cancellation. To test these predictions, we measured eye velocity vectors in humans during VOR, pursuit, and cancellation in response to torsional, vertical, and horizontal stimuli with the eyes in different positions. 2. For example, if a subject is rolling clockwise (CW, frequency 0.3 Hz, maximum speed 37.5 deg/s) while looking 20 deg up, the VOR generates an eye velocity that is mainly counterclockwise (CCW), but also leftward. If we then turn on a small target light, located 20 deg up and moving with the subject, then pursuit superposition predicts that the CCW component of eye velocity will shrink and the horizontal component will reverse, from leftward to rightward. This pattern was seen in all subjects. 3. Velocities depended on eye position in the predicted way; e.g., when subjects looked 20 deg down, instead of 20 deg up, during CW roll, the reversal of horizontal eye velocity went the other way, from rightward to leftward. And when gaze was 20 deg right or left, analogous reversals occurred in the vertical eye velocity, again as predicted. 4. Analogous predictions for horizontal and vertical stimulation were also borne out by the data. For example, when subjects rotated rightward while looking 20 deg up, the VOR response was leftward and CCW. When the target light switched on, the torsional component of the response reversed, becoming CW. And analogous predictions for other eye positions and for vertical stimulation also held. 5. For all axes of stimulation and all eye positions, eye velocity during cancellation was roughly parallel with the gaze line. This alignment is predicted by pursuit superposition and has the effect of reducing retinal image slip over the fovea. 6. The fact that the complex dependence of eye velocity on the stimulation axis and eye position predicted by pursuit superposition was seen in all subjects and conditions suggests strongly that the VOR indeed is canceled additively by pursuit. However, eye velocities during cancellation were consistently smaller than predicted. This shrinkage indicates that a second mechanism, besides pursuit superposition, attenuates eye velocities during cancellation. The results can be explained if VOR gain is reduced by approximately 30%, and if, in addition, pursuit is driven by retinal slip rather than reconstructed target velocity in space.

Published
1996

17. The antidepressant rolipram suppresses cytokine production and prevents autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Author

N. Sommer, P.-A. Löschmann, G.H. Northoff, M. Weller, A. Steinbrecher, J.P. Steinbach, R. Lichtenfels, R. Meyermann, A. Riethmüller, A. Fontana, J. Dichgans, and R. Martin

Subjects
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental, Multiple Sclerosis, Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors, medicine.medical_treatment, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Interferon-gamma, Medicine, Animals, Humans, Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, Rolipram, Cells, Cultured, business.industry, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Multiple sclerosis, Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Stereoisomerism, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Antidepressive Agents, Pyrrolidinones, Rats, Cytokine, Lymphotoxin, Rats, Inbred Lew, Immunology, Antidepressant, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, business, medicine.drug
Abstract

In multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) the cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), lymphotoxin-alpha (LT), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) are of central pathogenetic importance. A therapy capable of stopping neurological deterioration in MS patients is not yet available. Here, we report that rolipram, a selective type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor, stereospecifically suppresses the production of TNF/LT and less strongly also IFN-gamma in human and rat auto-reactive T cells. Moreover, we show that rolipram is an effective treatment for EAE. Rolipram has extensively been studied in humans for the treatment of depression, but has not yet been marketed. The data presented here identify rolipram as potential therapy for multiple sclerosis and provoke the immediate initiation of clinical trials.

Published
1995

18. Posturography in Parkinson’s Disease Patients on and off Medication

Author

G. E. Stelmach, F. Müller, and J. Dichgans

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Postural reflex, Parkinson's disease, business.industry, Posturography, Kyphosis, medicine, Physical therapy, medicine.disease, business, Falling (sensation), Balance (ability), Postural control
Abstract

Problems of postural control in Parkinson’s disease (PD) have been considered an essential part of the syndrome since its discoverer’s early description of the illness. Patients exhibit a stooped posture with kyphosis and bent knees and arms. This abnormal postural attitude has to be differentiated from insufficient postural stabilization in response to destabilizing body displacements (i.e., when pushed), the tendency to fall from propulsion during initiation of movement or locomotion (kinetic imbalance), and finally the spontaneous loss of balance while standing (static imbalance). Despite modern dopaminergic treatment, unstable posture that results in falling has remained an important medical problem in PD.

Published
1995

19. Cerebellar dysfunction of movement and perception

Author

J Dichgans, Hans-Christoph Diener, Richard B. Ivry, and J Hore

Subjects
Agonist, Cerebellum, Movement Disorders, business.industry, medicine.drug_class, Movement (music), media_common.quotation_subject, General Medicine, Cerebellar dysfunction, Cerebellar lesions, Perceptual Disorders, medicine.anatomical_structure, Neurology, Cerebellar Diseases, Perception, Medicine, Humans, In patient, Neurology (clinical), business, Neuroscience, media_common, Motor cortex
Abstract

This review describes some characteristics of patients with cerebellar lesions, including limb movements, changes in motor planning and disturbances in time-dependent perception. The delay in movement initiation can be explained by a delay in onset of movement-related discharge of neurons in motor cortex. Disorders of movement termination (hypermetria) are accompanied by asymmetric velocity profiles and by prolonged agonist and delayed antagonist EMG activity necessary to brake the movement. During complex movements in three-dimensional space, the cerebellum contributes to timing between single components of a movement, scales the size of muscular action, and coordinates the sequence of agonists and antagonists. The basic structure of motor programs is not generated exclusively within the cerebellum and patients with cerebellar lesions can use precuing information to improve their motor performance. Time-dependent perception in the auditory and visual domains are disturbed in patients with cerebellar lesions.

Published
1993

20. Pathophysiology of Ataxia in Humans

Author

J. Dichgans and H.-C. Diener

Subjects
Cerebellum, Ataxia, business.industry, Efferent, medicine.disease, Dysdiadochokinesia, medicine.anatomical_structure, Dentate nucleus, Cerebellar hemisphere, Dysmetria, medicine, Cerebellar vermis, medicine.symptom, business, Neuroscience
Abstract

Disorders of the cerebellum result in clinical signs and symptoms that were comprehensively described and summarized by Holmes in 1917 [1], 1922 [2–5], and 1939 [6], and later by Dow and Moruzzi [7], as well as Gilman et al. [8]. Holmes described that lesions of the lateral parts of the posterior cerebellar hemisphere cause dys-synergia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, and dysarthria. Damage to the cerebellar vermis and the anterior lobe result in ataxia of stance and gait. Lesions of the vestibulocerebellum cause deficits in retinal image stabilization and damage of the dorsal vermis causes deficient eye saccades (see Chapter by Fetter and Dichgans). Consequently, despite its homogeneous intrinsic anatomical structure, the cerebellum may be subdivided into functional compartments, and specific motor functions can be ascribed to these subunits [8–11]. The specification obviously is due to the specific afferent and efferent connections of each of the functional subdivisions. Despite considerable knowledge from animal and human physiology and pathophysiology [9,11], we still lack a widely accepted hypothesis of the principle way, in which the uniform anatomical structure of the intrinsic cerebellar network contributes to the control of movement.

Published
1992

21. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis Clinical neurochemistry

Author

U. Wurster, P. Lake, J. Haas, Rolf Hackler, Tilmann O. Kleine, M. Näher-Noé, J. Klingelhöfer, S. Freytag, B. Conrad, S. Schimrigk, R. Lange, H. W. Kölmel, K.-D. Kwiet, H. Rüttinger, K. Schimrigk, L. Schöls, D. Pohlau, J. Wagener, T. Postert, H. Przuntek, M. Wachinger, G. Holzer, H. Meyer-Rienecker, E. Schmitt, E. Behm, M. Palm, B. Hitzschke, K. Lakner, G. Kundt, E. Mix, U. Fiszer, T. Olsson, S. Fredrikson, V. Kostulas, H. Link, M. Schabet, H. Wiethölter, E. Dubois, J. Dichgans, M. Wick, M. Huber, K. Einhäupl, U. Jehn, A. Fateh-Moghadam, and R. Lehmitz

Subjects
Oligoclonal band, Clinical neurochemistry, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Multiple sclerosis, Immunosuppression, Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, medicine.disease, Pathogenesis, Autoimmune Process, Immunology, medicine, business
Abstract

Autoimmune phenomena are of major importance in the pathogenesis of the main paraneoplastic diseases in humans. The autoimmune process is probably triggered by oncogenic antigens, which are cross-reactive or identical with certain neural antigens. Despite the known pathomechanism these syndromes are still considered as non-treatable. We report two cases of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, in which intensive immunosuppression with cytostatics lead to considerable neurological improvement.

Published
1992

22. Oculomotor Abnormalities in Cerebellar Degeneration

Author

M. Fetter and J. Dichgans

Subjects
Cerebellum, business.industry, Signs and symptoms, Optokinetic reflex, medicine.disease, Cerebellar lesions, Smooth pursuit, Oculomotor abnormalities, Olivopontocerebellar atrophy, medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine, Cerebellar Degeneration, business, Neuroscience
Abstract

Despite the classical treatises by Holmes [1] and later by Cogan [2] on “specific” cerebellar eye signs, most clinicians during the past decades have been very cautious in relating observed eye-movement disorders to cerebellar lesions. This caution acknowledged the fact that frequently in cerebellar disease there is a coexisting involvement of brain-stem structures, making the clear correlation of signs and symptoms to cerebellar lesions rather difficult. However, over the last 25 years a host of clinical and neurophysiological data (the latter mostly derived from single-unit recordings and ablation studies [3], as well as anatomical tracing techniques), have cast some light on this dilemma. Meanwhile, we can at least try to attribute specific oculomotor subfunctions and related eye-movement abnormalities to distinct parts of the cerebellum [for more recent reviews see 4–7].

Published
1992

25. Anwendung und Nutzen der statischen und dynamischen Standmessung (Posturographie)

Author

J. Dichgans and H.-C. Diener

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Ataxia, Cerebellar ataxia, business.industry, Posturography, Objective method, Long latency reflex, medicine.disease, Leg muscle, Psychiatry and Mental health, Spinal ataxia, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Neurology, medicine, Neurology (clinical), medicine.symptom, business, Neuroscience
Abstract

Posturography is a very useful clinical instrument to quantify, analyze, and document postural sway and to differentiate patterns of instability that are typical for the different types of lesions encountered within the cerebellum and to differentiate cerebellar ataxia from spinal ataxia. An objective method of measurement like this is most valuable for follow-up studies and the surveillance of therapeutic efficacy. The method of recording short, medium, and long latency reflexes in leg muscles after a sudden tilt of a movable platform toe-up is not only totally atraumatic and fast, but more importantly it gives significant hints towards the possible site of a central lesion in the sensory-motor system.

Published
1988

26. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF STANCE IN LATE CORTICAL CEREBELLAR ATROPHY OF THE ANTERIOR LOBE AND OTHER FORMS OF CEREBELLAR ATAXIA

Author

J. Dichgans, A. Hufschmidt, and K. H. Mauritz

Subjects
Adult, Male, Ataxia, Cerebellar Ataxia, genetic structures, Posture, Atrophy, Cerebellar Diseases, Cerebellar hemisphere, medicine, Humans, Cerebellar ataxia, business.industry, Anatomy, Postural tremor, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Trunk, Lobe, medicine.anatomical_structure, Female, Cerebellar atrophy, Vestibule, Labyrinth, Neurology (clinical), medicine.symptom, business
Abstract

(1) Methods have been developed to measure, analyse and document postural sway. The main parameters studied were: average sway amplitude; length of the sway path per unit time; sway direction and sway position histograms; and the frequency spectra of the antero-posterior and lateral sway components. (2) Postural ataxia was quantitatively studied in three groups of patients with cerebellar lesions: (a) late atrophy of the anterior lobe, (b) tumours of the cerebellar hemisphere and (c) tumours within the vestibulo-cerebellum. Characteristic differences were found. (3) Patients with anterior lobe lesion show a specific 3 Hz postural tremor in the antero-posterior direction. The tremor can be evoked by sudden destabilization in incipient cases. Less characteristic and smaller in amplitude is a mainly lateral sway component with an average frequency of 0.5 Hz. This is also seen in cases with spinal ataxia. Visual stabilization of posture is frequently preserved. Its amount does not correlate with general instability of posture. Tremor and characteristically exaggerated intersegmental responses between head, trunk, hips and legs are interpreted as the consequence of hyper-excitability of postural reflexes in these patients. (4) Patients with lesions of the hemispheres show only slight postural instability without directional preference. Their sway parameters with eyes open are within the 2 sigma range of normals and there is no significant difference from normals in these parameters even when the eyes are closed. Therefore these patients cannot be distinguished from normals by means of their platform recordings. (5) Two patients with posterior vermal and flocculo-nodular lesions were very unstable without preferred axis or frequency of instability. In contrast to the anterior lobe group the instability was characterized by the absence of intersegmental movements.

Published
1979

27. DELAYED AND ENHANCED LONG LATENCY REFLEXES AS THE POSSIBLE CAUSE OF POSTURAL TREMOR IN LATE CEREBELLAR ATROPHY

Author

C. Schmitt, K. H. Mauritz, and J. Dichgans

Subjects
Posture, H-Reflex, Atrophy, Cerebellar Diseases, Tremor, Reaction Time, medicine, Humans, Stretch reflex, Tibia, Reflex, Monosynaptic, business.industry, Muscles, Postural tremor, Anatomy, Middle Aged, musculoskeletal system, medicine.disease, Trunk, Electric Stimulation, medicine.anatomical_structure, Reflex, Cerebellar atrophy, Neurology (clinical), H-reflex, business
Abstract

The pathophysiology of postural tremor was studied in 7 patients with cortical cerebellar atrophy, and compared with the responses of 14 healthy control subjects to the same tests. Both tibial nerves were simultaneously and selectively stimulated in the fossa poplitea. EMG was recorded from agonist gastrocnemius muscles and from the antagonistic anterior tibial muscles. Displacement of the centre of foot pressure, inclination of trunk and head in the anteroposterior direction, and the ankle angle were also measured. Patients and controls both exhibit a synchronized discharge in the anterior tibial muscle (antagonist) with a latency of 120 ms to stimulus onset (tib1). Tib1 is shown to be a segmental stretch reflex elicited by the contraction of the gastrocnemius (agonist). A later, presumed long-loop response occurs after another 120 ms both in gastrocnemii and anterior tibial muscles in the normal subjects. This latency, and the amplitude of the late reflex, are increased in the patient group. The synchronization of delayed long-loop reflexes and a stretch response of the gastrocnemius in response to tib1 terminate the first cycle of the postural tremor which thereafter continues by way of the same mechanism generating a contraction of the anterior tibial muscle. Postural tremor can thus be synchronized by a single bilateral electrical stimulus and can even be elicited in incipient cases of the disease. With further progression of the cerebellar atrophy the dominant frequency of the postural tremor decreases along with an increase of long-loop latencies.

Published
1981

28. Spontaneous Occlusion of a bilateral caroticocavernous fistula studied by serial angiography

Author

K. Voigt, M. Sauer, and J. Dichgans

Subjects
Carotid Artery Diseases, Eye Manifestations, medicine.medical_specialty, Fistula, Remission, Spontaneous, Hemodynamics, Physical examination, Neurologic Manifestations, Occlusion, medicine, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Neuroradiology, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Skull, Electroencephalography, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Echoencephalography, Cerebral Angiography, Surgery, Shunt (medical), Arteriovenous Fistula, Angiography, Cavernous Sinus, Female, Neurology (clinical), Neurosurgery, Radiology, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract

A case of angiographically-proven spontaneous bilateral carotico-cavernous fistula is described in a 53-year-old woman. Spontaneous cure with closure of the fistula occurred immediately after carotid angiography, and it was confirmed by clinical examination and followup bilateral carotid angiography about one year later. The pathogenesis and haemodynamics of the bilateral arteriovenous shunt and the possible mechanisms responsible for the spontaneous occlusion following carotid angiography were discussed.

Published
1971

30. The Use of Short- and Long-Latency Reflex Testing in Leg Muscles of Neurological Patients

Author

J. Dichgans and H. C. Diener

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Angular displacement, business.industry, Triceps reflex, Long latency reflex, Stimulus (physiology), Long latency, Leg muscle, medicine.anatomical_structure, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, medicine, Reflex, Stretch reflex, business
Abstract

Hammond [27, 28] originally described electromyographic (EMG) responses of long latency, which were evoked 50 ms later than the stretch reflex, when the biceps brachii muscle was suddenly extended and the subject was instructed to resist the displacement. These EMG responses were considered to be “automatic” in nature, for their latency was 40 ms shorter than the fastest voluntary reaction to a mechanical stimulus. There has been a long controversy as to the possible pathway and generators as well as the function of “long-loop reflexes” (for reviews see [8, 12, 13, 57]). Despite the fact that different types of EMG responses can be evoked from finger, hand, arm, and leg muscles labelled with a varying terminology, there are some common features of these long-latency responses. The best way to generate them is a sudden angular displacement of the joint with a certain minimal velocity and duration [5, 8, 34]. Prestretching or loading of the stretched muscle is required but can be replaced by an instruction given to the subject to resist the imposed displacement. Functional requirements obviously determine strength and temporal pattern of these responses [15, 30].

Published
1987

31. Chapter 22 On the role of vestibular, visual and somatosensory information for dynamic postural control in humans

Author

H.-C. Diener and J. Dichgans

Subjects
Vestibular system, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Sensory system, Body movement, Anatomy, Somatosensory system, Stroboscope, medicine.anatomical_structure, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, medicine, Displacement (orthopedic surgery), Ankle, business, Set (psychology)
Abstract

Postural stabilization in altered visual, vestibular, and somatosensory conditions was investigated in humans subjected to either a fast unidirectional displacement or to a continuous sinusoidal movement of the standing support. Visual inputs were varied in four ways: (1)stroboscopic illumination, (2)stabilizing the visual surround with respect to head movements, (3)inducing apparent body movement in pitch using stripe patterns which moved continuously up or down in front of the subject, (4)eye closure. Static vestibular (and neck) input was modified by bending the head forwards or backwards, or to the right or left shoulder with the eyes closed. Somatosensory input from both feet was reduced by an ischaemic block at a level just above the ankle joints. With fast, transient, toe-up platform displacements (high-frequency test) neither the biomechanical parameters as measured by the displacement of the centre of foot pressure nor the early EMG responses of the anterior tibial and triceps surae muscles were modified by a manipulation of visual, vestibular or somatosensory feedback conditions. Sudden disturbances are obviously compensated by an early set of reflex-like muscle responses that, depending on the starting position, are stereotypically released without feedback control to save time at the expence of accuracy (emergency reaction). Continuous regulation of upright stance during sinusoidal displacement at 1 or 0.3 Hz (low-frequency test), however, clearly depends on visual, vestibular, and somatosensory feedback. Studies in patients should contain both tests, since each examines different functions of the very complex posture stabilizing network. Manipulations of sensory feedback, however, are only recommended in the low-frequency test. The experimental suppression or disturbance by disease of two of the three feedback loops invariably causes a conspicuous postural instability.

Published
1988

32. The role of vestibular and neck afferents during eye-head coordination in the monkey

Author

Emilio Bizzi, J. Dichgans, V. Tagliasco, and Pietro Morasso

Subjects
genetic structures, Eye Movements, Movement, Fixation, Ocular, Vestibular Nerve, Motor system, Reflex, Saccades, Medicine, Animals, Neurons, Afferent, Molecular Biology, Vestibular system, Neurons, business.industry, General Neuroscience, Head turning, Eye movement, Anatomy, Haplorhini, Darkness, Macaca mulatta, eye diseases, Saccadic masking, Ear, Inner, Fixation (visual), sense organs, Neurology (clinical), Vestibulo–ocular reflex, business, Head, Neck, Developmental Biology
Abstract

Since during active eye-head turning the eyes move first and with higher velocity than the head, the lines of sight reach the target while the head is still moving. Then for the remaining duration of the head movement, the eyes maintain their fixation by performing a movement which is counter to that of the head and perfectly compensates for it. It is agreed that this compensatory eye movement is critically influenced by visual, vestibular and neck afferents and that it is not initiated centrally. We have investigated (a) the relative contribution of the vestibular and neck afferents to the compensatory eye movement made during active and passive head turning in monkeys and (b) the mechanisms underlying the recovery of compensatory eye movements following either the removal of the vestibular or neck loop or both. Our results have shown that (1) normal monkeys display perfect ocular stability in darkness, (2) at least 95% of ocular stability is due to the vestibular loop, and (3) the contribution of the neck loop is negligible. Following bilateral vestibulectomy the recovery of compensatory eye movements occurs gradually and reaches 90% within 7 weeks but only during active head movements. We have shown that there are at least three mechanisms underlying this recovery: (1) an increase in gain of the neck loop, (2) the occurrence of a centrally programmed compensatory eye movement, and (3) a recalibration of the saccadic and head motor system.

Published
1974

33. Mechanisms underlying recovery of eye-head coordination following bilateral labyrinthectomy in monkeys

Author

Emilio Bizzi, J. Dichgans, Pietro Morasso, and V. Tagliasco

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, Eye Movements, Light, genetic structures, Movement, Vestibular Nerve, Audiology, Feedback, Reflex, Motor system, Animals, Medicine, Vestibular system, medicine.diagnostic_test, Proprioception, Adaptation, Ocular, business.industry, General Neuroscience, Eye movement, Optic Nerve, Haplorhini, Electrooculography, Darkness, eye diseases, Saccadic masking, Ear, Inner, Fixation (visual), Visual Perception, Macaca, sense organs, Vestibulo–ocular reflex, business, Head, Neck
Abstract

Since during active eye-head turning the eyes move first and with higher velocity than the head, the lines of sight reach the target while the head is still moving. Then for the remaining duration of the head movement the eyes maintain their fixation by performing a movement which is counter to that of the head and perfectly compensates for it. It is agreed that this compensatory eye movement is critically influenced by visual, vestibular and neck afferents and that it is not initiated centrally. We have investigated a) the relative contribution of the vestibular and neck afferents to the compensatory eye movement made during active and passive head turning in monkeys and b) the mechanisms underlying the recovery of compensatory eye movements following either the removal of the vestibular or neck loop or both. Our results have shown that 1. normal monkeys display perfect ocular stability in darkness, 2. at least 95% of ocular stability is due to the vestibular loop, and 3. the contribution of the neck loop is negligible. Following bilateral vestibulectomy the recovery of compensatory eye movements occurs gradually and reaches 90% within seven weeks but only during active head movements. We have shown that there are at least three mechanisms underlying this recovery: 1. an increase in gain of the neck loop. 2. the occurrence of a centrally programmed compensatory eye movement, and 3. a recalibration of the saccadic and head motor system.

Published
1973

34. Okulomotorische Störungen bei Kleinhirnerkrankungen

Author

J. Dichgans

Subjects
Vestibular system, medicine.medical_specialty, genetic structures, business.industry, Optokinetic reflex, Nystagmus, medicine.disease, eye diseases, Smooth pursuit, Pendular nystagmus, Ophthalmology, Dysmetria, Vestibular nystagmus, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, medicine, Cerebellar vermis, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract

The close adjacency and common vascular supply by branches of the basilar artery hamper the clinical assessment of oculomotor signs that are specific to cerebellar lesions. Nevertheless, based on clinical observations and lesion experiments in animals, a few signs may be named, Saccadic dysmetria (mostly overshoot) and increased square wave opposite jerks, pendular nystagmus in multiple sclerosis and opsoclonus; rebound nystagmus; severe impairment of smooth pursuit (towards the ipsilateral side) and of optokinetic nystagmus (towards the contralateral side) combined with normal or increased vestibular excitability. In patients with brainstem lesions OKN and vestibular nystagmus are both diminished. Persiting spontaneous downward nystagmus and positional nystagmus of the central type are most probably specific for lesions of the vestibular part of the cerebellar vermis. — Nonspecific signs observed in patients with cerebellar and brainstem lesions as well are: spontaneous nystagmus, gaze nystagmus, alternating nystagmus and decreased ability to suppress vestibular nystagmus by fixation.

Published
1978

35. Autokinetic drifts and gaze deviation

Author

Robert B Post, Charlotte L. Shupert, J. Dichgans, and Herschel W. Leibowitz

Subjects
Male, genetic structures, Eye Movements, Efferent, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Fixation, Ocular, Retina, Humans, Gaze deviation, Motion perception, General Psychology, Neurons, Communication, Autokinetic effect, Movement (music), business.industry, Efference copy, Gaze, Illusions, Sensory Systems, Afterimage, Female, Psychology, business, Cognitive psychology
Abstract

A new method for evaluating the resting direction of the eyes based on the use of afterimages was developed. With this technique, the effect of gaze deviations relative to the individually determined resting direction was investigated among naive subjects. Moderate gaze deviations have no effect on reports of autokinesis. Only at extreme deviations which approach anatomical limits is the direction of reported autokinetic movement biased in the direction of the deviation. The possible contribution of efferent and afferent mechanisms to autokinesis is discussed.

Published
1983

36. Direction-Specific Vestibular and Visual Modulation of Fore- and Hindlimb Reflexes in Cats

Author

J. Dichgans, Th Savides, M. Doerr, and U. Thoden

Subjects
Vestibular system, animal structures, CATS, business.industry, Anatomy, Hindlimb, Optokinetic reflex, body regions, medicine.anatomical_structure, Tilt (optics), medicine, Reflex, Forelimb, business, Vestibular reflex
Abstract

Publisher Summary This chapter investigates the craniocaudal organization of visuospinal influences and compares to vestibulospinal effects during body tilt. The influence of large visual stimuli rotating about the animals' line of sight on electrically elicited monosynaptic fore- and hindlimb reflexes was compared with the effect of a 45°static body tilt. Both extensor and flexor reflexes were tested in the forelimb and the hindlimb. Static body tilt enhances ipsilateral monosynaptic extensor reflexes up to 30% and inhibits flexor reflexes to a lesser degree. Contralateral reflexes show reversed effects. Vestibular reflex modulation is stronger in the fore- than in the hindlimb. Optokinetic roll motion stimuli also produce direction-specific reflex modulations, but with the reverse directional characteristic: equal effects of body tilt, e.g., to the right and pattern motion to the left. The amount of optokinetic modulation is very similar in fore- and hindlimb reflexes. Whereas it is largely identical to vestibular modulation in hindlimb reflexes, the latter is stronger in forelimb reflexes. If combined, the effects of both stimuli do not summate.

Published
1979

37. Long-term side effects in irradiated patients with Hodgkin's disease

Author

H.J. Heite, J. Barmeyer, R. Grub, R. Rossner, W. Möbius, Klaus Kuphal, G. W. Löhr, J. Dichgans, Thomas Rahner, W. Berger, L. Baumeister, Rolf Stiasny, K. Musshoff, W. F. Krüsmann, L. Herkel, H. Schmidt-Vollmer, Joachim Slanina, H. H. Hennekeuser, and G. Gehring

Subjects
Male, Cancer Research, medicine.medical_specialty, Heart Diseases, Pulmonary Fibrosis, Common Cold, Bone Marrow Cells, Lymphocyte Activation, Gastroenterology, Herpes Zoster, Hypothyroidism, Bone Marrow, Cytology, Internal medicine, Skin Ulcer, medicine, Humans, Paralysis, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Telangiectasis, Cobalt Radioisotopes, Radiation Injuries, Infertility, Male, Paresis, Retrospective Studies, Azoospermia, Radiation, Blood Cells, Radiotherapy, business.industry, Respiration, Immunity, Aplasia, medicine.disease, Pulmonary hypertension, Hodgkin Disease, Hypoplasia, Surgery, Oncology, medicine.symptom, Thyroid function, Lymphocytopenia, Radioisotope Teletherapy, business
Abstract

135 out of 168 patients with Hodgkin's disease in complete remission who had received radiotherapy with tumor doses between 3000 and 5000 rad in the years 1948–1974 were investigated with regard to long-term side effects. The results obtained so far are as follows: 1.1. Catamnestic results: Deteriorated general condition and reduced performance in 23% and 28%, spontaneous restriction of the daily routine in 45% and increase in susceptibility to infections (common cold) in 15% of the patients 2.2. Hematological investigations, (a) Peripheral blood: No indication of severe anemia. Granulocytopenia with less than 3000 cells/mm 3 in 18.5%, lymphocytopenia with less than 2000 cells/mm 3 in 37%, no incidence of thrombocytopenia with less than 100,000 platelets/mm 3 or leukemia. (b) Sternal marrow cytology (locally irradiated): Aplasia in 76%, hypoplasia in 18%. No signs of leukemia. (c) Iliac crest cytology (not directly irradiated): Slight hypoplasia in 38%, severe hypoplasia in 8%, no signs of leukemia. 3.3. Pulmonary investigations: Slight paramediastinal fibrosis in 44%, distinct in 36% and severe in 9%. Restrictive ventilation disorder in 84%, increase in residual volume in 61%, O 2 -diffusion disorder in 18% and obstructive ventilation disorder in 7% of the patients. 4.4. Cardiological investigations: Under stress pulmonary hypertension in 18%, right ventricular function disorder in 9%, left ventricular function disorder in 9%, cardiac insufficiency in 2%, restriction of the maximum ergometer cycling exercise capacity in 53% of the patients. 5.5. Thyroid function investigations: Hypothyroidal or latent hypothyroidal thyroid insufficiency in 16.5%. 6.6. Neurological symptomatology (excluding herpes zoster): Slight to moderately severe double-sided cross section symptomatology in 3 of 122 patients (2.5%), bilateral or unilateral plexus paresis in 4 of 122 patients (3.5%). 7.7. Genito-urinary tract (male) investigations: Infertility (azoospermia, asemia, akinesis) following infradiaphragmatic irradiation using the inverted Y-method in 70%, restricted fertility (oligo-, astheno-, teratospermia) in 26% of the cases (in spite of the constant usage of a testicular capsule). 8.8. Dermatological investigations: According to the number of patients, teleangiectasis, induration of the irradiated fields, and medium to severe irradiation discomfort occured in 22, 15.6 and 8% respectively.

Published
1977

38. Effects of rectilinear acceleration and optokinetic and caloric stimulations in space

Author

U. Brand, Th. Vieville, J. Wetzig, A. J. Benson, H. Scherer, J R Kass, R. J. von Baumgarten, J. Dichgans, Alain Berthoz, H. Vogel, W. Bruzek, Th. Probst, and Th. Brandt

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, genetic structures, Eye Movements, Movement, Acceleration, Crew, Motion Perception, Nystagmus, Audiology, Optics, Nystagmus, Physiologic, Weightless, medicine, Caloric Tests, Humans, Vestibular system, Physics, Multidisciplinary, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Weightlessness, Caloric theory, Optokinetic reflex, Electrooculography, Space Flight, Vestibular Function Tests, Visual Perception, sense organs, Vestibule, Labyrinth, medicine.symptom, business, Head
Abstract

During the flight of Spacelab 1 the crew performed a number of experiments to explore changes in vestibular function and visual-vestibular interactions on exposure to microgravity. Measurements were made on the threshold for detection of linear oscillation, vestibulo-ocular reflexes elicited by angular and linear movements, oculomotor and posture responses to optokinetic stimulations, and responses to caloric stimulation. Tests were also conducted on the ground, during the 4 months before and on days 1 to 6 after flight. The most significant result was that caloric mystagmus of the same direction as on the earth could also be evoked in the weightless environment.

Published
1984

39. Clinical Manifestations of Excessive Use of Analgesic Medication

Author

J. Dichgans and H.-C. Diener

Subjects
Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Daily intake, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Analgesic, Abstinence, medicine.disease, Daily headache, Migraine, Ergotamine, Medicine, Antipyretic, Pain killers, business, media_common, medicine.drug
Abstract

Physicians experienced in the treatment of migraine and other forms of headache are nowadays well aware that the daily intake of antipyretic or anti-inflammatory analgesics or combinations with ergotamine, sedatives, or hypnotics may result in chronic daily headache. Conversely, if a patient complains of daily headache and takes “pain killers” daily, this headache is most likely to be caused and sustained by the medication and will vanish with abstinence. Chronic headache was originally attributed to the excessive use of ergotamine preparations (Lippman 1955; Horton and Peters 1963; Lucas and Falkowski 1973; Rowsell et al. 1973; Wainscott et al. 1974; Andersson 1975; Dige-Petersen et al. 1977; Hokkanen et al. 1978; Ala-Hurula et al. 1982; Pradalier et al. 1984) and was therefore named “ergotamine headache.” A number of subsequent reports from different countries in Western Europe and the United States, however, indicated that analgesics may induce chronic headache as well (Worz et al. 1975; Medina and Diamond 1977; Tfelt-Hansen and Krabbe 1981; Kudrow 1982; Isler 1982; Worz 1983; Dichgans et al. 1984; Henry et al. 1985; Rapaport et al. 1985). We, therefore, propose to add to the original terms “ergotamine headache” and “analgesic headache” a new entity and to include both under the term “drug-induced headache.”

Published
1988

40. The independence of dynamic spatial orientation from luminance and refractive error

Author

C. Shupert Rodemer, J. Dichgans, and Herschel W. Leibowitz

Subjects
Physics, Refractive error, genetic structures, Optical illusion, business.industry, Optical Illusions, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Stimulus (physiology), medicine.disease, Refraction, Ocular, Luminance, eye diseases, Sensory Systems, Visual field, Optics, Orientation, Space Perception, Sensation, medicine, Humans, Scotopic vision, business, General Psychology, Dioptre, Lighting
Abstract

The effect of refractive error and luminance on circularvection, the illusory sensation of self-motion resulting from rotation of the visual field, was determined. Neither reduction of luminance to levels near absolute scotopic threshold nor induced refractive errors of more than 16 diopters abolished circularvection or influenced any of its latency measures. The results are discussed in terms of the role of the peripheral visual field and the nature of the visual stimulus in ego orientation.

Published
1979

41. Linear Interaction of Vestibular and Optokinetic Nystagmus

Author

E. Koenig and J. Dichgans

Subjects
Vestibular system, medicine.medical_specialty, genetic structures, business.industry, Stimulation, Optokinetic reflex, Nystagmus, Stimulus (physiology), Audiology, Vestibular nystagmus, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, medicine, Reflex, sense organs, medicine.symptom, business, Optokinetic stimulation
Abstract

In humans interaction of a prior vestibular stimulus (chair acceleration for 10 s) with an immediately following optokinetic stimulus (full field stimulation) was quantitatively studied to determine the change of slow phase velocity (SPV) of nystagmus elicited by the addition of the optokinetic stimulus. This change was compared to the SPV during pure optokinetic stimulation on the basis of the magnitude of the optokinetic input (retinal image motion) at the onset of the optokinetic stimulus. When measured shortly (0.7s) after optokinetic stimulus onset visual vestibular interaction is in fact linear i.e. the optokinetic reflexes are as effective in changing SPV during vestibular nystagmus as with pure optokinetic stimulation. As the optokinetic stimulus affects the charge in the visual vestibular integrator interaction cannot be expected to be linear after longer intervals of optokinetic stimulation.

Published
1982

42. Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and its branches: angiographic and clinical correlates

Author

F. Sindermann, J. Dichgans, and R. Bergleiter

Subjects
Adult, Carotid Artery Diseases, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, Adolescent, Cerebral arteries, Statistics as Topic, Vision Disorders, Collateral Circulation, Text mining, medicine.artery, Internal medicine, Occlusion, medicine, Aphasia, Humans, Paralysis, Child, Aged, business.industry, Mental Disorders, Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis, Middle Aged, Radiography, Child, Preschool, Middle cerebral artery, Cardiology, Female, Neurology (clinical), Cerebral Arterial Diseases, business, Follow-Up Studies
Published
1969

43. Visual input improves the speedometer function of the vestibular nuclei in the goldfish

Author

W. Graf, J. Dichgans, and C. L. Schmidt

Subjects
Physics, Vestibular system, Steady state (electronics), Light, business.industry, Movement, General Neuroscience, Acoustics, Acceleration, Cyprinidae, Sensory system, Body movement, Darkness, Vestibular Nuclei, Rotation, Visual control, Optics, Vestibular nuclei, Visual Perception, Animals, business, Microelectrodes, Vision, Ocular
Abstract

The studies of Steinhausen [10] and electrophysiolog ical work on fishes [7] and frogs [5, 8, 9] supported the concept of the cupuI~ endolymph system as an overdamped torsion pendulum which responds to changes in angular velocities. Within a limited frequency range it integrates acceleration over time, thus measuring velocities of angular head movements. The system, however, is deficient as a speedometer since it lacks information about constant velocities. The lack of steady state discrimination results in the system's failure to discriminate between decelerati3n from constant velocity, and acceleration in the opposite direction from zero velocity. For motion control therefore, the vestibular system is deficient, and supplementary sensory information is required, The experiments described sngges~ that in the goldfish this supplementary information about constant velocity movement of the body is provided by the visual sense. Only the interaction of visual and vestibular information during combined stimulation of both sensory organs results in accurate velocity information. Methods Single unit activity was recorded with tungsten micro-electrodes from the vestibular nuclei of the goldfish (Carassius auratus). The floor of the fourth ventricle was exposed, and the microeteetrode was inserted under visual control with ~he aid of a mierescop~. The correct position of the electrode was verified by histology. Experiments were carried out with an enc@hale isol6 preparation, relaxed with Flaxedil, but without general anaesthesia. Animals were placed on a turn-table (TSnnies), The two sensory inputs were separately tested by either rotating the animal in the dark (exclusive vestibular stimulation) or rotating the visual surround with the animal stationary (visual stimulation). This was provided by projecting a pattern of black and white stripes onto the inner walls of a cylinder that surrounded the turn-table. Movement of the projected visual scene was opposite to the direction of body movement as it would be for normal rotation. The interaction of the two sensory inputs was tested when the animal was rotated in the light with a stationary visual environment.

Published
1973

44. Efferent frequency modulation in the vestibular nerve of goldfish correlated with saccadic eye movements

Author

C. L. Schmidt, E. R. Wist, and J. Dichgans

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Neurology, Saccadic eye movement, Eye Movements, Efferent, Posture, Cyprinidae, Vestibular Nerve, Nystagmus, Pathologic, Neurons, Efferent, stomatognathic system, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, Left vestibular nerve, Medicine, Animals, business.industry, General Neuroscience, Eye movement, Anatomy, Vestibular nerve, Saccadic masking, nervous system, Ear, Inner, sense organs, Vestibulo–ocular reflex, business
Abstract

Impulses of single fibres of the vestibular nerve in the goldfish were recorded either from the rostral portion of the left vestibular nerve, or from the left Ramus ampullaris lateralis, or from the proximal stump of the severed nerve.

Published
1972

45. The European vestibular experiments in Spacelab-1

Author

Th. Brandt, U. Brand, J R Kass, W. Bruzek, R. J. von Baumgarten, Th. Probst, Alain Berthoz, H. Scherer, J. Dichgans, A. J. Benson, H. Vogel, Th. Vieville, and J. Wetzig

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, medicine.medical_specialty, Eye Movements, genetic structures, Motion Perception, Aerospace Engineering, Caloric test, Audiology, Caloric Nystagmus, Otolithic Membrane, Optics, Nystagmus, Physiologic, Caloric Tests, medicine, Humans, Caloric stimulation, Physics, Vestibular system, Weightlessness, business.industry, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular, Space Flight, Adaptation, Physiological, Electrooculography, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, business, Optokinetic stimulation
Abstract

A series of experiments /1/ were performed in the Spacelab-1 mission on November/December, 1983, pre-, in-, and postflight. These experiments covered various aspects of the functions of the vestibular system, the inflight tests comprising threshold measurements for linear movements in three orthogonal axes, optokinetic stimulation, vestibulo-ocular reflexes under linear and angular accelerations, caloric stimulation with and without linear accelerations; pre- and postflight tests repeated the inflight protocol with the addition of subjective vertical and eye counter-rotation measurements using a tilt table. One of the most surprising and significant results was the caloric test: strong caloric nystagmus on the two subjects tested was recorded inflight; this was contrary to what was expected from Barany's convection hypothesis for caloric nystagmus.

46. Systematic clinical and EEG follow-up of adults with craniocerebral trauma

Author

J. Dichgans

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Concussion, Physical therapy, Medicine, Surgery, Electroencephalography, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, business, medicine.disease, Craniocerebral trauma
Published
1979

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