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The research work was conducted to estimate comparative profitability, seasonal price variations, and factors affecting the farmers’ decision in the adoption of off-seasonal vegetables using tomato and bean vegetables in single research work. A total of 120 farmers (60 focals and 60 controls) were selected using the convenience sampling technique from two sub-districts of the Maulvibazar district of Bangladesh. The focal farmers received little input support and technical assistance from Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh, while the control farmers were not received such assistance. Tabular, descriptive statistics and simple mathematical techniques were used for quantitative data analysis where the binary logit model was applied for qualitative data analysis. The study revealed that the focal tomato and the bean farmers’ respective share of BCR were 40.25% and 65.91% higher compared to the control tomato and bean farmers. The study also revealed that for both tomato and bean vegetables seasonal price indexes were found significantly high from August to October. Furthermore, the logit model revealed that farm size, gross return, access to extension, and access to credit had a significant effect on the farmers' decision in the adoption of off-seasonal vegetables. Motivation, regular extension contracts, credit accessibility, training, and input support are recommended to implement and nourish the farmers' knowledge about off-seasonal vegetables production practices. The findings of the study are expected to support the farmers, researchers, and policymakers to make informed production decisions, future research work formulation, and policy development regarding the vegetable sector of Bangladesh.

Efficient blood transfusion facility in the casualty wards is essential to minimize the morbidity and mortality of the injured patients. Proper knowledge of blood transfusion demand in a facility can help forecast future demands and facilitate the planning of existing resources allocation for best injury care. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the causality wards of Dhaka Medical College Hospital from July 2018 to December 2018. During this period, patients who attended the casualty wards and needed whole blood transfusion were selected as the study population. Relevant information regarding the required blood units, blood group, and blood collection source were recorded and analyzed. During our study period, 1619 units of whole blood were required by 896 patients. Most of the study population were from the age group of 31-40 years. Male group was the predominant at a 3.9:1 male-female ratio. Majority of the patients (55.13%) required only one unit of blood, and 28.57% of the patients required two units. O+ve blood group was the most demanded (34.65%) followed by B+ve, A+ve, AB+ve, O-ve, B-ve and A-ve (31.87%, 23.72%, 7.6%, 1.42%, 0.49% and 0.25%, respectively). The patients' relatives donated around 85% of blood, and the rest were from voluntary donors. The average daily and weekly requirement of whole blood for the causality departments of Dhaka Medical College Hospital was around 9 and 62 units respectively. Evidence-based expert guideline for the use of whole blood in the casualty management and social awareness for blood donation may save thousands of valuable lives. Faridpur Med. Coll. J. 2021;16(1):8-11

Ebin Johny,1 Pathoori Bhaskar,1 Md Jahangir Alam,2 Indra Kuladhipati,3 Rupam Das,3 Ramu Adela1 1Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781101, India; 2Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781101, India; 3Down Town Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, 781006, IndiaCorrespondence: Ramu AdelaDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam, 781101, IndiaTel +91 8860280242Email ramuadela@gmail.comBackground: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a well-established risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Platelet hyperactivity and inflammation are associated with the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) in T2DM patients. We investigated the status of immune cells, platelet activation, and platelet-immune cell interactions in T2DM_CAD patients.Methodology: The study population consisted of four groups of subjects, healthy control (CT, n = 20), T2DM (n = 44), CAD (n = 20) and T2DM_CAD (n = 38). Platelet activation, immunome profiling and platelet-immune cell interactions were analysed by flow cytometry. The circulatory levels of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines were assessed using multiplex assay.Results: Increased platelet activation and increased platelet-immune cell aggregate formation were observed in T2DM and T2DM_CAD groups compared to the control and CAD groups (p < 0.05). Our immunome profile analysis revealed, altered monocyte subpopulations and dendritic cell populations in T2DM, CAD and T2DM_CAD groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, significantly increased IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL12p70, IL-13 IL-18, CCL2, and decreased CXCL1, CCL5 levels were observed in T2DM_CAD group compared to the control group. Our ex-vivo study increased platelet-monocyte aggregate formation was observed upon D-glucose exposure in a time and concentration dependent manner.Conclusion: Our data suggests that T2DM, CAD and T2DM_CAD are associated with altered immune cell populations. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that hyperglycemia induces platelet activation and forms platelet-immune cell aggregation which may lead to the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and contribute to the complexity of CAD and type 2 diabetes.Keywords: platelet, inflammation, monocytes, hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease

In genome-wide quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping studies, multiple quantitative traits are often measured along with the marker genotypes. Multi-trait QTL (MtQTL) analysis, which includes multiple quantitative traits together in a single model, is an efficient technique to increase the power of QTL identification. The two most widely used classical approaches for MtQTL mapping are Gaussian Mixture Model-based MtQTL (GMM-MtQTL) and Linear Regression Model-based MtQTL (LRM-MtQTL) analyses. There are two types of LRM-MtQTL approach known as least squares-based LRM-MtQTL (LS-LRM-MtQTL) and maximum likelihood-based LRM-MtQTL (ML-LRM-MtQTL). These three classical approaches are equivalent alternatives for QTL detection, but ML-LRM-MtQTL is computationally faster than GMM-MtQTL and LS-LRM-MtQTL. However, one major limitation common to all the above classical approaches is that they are very sensitive to outliers, which leads to misleading results. Therefore, in this study, we developed an LRM-based robust MtQTL approach, called LRM-RobMtQTL, for the backcross population based on the robust estimation of regression parameters by maximizing the β-likelihood function induced from the β-divergence with multivariate normal distribution. When β = 0, the proposed LRM-RobMtQTL method reduces to the classical ML-LRM-MtQTL approach. Simulation studies showed that both ML-LRM-MtQTL and LRM-RobMtQTL methods identified the same QTL positions in the absence of outliers. However, in the presence of outliers, only the proposed method was able to identify all the true QTL positions. Real data analysis results revealed that in the presence of outliers only our LRM-RobMtQTL approach can identify all the QTL positions as those identified in the absence of outliers by both methods. We conclude that our proposed LRM-RobMtQTL analysis approach outperforms the classical MtQTL analysis methods.

This study aimed to explore peoples’ perception on rules-in-use and interaction among actors in a community-based peatland restoration program (CBPRP) in Raja Muja Forest Reserve (RMFR) of peninsul...

Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutrient deficiencies, affecting 2 billion people in worldwide. It is also the leading cause of anemia. Estimates of the national prevalence of anemia in Bangladesh have remained constant at 74% for the past 30 years. This high rate of anemia is a major public health concern for Bangladesh. The aim of the study was to determine the knowledge level about Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) & nutritional status among the adult women and the pregnant women in the selected hospitals of Dhaka city. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted for the study. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used for the data collection. The results showed that, majority of the respondents 140 (70%) were pregnant and 60 (30%) were non pregnant among 200 respondents. The Mean ± (sd) age of study population was ±33 years. From all respondents the literacy rate of women were maximum (69%) but knowledge about IDA & nutritional status were not enough at all. Among the respondents the knowledge about IDA & nutritional status of adult women were 23% good, 40% moderate and 37% very poor. In pregnancy period 74% of the respondents did not take their iron related drugs regularly. Most of the adult women and the pregnant women were not significant knowledgeable regarding IDA, nutritional education & modified dietary habit. So, campaign for awareness on healthy life style practice is required for reducing this problem. Overall Government approach is also recommended for the lower prevalence rate of IDA.

Background: Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) has emerged as a key role in the control of many biological processes including protein function, disease incidence, and therapy design. However, the identification of PPI by wet lab experiment is a challenging task, since it is laborious, time consuming and expensive. Therefore, computational prediction of PPI is now given emphasis before going to the experimental validation, since it is simultaneously less laborious, time saver and cost minimizer. Objective: The objective of this study is to develop an improved computational method for PPI prediction mapping on Homo sapiens by using the amino acid sequence features in a supervised learning framework. Methods: The experimentally validated 91 positive-PPI pairs of human protein sequences were collected from IntAct Molecular Interaction Database. Then we constructed three balanced datasets with ratios 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 of positive and negative PPI samples. Then we partitioned each dataset into training (80%) and independent test (20%) datasets. Again each training dataset was partitioned into four mutually exclusive groups of equal sizes for interchanging each group with independent test group to perform 5-fold cross validation (CV). Then we trained candidate seven classifiers (NN, SVM, LR, NB, KNN, AB and RF) with each ratio case to obtain the better PPI predictor by comparing their performance scores. Results: The random forest (RF) based predictor that was trained with 1:2 ratio of positive-PPI and negative-PPI samples based on AAC encoding features provided the most accurate PPI prediction by producing the highest average performance scores of accuracy (93.50%), sensitivity (95.0%), MCC (85.2%), AUC (0.941) and pAUC (0.236) with the 5-fold cross-validation. It also achieved the highest average performance scores of accuracy (92.0%), sensitivity (94.0%), MCC (83.6%), AUC (0.922) and pAUC (0.207) with the independent test datasets in a comparison of the other candidate and existing predictors. Conclusion: The final resultant prediction strongly recommend that the RF based predictor is a better prediction model of PPI mapping on Homo sapiens.

Objectives: To find out the patterns of cervical lymph node metastasis in oral cavity carcinoma. Methods: This is across sectional study which was carried out in the department of Otolaryngology & Head Neck Surgery Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH), Sir Salimullah Medical College Hospital (SSMC), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) and National Institute of Cancer Research & Hospital (NICRH) from July 2013 to December 2014.Total 96 cases were included in this study. Data were collected by detail history, clinical examination, relevant investigation and result were processed manually and analyzed with the help of SPSS. Results: In this study 72 (75%) patients presented with clinically palpable neck nodes and 24 (25%) presented without neck node. Among 24 cases 7 cases was radiologically positive neck node. Out of 96 cases stage III was the highest (50.96%) followed by stage IV (27.01%), stage II (13.52%) and stage I (8.32%). That is 23 (23.92%) patients present with early stage and 73 (76.18%) patients present in late or advanced stage. Level l was the highest 49 (61.71%), followed by level all 35(44.1%), level lll 10 (12.6%). Conclusion: As cervical lymph node metastasis is a critical event for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity, as this is the most reliable predictor of poor treatment outcomes. Thus for appropriate treatment it is very important to know this pattern of metastases. Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol; October 2020; 26(2): 102-108

The present study examined optimized anodic electrode materials microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with Jashore Municipal Wastewater (JMW) as substrate in series and parallel connections. Three anodic mat...

Objective: To determine the outcome of antibiotic treatment regime in patient with indwelling DJ stenting having a per-interventional antibiotic prophylaxis compared with those of a continuous low-dose antibiotic treatment. Methods: A hospital based prospective experimental study was conducted in the Department of Urology of Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka from July 2012 to June 2014, to evaluate the antibiotic treatment regime in patient with indwelling DJ stenting, the benefits and disadvantages of a peri-interventional antibiotic prophylaxis compared with those of a continuous low-dose antibiotic treatment by enrolling a total number of 60 subjects in the department of Urology, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. Among 60 subjects 30 subjects were Group A comprised of subjects treated with continuous low dose antibiotic and Group B with 30 subjects treated with peri-interventional antibiotic. The patients would undergo temporary D J stent placement due to upper tract urolilhiasis who meet the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. Informed written consent would be taken from all patients. Urine samples would be analysed conventional antibiotic susceptibility and resistance was determined. All analyses was conducted at department of Microbiology, Dhaka medical college hospital. All patients who received peri-interventional antibiotic prophylaxis with 1g ceftriaxon was given l.v. at anaesthesia induction to obtain a peak concentration at the time of highest risk during the procedure.According to the pathogens profile and susceptibility, the antimicrobial agent of choice for continuous low-dose treatment was Cefixim 200mg twice daily. All stents placements were performed under sterile conditions applying a retrograde technique or antregrade in PCNL and open procedure under spinal or general anaesthesia. Patients were prescribed ketorolac (10mg) or Tramadol (50mg), while none of the patient received alpha blocker agents or anti-cholinergic drugs. Evaluations for UTI were performed before stent insertion and consecutively after 1, 2 and 4 weeks and/or at stent withdrawal. Statistical analysis of the result was obtained by using window based computer software devised with statistical packages for social science (SPSS-20 IBM) (SPSS inc, Chicago, IL, USA). The result was presented in tables, figures, and diagrams. Statistical test was done by Chi square test and Z test for qualitative data and t test for quantitative data. A p-value

Objective: T0 compare the outcome of Transurethral Resecton of Prostate between Patients with Preoperative Low or Normal and High Voiding Pressure. Methods: This hospital based prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Urology of Dhaka Medical college Hospital from July 2008 to June 2010 on male patients aging >59 years having Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) attending to urology OPD& IPD were evaluated by history, physical examination including DRE and necessary investigations like USG of KUB and prostate with MCC & PVR, Q max, IPSS score to identify the potential candidates for TURP. Potential participants were counseled for urodynamic study. Who fulfilled the selection criteria included in this study in outpatient basis or admitted in the urology ward and numbered chronologically and performed urodynamic study and then patients underwent TURP, after 12 weeks of completion of TURP again a follow-up urodynamic study performed in all patients to compare the outcome between two groups. Sample size was 65, high pressure voiding group were 36 in number and Normal or low pressure voiding group were 29 in number. Data were collected on variables of interest using a structural data collection format. Data were processed and analyzed using SPSS (Statistical package for social science) software program. The test of significant employed to analyze the data was descriptive statistics and Student’s t-test, Paired and unpaired t- test, Fisher exact test. Probability value (P value < 0.05) was considered significant. Results: In this study the age ranges were 59 and 88 years and mean age was 70.7 ± 6.7 years. the maximum urinary flow rate, residual urine volume and maximum intravesical pressure 3 months after transurethral prostatic resection were significantly better in patients with high detrusor pressure compared to those with normal/low normal/low detrusor pressure (15.9±0.7 vs. 21.3±2.2ml/sec, p

Background: Neonates are considered more susceptible to macronutrient deficits. During critical illness, sick children cannot normally be fed by mouth, and as a result a pronounced macronutrient deficit often develops after a few days. This macronutrient deficit has been associated with weakness, infections and increased risk of mortality. Therefore, macronutrient as energy source is an important key concern to care and for overall to achieve better survival. Objective: The present study is intended to evaluate the role of macronutrient such as blood glucose, serum calcium, hemoglobin as iron status, serum albumin, in critically sick neonates admitted in NICU and their outcome. Methods: This observational prospective study was carried out at NICU of Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital from January 2014 to July 2014. Total 121 neonates were enrolled and analyzed their essential macronutrient profile e.g, blood glucose, serum calcium, hemoglobin, serum albumin and other relevant investigation as complete blood count with film, CRP, blood culture and chest X ray as a part of management as well as to predict their survival. Results: Macronutrient of critically sick neonates play important role to predict their better survival. Perinatal asphyxia and sepsis were major diagnosed pathological conditions of these neonates. In sepsis lower value of serum albumin were statistically significant. Lower value of glucose, calcium, hemoglobin and albumin were also statistically significant in Non-survivors than Survivors. Conclusion: During critical illness in neonates, emphasis should be paid on of adequate macronutrient as energy source. This is necessary for better optimization survival of critically sick neonates. DS (Child) H J 2019; 35(2) : 105-110

Background: Septicemia in neonates refers to bacterial infection documented by positive blood culture in the first four weeks of life and is one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Objective: To isolate and identify the bacterial etiologic agents responsible for neonatal sepsis and to determine the susceptibility pattern of isolates in A NICU of Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital. Methods: This is a prospective observational study conducted in the NICU from July 2018 to December 2018. Two hundred ninty blood samples were collected and processed from patients in accordance with standard protocols. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was done. Results: Blood culture reports were positive in 9.31% cases. Among the culture positive cases, there were 65.5% males and 34.5% females. Early onset sepsis was present in 74.8% and late onset sepsis was observed in 25.2% of the cases. Best overall sensitivity among Gram negative (Acinetobacter, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas) isolates was to netilmycin (61%), followed by ceftazidim (57%) and amikacin (56%).Gram positive (Staphylococci, streptococci) isolates had sensitivity of 50% to levofloxacin, 50% to ceftriaxon. Conclusion: Gram negative organisms are the leading cause of neonatal sepsis in this study and most of them are resistant to multiple antibiotics. Therefore the results of this study suggest that, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in our hospital is necessary. DS (Child) H J 2019; 35(2) : 130-134

Objectives: To compare the efficacy of intraprostatic infiltration of lidocain injection and periprostatic nerve block for pain free TRUS guided prostate biopsies. Methods: A hospital based prospective experimental study was conducted in the Department of Urology of Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka from July 2007 to June 2009 to compare the different anesthesia technique for TRUS guided prostate biopsy for the detection of carcinoma prostate. All male patients aged over 55 years having lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) attending to urology OPD as well as in patient department were evaluated by history, physical examination including D/R/E and necessary investigations to identify the potential candidates for prostate biopsy and potential participants were counselled for prostate biopsy. Before taking biopsy patients were again judged by selection and exclusion criteria. Overall general examination as well as examination of urinary system and anorectal region was done. DRE was done to see the size, consistency and nodularity of prostate prior to biopsy. Who fulfilled the selection criteria included in this study in out patient basis or admitted in the urology ward and numbered chronologically, odd numbers for group-I includes periprostatic nerve block and even numbers for group-II includes intraprostatic infiltration of lidocain injection. They underwent 10 core prostate biopsy (standard 6 plus lateral 4 core) and hypoechoic lesion directed biopsy to see the unique cancer detection rate in each lobe. Data were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical package for social science) software program. The test of significance were chi-square, student t test, Fisher exact test, Mann Whitney test. Probability value (P Value

Background: Alzheimer's disease is known as one of the fastest growing lethal diseases worldwide where we have limited and undesired ways for regulating its pathological progress. Now-a-days, nutritional compounds have been using to treat several brain disorders and one of them; vitamins were strongly reported to combat cognition and memory deterioration in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. Objective: Here, the author tried to find the precise physiological roles, status, and worth of vitamins in the brain and how exactly these nutrients modulate progression of Alzheimer's disease. Results & Discussion: After a comprehensive and systematic literature review, the author reports that vitamins have various targets in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis by which they act to avert the neuronal dysfunction in the disease. Several Alzheimer's disease-associated neurological deficits have reported regulating by vitamin intake but the beneficial effects identified mostly in combinatorial and long-term studies. Conclusion: In this way, the author suggests that it might be better to test vitamins with other components over single vitamin approach for a compatible and synergistic effect as well as using a combination of vitamin with other compounds can target multiple pathways. This strategy may help in deteriorating memory dysfunction and cognition impairment in Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology.Abbreviations: APOE: apolipoprotein E; APP: amyloid precursor protein; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; Aβ- β-amyloid; cGMP: cyclic guanine monophosphate; CNS: central nervous system; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; IU: international units; RA: retinoic acid; RAR: retinoic acid receptor; RNA: ribonucleic acid; ROS: reactive oxygen species; tHcy: total homocysteine; α: alpha; β: beta; γ: gama; e: epsilon; g: gram; µ: micron; mg: milligram; ⬆: increased,⬇: decreased.

A descriptive type of Cross Sectional study was conducted in two villages named Joyvoga and Chokvochia of Gabtoli upazila, Bogra with a view to finding out the certain features and functions of family which are relevant to health behavior of selected rural population of Bogura district during the period of 20th and 23rd April 2015. Total 278 families were selected purposively. The respondents were aged 15 years and above and the data were collected through open ended pretested questionnaire by face to face interview. Out of 278 respondents, it was found that majority 121 (43.52%) of the respondents were within 31-45 years age group followed by 79 (28.41%) within the age group 15-30 years. Most of the respondents were females 165 (59.32%), agricultural workers 78 (28.05%), Muslims 276 (99.28%) & one- third of the respondents completed their primary education 78 (28.06%). It was found that majority of the families are nuclear 193 (69.42%). Regarding housing condition, majority had satisfactory ventilation status (84.17%), safe water using (93.17%), using of sanitary latrine (87.05%), satisfactory cleanliness (38.12%) & domestic waste disposal 25.18%. In case of child (under five) rearing majority were average in weight (88.85%) followed by underweight (7.91%), clean clothing condition (41.01%). Regarding socialization, attending social clubs 22.3%, schooling 78.42%, attending mosque 84.06% and taking part in games 87.77%. In case of personality formation most of the respondents can cope with the stress on an average 60.43% & had good relation with children (73.55%). In relation to care of the dependent adults most 82.56% of the chronically sick persons did not get proper care, majority (85.77%) got satisfactory care during pregnancy. In relation to family condition most of the families are problem family (90.2%) followed by peaceful family (9.73%). Regarding stress related diseases, majority suffered from hypertension (25.30%) followed by Peptic Ulcer Disease (24.10%). This study will help to early detection of health related wrong behavior & maintenance of family norm can prevent further breakdown of diseases related to family health of the rural people. Mediscope Vol. 7, No. 2: July 2020, Page 89-94

BackgroundClostridioides difficile infection is the most common cause of healthcare-associated infections in the USA, with limited treatment options. Ibezapolstat is a novel DNA polymerase IIIC inhibitor with in vitro activity against C. difficile.Objectives and methodsRandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of ibezapolstat in healthy volunteers. Microbiome changes associated with ibezapolstat were compared with vancomycin over a 10 day course using shotgun metagenomics.ResultsA total of 62 subjects aged 31 ± 7 years (45% female; average BMI: 25 ± 3 kg/m2) were randomized. Ibezapolstat was well tolerated with a safety signal similar to placebo. Ibezapolstat had minimal systemic absorption with the majority of plasma concentrations less than 1 µg/mL. In the multiday, ascending dose study, ibezapolstat concentrations of 2000 µg/g of stool were observed by Day 2 and for the remainder of the dosing time period. In the multiday, multiple-dose arm, baseline microbiota was comparable between subjects that received ibezapolstat compared with vancomycin. At Day 10 of dosing, differential abundance analysis and β-diversity demonstrated a distinct difference between the microbiome in subjects given vancomycin compared with either dose of ibezapolstat (P = 0.006). α-Diversity changes were characterized as an increase in the Actinobacteria phylum in subjects that received ibezapolstat and an increase in Proteobacteria in subjects given vancomycin.ConclusionsIbezapolstat was shown to be safe and well tolerated, with minimal systemic exposure, high stool concentrations and a distinct microbiome profile compared with oral vancomycin. These results support further clinical development of ibezapolstat for patients with C. difficile infection.

Most pituitary adenomas are slow-growing and benign, which means they are not cancer and do not spread to other parts of the body. They generally have a slow but severe impact on vision due to compression of the optic nerves, optic chiasm, and cavernous sinus. However, as they grow big they can put pressure on nearby structures, such as the nerves that connect the eyes to the brain and cause symptoms. Pituitary adenomas are the third most common intracranial tumor and arise from the pituitary gland. An individual case is presented in this paper with radiological evidence (MRI) of a large lobulated intrasellar mass (3.0 cm transversely, 3.5 cm craniocaudally and 2 cm anteroposteriorly) with supra-sellar extension is causing elevation of the floor of the 3rd ventricle of the brain. Pituitary macroadenoma and hemorrhagic foei, pituitary apoplexy, and pituitary adenomas were founded by different CT scan and MRI reports in different laboratories. The patient was treated with constitutional homoeopathic medicines – Natrum muriticum-m/1, 16 doses up to Natrum muriticum-m/20, 16 doses each from 26/04/2014 to 07/08/2017. Before treatment imaging was done several times from 6/04/2011 to 12/01/2012showed complete resolution of the pituitary adenoma and during treatment3 follow-up imaging was done on 25/07/2015 and 06/08/2017. This case report reviews the clinical presentation, homoeopathic management, and treatment of the major classification of pituitary adenomas and call attention to the need for repertorization in individualized homoeopathic prescription. It is hoped that if this type of clinical research continues in the future, homeopathy will have a breakthrough result and it’s symptomatic medical treatment will play a beneficial role in the near future from the deadly evils of various types of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or combined therapy.

Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). In 2015, WHO reports that 71 million people were living with HCV, and 1.34 million died. In 2017, 13.1 million infected people knew their diagnosis and around 5 million patients were treated. HCV can cause acute and chronic hepatitis, where 20% of chronic hepatitis progresses to final-stage chronic liver cancer. Currently, no vaccine of HCV exists, and no effective treatments are available for demolishing the progression of hepatitis C. So spotting the stages of the disease is essential for diagnostic and therapeutic management of infected patients. This paper attempts to detect stages of hepatitis C virus so that further diagnosis and medication of hepatitis patients can be prescribed. It uses a supervised artificial neural network to make a prediction. Evaluation of results is done by cross-validation using the holdout method. Hepatitis C Egyptian-patients' dataset from UCI Machine Learning Repository is used for feeding the algorithms. The research succeeds to detect the hepatitis C stages and achieves an accuracy of 97%.

Introduction: In Bangladesh, 25/1000 cases of neonates are born with mild to severe type of congenital heart disease. Significant numbers of cases from new born to adult age group are reporting to OPD clinics with broad spectrum of congenital and grown up untreated heart diseases. This study will cover pattern of diseases among cases selected for cardiac catheterization and intervention in study group in a cardiac hospital with limited facility for children. Objectives: To analyze all the cases who had cardiac catheterization and intervention in said period and to see the outcome. Materials and Methods: It is a retrospective study conducted in a cardiac hospital from December 2014 to December 2019. All cases of cardiac catheterization and interventions were included in the study. Pattern of diseases, interventions, management and outcomes were analyzed. Results: Out of 1179 cases, 44.87% were male and 55.13% were female. Two hundred fifty four cases(21.54%) were in 0-1 year age group, 44.02% were in >01-05 year age group, 18.66% cases were in > 5 to 10 year , 8.48% cases were in >10 to 20 years, 4.83% cases were in> 20 to 30 years and 2.46% cases were in more than 30 year age group. Among trans-catheter closure patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) was the commonest type of intervention (44.68%), followed by atrial septal defect (ASD) (25.20%), ventricular septal defect (VSD) (11.83%) and balloon valvoplasty (BVP) for pulmonary stenosis (11.63%). Neonatal interventions were minimum as the coronary care unit used as post cathward had limited facility for neonatal care. PDA stenting was performed in 0.81% cases and BAS in 0.91% cases. Many patients underwent more than one intervention at a time; most common was ASD device closure and pulmonary valvoplasty. Cardiac Catheterization studies were minimum in this series and most of the cath study cases were VSD or/with other combinations (4.48%). Among infants (254), PDA device closure was the commonest intervention (64.56%) followed balloon valvoplasty for PS (15.35%) and balloon dilation of Coarctation on aorta (7.87%). Among implants, most commonly used were 8/6 mm (14.59%) Amplatzer Duct occluder (ADO), 6/4 ADOII, MF-Konar (9.79%) device and most common balloon used for valve or vessel dilation was 10x3 mm Tyshak II (3.26%). Only one mortality was noticed in a case of double intervention of critical Aortic and pulmonary valve stenosis. Conclusion: Commonest and established interventions were performed in this study other than few life saving interventions in neonates and outcome was excellent. Skilled team of pediatric cardiologist and technician in catheterization laboratory can bring success at the end of the day in spite of challenges. Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.15 (1) 2019: 3-9

Background: Dengue fever is endemic in Bangladesh. Its incidence has been increasing and spreadingfrom urban Dhaka to rural areas. In 2019, over 100,000 cases reported with deaths over 250.Clinical profiles varied from classical signs and symptoms to alarming severity and complications,such as, Expanded Dengue Syndrome (EDS), Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) along with coinfectionsand comorbidities. No detail study on EDS & DSS carried out yet over 2019 outbreak. This reporthighlights the features, management and the outcome of EDS & DSS cases of 2018-19 admitted in aspecialized tertiary private hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methods: This cross sectional observational study was performed at Square Hospital, Dhaka,exclusively over 62 adult dengue patients with complications who fulfilled the admission criteria inICU and HDU and managed as per national guidelines and diagnosed by positive NS1 Ag, DengueRT PCR , Anti-dengue IgM, hematological and biochemical tests. Results: Of 343 cases, 62 (18.1%) patients had complications; 17 (27.4%) admitted in ICU and 45(72.6%) patients in HDU. Among 62 patients, 25 patients had EDS (40.3%) and 17 had DSS (27.4%).Of the EDS patients, majority were 40-50 years old with male predominance. Of 62 patients, 42 hadatypical presentations (67.74%), 25 (40.3%) had EDS and 17 (27.4%) had DSS, 16 (25.8%) had coinfection,45 (72.58%) had co-morbidities. Most patients presented with gastrointestinal symptoms(80%). Twenty one cases (84%) of EDS survive; 4 (16%), died after developing rhabdomyolysis, multiorgandysfunction and acute renal failure. Conclusion: Early diagnosis of complicated cases by clinical features, lab predictors and early fluidtherapy are the key to successful management with positive outcome. Death could be averted byrecognizing the stage of plasma leakage indicated by raised CRP, reduced serum Albumin, andultrasonography for detecting ascites, pleural effusion, mucosal thickening and edema of gall bladderand appropriate replacement of fluid loss and maintenance of nutrition. Bangladesh J Medicine July 2020; 31(2) :58-63

Background Eravacycline is a novel synthetic fluorocycline antibacterial approved for complicated intra-abdominal infections. Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the in vitro activities of eravacycline and comparator antibiotics against contemporary clinical isolates of Clostridioides difficile representing common ribotypes, including isolates with decreased susceptibility to metronidazole and vancomycin. Methods Clinical C. difficile strains from six common or emerging ribotypes were used to test the in vitro activities of eravacycline and comparator antibiotics (fidaxomicin, vancomycin and metronidazole) by broth microdilution. In addition, MBC experiments, time–kill kinetic studies and WGS experiments were performed. Results A total of 234 isolates were tested, including ribotypes RT001 (n = 37), RT002 (n = 41), RT014-020 (n = 39), RT027 (n = 42), RT106 (n = 38) and RT255 (n = 37). MIC50/90 values were lowest for eravacycline (≤0.0078/0.016 mg/L), followed by fidaxomicin (0.016/0.063 mg/L), metronidazole (0.25/1.0 mg/L) and vancomycin (2.0/4.0 mg/L). MBCs were lower for eravacycline compared with vancomycin for all ribotypes tested. Both vancomycin and eravacycline demonstrated bactericidal killing, including for epidemic RT027. The presence of the tetM or tetW resistance genes did not affect the MIC of eravacycline. Conclusions This study demonstrated potent in vitro activity of eravacycline against a large collection of clinical C. difficile strains that was not affected by ribotype, susceptibility to vancomycin or the presence of certain tet resistance genes. Further development of eravacycline as an antibiotic to be used in patients with Clostridioides difficile infection is warranted.

In this research paper, the method of printed complex image quality checking for fabric cloth has been proposed for the development of an automated, printed image, quality checking system. As described in this paper, this quality checking system was implemented using graph matching and the pixel calculation algorithms, and the reliability was analyzed using HALCON software. The analysis of image and defect detection of image was performed by partitioning the images. First, the image registration area was automatically selected according to the regional characteristics of the image pattern; subsequently, the system performed fast image registration, based on the shape discovered through a graph matching method. Finally, the pixel calculation method was used in the specific image registration area to detect defects of the printed image in order to identify and ensure quality of the subsequently printed complex pattern on the fabric cloth. In this research, the proposed method was carried out on the image pattern of a selected registration area. The image registration for defective detection quickly, effectively, and efficiently detected the faults. The minimum and maximum errors were found as 0.16% and 8.4%, respectively, occurring within a 10% control. Whenever the error exceeded 10%, it was regarded as a quality defect of printed fabric cloth product; conversely, when the error fell below 10%, the product was deemed a qualified product. The higher measurement accuracy by the proposed method meets the needs of actual production by providing a new method of printing defect detection for the textile and garment industry printing sectors.

The study was attempted to collect information on buffalo husbandry practices existing in household farming level along with farmers’ status and problems they faced with probable solutions in selected coastal regions of Bangladesh. Data were collected from eighty (80) randomly interviewed household farmers of two coastal districts (Bhola and Patuakhali) through questionnaire from 1st January to 30th June 2019. Buffalo rearing was practiced by male farmers (85%) in age group of 31-45 yrs (47.5%) having primary level education (51.25%) and belonged to small category of farmers (52.5%) whose main occupation is agriculture (76.25%). About 82.5% farmers used own capital while 96.25% farmers practiced buffalo rearing without any training. Majority (80%) of the farmers had small herd size (

Background: Endometriosis is a common gynaecological disorder which is found in about5% of women and in 30% of infertile women. Identification of risk factors and timely interventionis useful. Methods: A case control study was conducted in the Dept. of obs & gynae of BangabandhuSheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka, from October 2015 to March 2016 on50 infertile patients attending the Infertility unit of the institute with the objective to determinethe risk factors of endometriosis. Twenty five women with endometriosis was taken ascases (group-I) and twenty five women without endometriosis was taken as controls(group-II). Result: The mean age was 32.8±5.4 years in group I and 35.1±5.7 years in group II which issimilar. Urban residents were 3.21 times (with 95% CI 0.87-12.71%) more likely to developendometriosis than rural resident which was statistically significant (p0.05) . There was notstatistically significant difference (p>0.05) between two groups in OCP use (84%vs80%).Women with endometriosis had less physical activity than the women without endometriosis;the differences was statistically significant (p0.05) associated with endometriosis. Conclusion: Urban residence and all types of physical activities d”1 hour per day weresignificantly higher in infertile women with endometriosis. Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2018; Vol. 33(2) : 131-139

Introduction: Co-infection of parasitic disease and pulmonary tuberculosis are increasing public health problem especially in developing countries like Bangladesh. More than 81% of cases and deaths from TB are in developing countries and is aggravated by concurrency with parasitic diseases, where in Bangladesh suffer a substantial no of Kala-azar cases in each year. Cattle are found to have bovine tuberculosis but at the same areas of Kala-azar endemicity, whether this animal found to be positive. Objectives: To findout the concurrent infection in humans and animals in Kala-azar endemic areas of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at Surya Kanto Hospital, Mymensingh and four Kala-azar endemic Upazilla of Mymensingh, Tangail and Pabna District. A total of 300 highly suspected tuberculosis patients reported from Kala-azar endemic areas and 170 cattle’s blood sample, 110 cattle spleen samples were included in this study. Cattle blood and spleen samples were investigated for both TB and Kalaazar and all the TB cases were investigated for Kala-azar. Buffy coat from venous blood was taken for ELISA and PCR. Spleen samples were sonicated and then were examined by PCR. All patients’ blood was tested with ICT (rK39) for Visceral Leishmaniasis. ICT positive patient’s splenic aspiration was examined by smear microscopy with 10x 100 magnifications. After that, all these samples were tested by ELISA and PCR. Results: Out of total 300 patients 162(54%) were found positive for TB. Blood sample of 180 patients was tested with ICT rK39 and 12(7%) patients were found positive for leishmaniasis who suffered from Tuberculosis. These 12(7%) patient’s splenic smear were examined of which 11(92%) of them were found positive for leishmania. But using ELISA all 12(100%) patient smears were found positive. Out of 170 cattle blood 12(7.1%) were ICT positive indicating prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and of these 170 cattle blood 20(11.8%) were found positive for antileishmania antibody. With PCR of these 20, no one was found positive for Leishmania. Conclusion: Visceral leishmaniasis and tuberculosis coinfection have drawn attention clinically. This study found the presence of leishmaniasis and tuberculosis concurrently in humans in Kala-azar endemic areas, wherein bTB antibody was detected in cattle. Though concurrently leishmania antibody was found in cattle but was not proved by PCR which requires further studies. Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.14 (2) 2018: 91-96

Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is considered to be rare among individuals from Bangladesh. The objective of the study was to delineate the clinico-epidemiological characteristics of pediatric cystic fibrosis cases.Method: This observational study included pediatric patients (up to 14 years of age) with a clinical diagnosis of CF. Data were collected within the period from February 2021 and October 2021. Written informed consent was obtained from the accompanying parent. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics were analyzed on the basis of demographic data, medical history, laboratory tests, and outcome information. Data analysis was done with SPSS 26.Result: A total of 50 patients (66% male) with a mean age of 39.7 ±30.75 (SD) months were included. Twenty-eight patients (57.14%) had siblings with CF, and 41.67% of parents had a history of consanguineous marriage. The majority of them were stunted (86%) and underweight (86%), and half of them had wasting (54%). Median disease duration was 12 months (range: 2 – 72). Cough (100%) and purulent sputum (100%) were the predominant respiratory symptoms, while failure to thrive (98%) and bulky offensive stools (86%) were prime gastrointestinal symptoms. Among the signs, malnutrition (94%), short stature (72%), digital clubbing (64%), and bronchiectasis (40%) were most frequent. Pulmonary hypertension (48%, n=24) was the most common comorbidity identified in the study participants. In hospital, mortality was 16% (n=8). Digital clubbing, bronchiectasis, pancreatic insufficiency, and abnormal liver function tests were significantly higher in the patient who died.Conclusion: Children with cystic fibrosis most commonly present with undernutrition and respiratory symptoms. Failure to thrive was almost a global phenomenon. Pulmonary hypertension was the most common complication found in echocardiography.

Despite high fatality following paraquat ingestion, a few percentages of patients survive even after organ damage appears. We need to focus more on careful clinical and laboratory monitoring. Early diagnosis and Supportive therapy are crucial.

Introduction: Nutritional management becomes crucial for the infants of cholestatic jaundice as they suffer from impaired digestion and absorption of fatty acid and fat soluble vitamins. Thus evaluation of nutritional status was done to identify undergoing malnutrition. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional, prospective study done in the indoor patients department of paediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, BSMMU; since April 2016 to September 2016 (6 months). Purposive sampling was done from the infants (2 weeks to 12 months age) with cholestatic jaundice or having neonatal jaundice persisting more than 2 weeks. Linear regression analysis was done for correlation between different anthropometric variables. Results: Total 47 patients were enrolled in this study although 93 patients were admitted with cholestatic jaundice in that time period in the department. Most of them were found biliary atresia (61.70%) Idiopathic Neonatal Hepatitis (31.91%). Among anthropometric indices, Weight for length Z(WLZ) Score mean was -1.6 (±1.6), Triceps skin fold thickness (TST) mean 5.48 (±2.75) mm, and Subscapular skin fold thickness(SST) mean was 4.13 (±2.39)mm. Linear regression analysis of each variables done with other and found positive correlation between TST with WLZ Score and SST with WLZ score and found highly significant (p=0.008 in ANOVA) and (p=0.011 in ANOVA) respectively. Conclusion: Cholestatic babies were found mild to moderately malnourished in our study. Skin fold thickness was found to be an important early clinical marker for diagnosis of malnutrition which was found positively correlated with the standard procedure of anthropometry in our study. Medicine Today 2020 Vol.32(1): 10-14

The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) allows the Cyber-Physical System (CPS) components to communicate with other devices, and to interact with safety-critical systems, posing new research challenges in security, privacy, and reliability. Efficient power measurement in smart IoT devices has become one of the key research topics. In this paper, we design and develop a CPS to detect IoT security threats via behavioral power profiling of a heterogeneous wireless sensor device using a Raspberry Pi and a smartphone. Experimentation and verification have been conducted on a group of smart IoT devices with different test scenarios, including the device in an idle and active state with distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) and a man-in-the-middle (MitM) attack. We propose to use the device power consumption rate to predict and detect a security threat using statistical signal processing and multivariate regression model. The proposed system can detect a potential security threat with an average accuracy of 80% and a device high of 89%.

Considering the geographical location and one of the very densely populated countries in the world, Bangladesh is very vulnerable to climate change and its adaptability. This paper has been designed with an attempt to inform the policy maker of Bangladesh regarding the potentiality of MSW as a renewable source of energy in Bangladesh. It deals with modern waste collection, management and incineration practices based on densely populated cities or towns like Bogura Municipality and Chattogram City Corporation. Waste to Energy (WtE) conversions not only reduce the land pressure problem in urban areas, but also generate electricity and heat to supply to the surrounding urban areas. The increase in generation of methane (CH4) from municipal solid wastes (MSW) alarms the world to take suitable initiative for the sustainable management of MSW, as it is stronger than carbon dioxide (CO2). By burning one mole of CH4, 890 kJ·mol-1 heat is produced which is a major source of energy. This treatment technology is used in destruction of solid waste by controlled burning at high temperatures. With the release of heat, it can be accompanied and this heat from combustion can be converted into energy. This type of incineration is a high-quality treatment for Municipal or City Corporation solid waste like Bangladesh where were over crowded cities, towns and it can reduce the quantity and volume of a large amount of waste to landfill, which can recover energy and dispose in the compact zone. The results also examined that the total amount of solid waste produced in Bogura municipality is lower than that of Chattogram City Corporation. The percentage compositions of waste patterns are shown in both the Cities. The paper discusses these problems, analyses and finally, a recommendation has been proposed in order to understand the industrial situation enhanced.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder with diverse reproductive and metabolic features. It is caused by insulin resistance that is exacerbated by obesity. Lifestyle modification is the first line treatment in PCOS, but it is associated with low adherence and sustainability. In small studies, metformin improves outcomes such as menstrual cycle problem, reduces the features of hyperandrogenism (hirsutism) and metabolic parameters (lipid profile). This study aimed to compare clinical and biochemical outcome of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome managed with life style modification or combination with metformin. Methods: This prospective interventional study was carried out at Endocrine OPD, BIRDEM, from November 2016 to March 2018. Newly detected cases of PCOS were taken as study sample. Sampling technique was purposive and then randomly selected into two groups; Group A (n=40) with lifestyle modification and Group B (n=40) with lifestyle modification plus metformin (500mg TDS). The clinical [weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, menstrual problem, hirsutism) and biochemical [serum testosterone, LH, FSH, fasting lipid profile] outcome of intervention with lifestyle modification and combination with metformin was studied. Results: Baseline characteristics of both groups had no significant difference. After 12 months, there was significant improvement in hirsutism, menstrual problem and significant decrease in weight, BMI, waist circumference in both groups. Among hormonal profile there was significant reduction of testosterone in Group B (p=0.01), whereas LH, FSH and LH: FSH ratio showed no significant difference. There was significant improvement of HDL (in both groups) and reduction of triglyceride (TG) (p=0.005, in group B). Outcome differences between two groups had shown significant improvement in weight, BMI, testosterone, HDL, TG level and on menstrual regulation. But there was no significant difference in waist and Ferriman-Gallwayscore in between groups. Conclusion: lifestyle management is the first and most important step in the management of PCOS and addition of metformin to lifestyle modification appears to provide additional advantages. These results suggest the combination of lifestyle with metformin has a role to play in weight management: a key concern for women with PCOS. Addition of metformin also causes reduction of TG and testosterone, which is vital for PCOS management and found in this study. Birdem Med J 2020; 10(1): 26-33

Background. We have previously shown that the deficiency of the gut enzyme intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in humans, and mice deficient in IAP develop the metabolic syndrome, a precipitant of T2DM and ischemic heart disease (IHD). We hypothesized that IAP deficiency might also be associated with IHD in humans. We aimed to determine the correlation between the IAP level and IHD in humans. Methods and Results. The IHD patients were recruited from the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Dhaka, Bangladesh, and the control healthy participants were recruited from a suburban community of Dhaka. We determined the IAP level in the stools of 292 IHD patients (187 males, 105 females) and 331 healthy control people (84 males, 247 females). We found that compared to controls, IHD patients have approx. 30% less IAP (mean±SEM: 63.7±3.5 vs. 44.9±2.1 U/g stool, respectively; p<0.000001), which indicates that IAP deficiency is associated with IHD, and a high level of IAP is probably protective against IHD in humans. The adjusted generalized linear model (GLM) of regression analysis predicted a strong association of IAP with IHD (p=0.0035). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed an independent inverse relationship between the IAP level and the IHD status (odds ratio, OR=0.993 with 95% CI 0.987-0.998; p<0.01). Conclusions. IAP deficiency is associated with IHD, and a high level of IAP might be protective against IHD.

Objective: To determine the complications of the patients undergoing total thyroidectomy. Method: A prospective study was held at Department of Endocrine Surgery in BSMMU from January 2006 to December 2006 Method: Fifty patients with multinodular goiter and carcinoma thyroid of both sexes were selected from admitted patient of endocrine surgery department. All patients were evaluated preoperatively and total thyroidectomy was done and post operative was followed up. Out of 50 patients 35 patients were female and 15 patients male, male - female ratio 1 :2.3. 40 patients were carcinoma thyroid, 10 patients were multinodular goiter. The overall incidence of postoperative complication in this series was 4. out of 50 patients 1 patient developed haematoma. 1 patient developed wound infection and 1 patient developed transient tetany on 2nd postoperative day which was improved later on. 1 patient developed a thyroid nodule 6th month after total thyroidectomy for carcinoma thyroid. In long term from total thyroidectomy 40 patients were followed up, 10 patients did not attend an subsequent follow up. Out of 40 patients 36 patients were out of complication. Conclusion: The results are comparable with the current published data and demonstrate that total thyroidectomy can performed with minimum complication rate. Journal of Surgical Sciences (2013) Vol. 17 (1) : 25-29

The project Criminal Record Management System in the perspective of Somalia is a Criminal record management system that uses to record crime activities of criminals. It can be used to report criminal activities. This project is mainly useful for law and enforcement agencies in Somalia. The law and enforcement authority can preserve records of the criminals and search for any criminal using the system. This is an online web application with a database system in which police will keep the record of criminals who have been arrested. We have used HTML, JavaScript, CSS, PHP, MySql and Bootstrap to develop this system. We have also used binary search algorithm to find a criminal from the database. The project's interface is very user-friendly and helpful for authority.

Introduction: Climate includes rainfall, temperature; humidity has shown significant influences on Leishmaniasis and development of sand flies. Kala-azar- a climate-sensitive disease, a public health problem and historically endemic in Bangladesh, nurtured in temperatures ranging from 7 to 37°C, with relative humidity above 70%. Longevity and survival of vector of Kala-azar has been geographically controlled by the climate which is hard to manoeuver. Objective:To observe the relationship of climate and its effects on the development of sand flies and Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in the endemic areas in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at the endemic areas of, Bangladesh during the period of 2014-2017. Information on climate like rainfall, humidity and temperature were collected from local respective Upazilla Live Stock Office and Bangladesh Meteorological Department, Agargaon, Dhaka. Month wise data of Kala-azar cases were collected from Directorate General of Health Services. Results: Temperature, Rainfall and Humidity are important for survivability and activity of sandfly as well asleishmaniasis. Mean temp at the study areas was found at around 20℃ in the month of Jan, Feb and Nov, Dec. Round the year the Maximum and Minimum temp was maintained at neither to high nor to low (between 7 to 36.5℃). Annual average humidity of these study area was found over 70%. In the study areas maximum rainfall 300to 500 mm was from May to Sep where peak was in Jun to Sep. Annual average rainfall was recorded 1434 to 1584 mm at Pabna and 2084 to 2182 mm at Mymensingh. Study findings correlated that rainfall may or may not have effects with sand fly and leishmaniasis. This study depicted distinct peaks of Leishmaniasis seen in pre monsoon Feb, monsoon Sep and post monsoon Nov period which dictated the plethora of sand fly from Jun to Oct and also from Jan to Feb. Conclusion: Manoeuvring the climate is difficult and it does not change each year, it will play its own role. We can manoeuver the harbour and the vector of leishmaniasis.Within this climatic condition National Kala-azar Elimination Programme has been fighting since 2008 but Kala-azar has not come to Zero. Further resurgence can it be outweigh? Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.14(1) 2018: 10-14

Introduction Epidemiological research on the prevalence of asthma and helminthic infections in various countries has led to the hypothesis that helminthic infections protect against asthma by suppressing the host's immune response. This study was conducted to elucidate whether decreased Ascaris infection following a national deworming program was associated with increased recurrent wheezing among rural Bangladeshi children and to test their anti‐inflammatory immunity. Methods This nested case‐control study was conducted from December 2015 to October 2016 in the rural service area of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. Of the 1800 5–year old children randomly selected for the study, informed consent was obtained from the guardians of 1658 children. Data were collected using a semistructured questionnaire adopted from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood and blood samples for the analysis of regulatory T (Treg) cell immune responses and the balance between Th1 and Th2 immunity in Ascaris infections. Results A total of 145 children were found to have wheezing, yielding a prevalence rate of 8.7%, which was significantly lower than the rate found in 2001 (16.2%, P

Background Infancy is a crucial period for establishing the intestinal microbiome. This process may be influenced by vitamin A (VA) status because VA affects intestinal immunity and epithelial integrity, factors that can, in turn, modulate microbiome development. Objectives The aim of this study was to determine if neonatal VA supplementation (VAS) affected the abundance of Bifidobacterium, a beneficial commensal, or of Proteobacteria, a phylum containing enteric pathogens, in early (6-15 wk) or late (2 y) infancy. Secondary objectives were to determine if VAS affected the abundance of other bacterial taxa, and to determine if VA status assessed by measuring plasma retinol was associated with bacterial abundance. Methods Three hundred and six Bangladeshi infants were randomized by sex and birthweight status (above/below median) to receive 1 VA dose (50,000 IU) or placebo within 48 h of birth. Relative abundance at the genus level and above was assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A terminal restriction fragment-length polymorphism assay was used to identify Bifidobacterium species and subspecies at 6 wk. Results Linear regression showed that Bifidobacterium abundance in early infancy was lower in boys (median, 1st/3rd quartiles; 0.67, 0.52/0.78) than girls (0.73, 0.60/0.80; P = 0.003) but that boys receiving VAS (0.69, 0.55/0.78) had higher abundance than boys receiving placebo (0.65, 0.44/0.77; P = 0.039). However this difference was not seen in girls (VAS 0.71, 0.54/0.80; placebo 0.75, 0.63/0.81; P = 0.25). VAS did not affect Proteobacteria abundance. Sex-specific associations were also seen for VA status, including positive associations of plasma retinol with Actinobacteria (the phylum containing Bifidobacterium) and Akkermansia, another commensal with possible health benefits, for girls in late infancy. Conclusions Better VA status in infancy may influence health both in infancy and later in life by promoting the establishment of a healthy microbiota. This postulated effect of VA may differ between boys and girls. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02027610.

Background: The resistance pattern of uropathogens is increasing very rapidly because of the unsorted, insufficient, and incoherent usage of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pandrug-resistant (PDR) uropathogens which were isolated from the urinary tract infection (UTI) cases in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 21167 urine samples were collected from January 2016 to December 2018, followed by using conventional methods, as well as Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for urine culture and susceptibility, respectively. Finally, SPSS software was utilized to analyze the obtained data. Results: From among 21167 urine samples, 2469 (11.66%) cases were bacteriologically positive. In UTI cases, males proportion were higher compared to females (in ≤ 10 and > 60 to ≤90 years age groups) and females in the age groups between 10 and 60 and >90 years suffered more than males (P

Objectives: To determine the frequency of thyroid malignancy in clinically or zoographically multinodular goiter in patients undergoing thyroidectomy in Cumilla Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out at the department of Otolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery of Cumilla Medical College Hospital during the period from January 2016 to January 2019. This study includes all patients admitted and undergoing surgery with multinodular goiter. Results: Out of 146 patients 118 patients were female and 28 patients were male with female male ratio is 4.2:1. Out of 146 patients 13 patients were found histologically thyroid malignancy. Among them 8 patients were male and 5 patients were female. Papillary carcinoma was found in all cases.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major public health problems. Sputum microscopy even today is considered as most important laboratory diagnosis of TB though its negative result does not exclude tuberculosis. Objective: To evaluate the smear negative suspected TB patients by GeneXpart. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Surya Kanto Hospital, Mymensingh from September 2014 to September 2016. Total 300 suspected TB patients were selected and sputum microscopy was performed then re-evaluation of the smear negative cases was carried out by GeneXpert. Results: The mean age of the patients was 38.87 ± 13.78 years with a male to female ratio 2.1: 1 and 86% was in economically productive age of life. About 13.1% smear negative suspects were diagnosed as TB positive by GeneXpert. Conclusion: GeneXpert played effective role to re-evaluate the smear negative TB cases. So, GeneXpert may be recommended routinely for TB detection. Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.13(2) 2017: 3-6

The advent of the Internet envisions a cashless society by enabling financial transactions through digital payments. Significantly, the emergence of coronavirus (COVID-19) disrupted our traditional cash handling means and triggered an inflection point for switching towards contactless digital payments from physical cash payments. Furthermore, Internet of Things (IoT) technology escalates digital payments to the next level by enabling devices to render goods and services without requiring any human interaction. This research proposed an IoT-enabled cashless vending machine that incorporates both cloud computing and payment gateway for ordering and purchasing items through digital payment systems by using a mobile application. The system enables a pre-installed mobile application to scan the Quick Response (QR) code attached to the body of a vending machine, opens the portal of a web-based virtual machine through the code, allows user to choose and order items from the virtual vending, initiates and authorizes a digital payment through an IoT gateway installed inside the physical vending machine by establishing a connection between user's and vendor's financial entities, and finally, dispenses the ordered items by unlocking the shelves of the vending machine after the successful payment transaction. It operates in the Arduino platform with an ATmega 2560 Microcontroller and Esp8266 Wi-fi module as hardware components, mobile application software, and payment gateway API. The system performed an average response time of 14500 milliseconds to pick a product after running 150 consecutive API test calls. This result shows a satisfying time for enhancing customers' buying experiences with digital payment systems and a customizable and cost-effective IoT-based intelligent vending machine to introduce for mass production.

BACKGROUND: Although Clostridioides difficile surveillance often identifies emerging strains, clinical outcome evaluations are rarely performed. Ribotype (RT) 106 is a commonly isolated C. difficile strain worldwide; however, studies investigating RT 106 clinical outcomes are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate clinical outcomes of RT 106 infections compared with two other endemic strains of varying virulence. METHODS: This multicenter study evaluated adults hospitalized with C. difficile infection (CDI). C. difficile samples underwent PCR ribotyping and patients infected with RT 106 were compared to patients infected with a known hypervirulent strain (RT 027) and a strain associated with less virulence (RT 014-020). Electronic medical records were reviewed by blinded investigators to assess the primary outcome of poor clinical outcome (composite of initial clinical failure, discharge to a higher level of care, 90-day CDI recurrence, and CDI-contributable mortality). RESULTS: A total of 396 patients with CDI were identified (RT 106, 32.3%; RT 027, 29.3%; RT 014-020, 38.3%). Patients infected with RT 014-020 less often experienced a poor clinical outcome (40%) compared with RT 106 (56%) and RT 027 (65%) infection (P

The security issue has become one of the alarming problems in society. Many researchers are working relentlessly to make solutions which can solve the various security problem of the community. Vehicles are ubiquitous in everyone's life. Nowadays, stealing vehicles is one of the ordinary incidents in everyday life. So we need elements which can ensure the safety of the vehicles. In our research, we worked to make a complete model using an Arduino, GSM & GPS to solve the security problem of the vehicles. The vehicle owner can control the vehicle's engine by sending a command through the SMS system. If the owner can realize that he/she is not started the vehicle, then the owner can be sent back the SMS to stop the vehicle and check the vehicle's location, and the device provides the latitude-longitude value of the vehicle.