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The concepts of purity and contamination preoccupied early modern Europeans fundamentally, structuring virtually every aspect of their lives, not least how they created and experienced works of art and the built environment. In an era that saw a great number of objects and people in motion, the meteoric rise of new artistic and building technologies, and religious upheaval exert new pressures on art and its institutions, anxieties about the pure and the contaminated – distinctions between the clean and unclean, sameness and difference, self and other, organization and its absence – took on heightened importance. In this series of geographically and methodologically wide-ranging essays, thirteen leading historians of art and architecture grapple with the complex ways that early modern actors negotiated these concerns, covering topics as diverse as Michelangelo’s unfinished sculptures, Venetian plague hospitals, Spanish-Muslim tapestries, and emergency currency. The resulting volume offers surprising new insights into the period and into the modern disciplinary routines of art and architectural history.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:08:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T15:24:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1806-83242021000100211.pdf: 252135 bytes, checksum: 856bb03043f0a7b1537d8ca2ecf1a8f8 (MD5) Data on dental practices related to caries risk assessment (CRA) are scarce among Brazilian dentists. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of CRA use by dentists and factors associated with its use, as well as to quantify dentists’ ratings of the importance of specific factors when treatment planning. Dentists registered at the Regional Council of Dentistry of Sao Paulo State - Araraquara region were sent two paper questionnaires that comprised: a) characteristics of dentists themselves, their practices, and their patients; and b) the translated version of the “Assessment of Caries Diagnosis and Caries Treatment” Questionnaire from the U.S. National Dental Practice-Based Research Network. Participants were 206 dentists who currently practiced in Araraquara and treated dental caries. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analyses were used for data analysis. Thirty-six percent of the dentists reported they perform CRA and, among them, 36% indicated they record the assessment on a special form that is kept in the patient chart. More years since dental school graduation (OR = 1.1, p = 0.002) and holding an advanced academic degree (OR=2.6, p=0.005) were associated with a higher likelihood of performing CRA, whereas exclusively using a private practice model (OR = 0.5, p = 0.016) was associated with a lower likelihood of performing CRA. The current oral hygiene and commitment to return for follow-up were the most important risk factors for treatment planning. In conclusion, CRA was not a routine procedure in daily practice among the majority of participating dentists. Specific demographic, practice and academic education characteristics were associated with performing CRA. Universidade Estadual Paulista – Unesp School of Dentistry Department of Community Dentistry University of Florida – UF College of Dentistry Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry Department of Clinical & Community Sciences University of Florida – UF College of Dentistry Department of Restorative Dental Sciences Universidade Estadual Paulista – Unesp School of Dentistry Department of Community Dentistry

Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is common in persons who inject drugs (PWID). Objective To evaluate elbasvir-grazoprevir in treating HCV infection in PWID. Design Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02105688). Setting Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Patients 301 treatment-naive patients with chronic HCV genotype 1, 4, or 6 infection who were at least 80% adherent to visits for opioid agonist therapy (OAT). Intervention The immediate-treatment group (ITG) received elbasvir-grazoprevir for 12 weeks; the deferred-treatment group (DTG) received placebo for 12 weeks, no treatment for 4 weeks, then open-label elbasvir-grazoprevir for 12 weeks. Measurements The primary outcome was sustained virologic response at 12 weeks (SVR12), evaluated separately in the ITG and DTG. Other outcomes included SVR24, viral recurrence or reinfection, and adverse events. Results The SVR12 was 91.5% (95% CI, 86.8% to 95.0%) in the ITG and 89.5% (95% CI, 81.5% to 94.8%) in the active phase of the DTG. Drug use at baseline and during treatment did not affect SVR12 or adherence to HCV therapy. Among 18 patients with posttreatment viral recurrence through 24-week follow-up, 6 had probable reinfection. If the probable reinfections were assumed to be responses, SVR12 was 94.0% (CI, 89.8% to 96.9%) in the ITG. One patient in the ITG (1 of 201) and 1 in the placebo-phase DTG (1 of 100) discontinued treatment because of an adverse event. Limitation These findings may not be generalizable to PWID who are not receiving OAT, nor do they apply to persons with genotype 3 infection, a common strain in PWID. Conclusion Patients with HCV infection who were receiving OAT and treated with elbasvir-grazoprevir had high rates of SVR12, regardless of ongoing drug use. These results support the removal of drug use as a barrier to interferon-free HCV treatment for patients receiving OAT. Primary funding source Merck & Co.

In this introduction to a Common Knowledge special issue on the Warburg Institute, the authors argue that the Institute remains today — as it has been, in different forms, for almost a century — one of Europe's central institutions for the study of cultural history. At once a rich and uniquely organized library, a center for doctoral and postdoctoral research, and a teaching faculty, the Institute was first envisioned by Aby Warburg, a pioneering historian of art and culture from a wealthy Jewish family in Hamburg. Warburg rejected the traditional view that the classical tradition was a simple, purely rational Greek creation, inherited by modern Europe. He argued that it was as much Mesopotamian as Greek in origin, as at home in the Islamic as in the European world, and as often irrational as rational in its content — and on the basis of this rich vision he devised brilliant new interpretations of medieval and Renaissance symbols and ideas. Warburg's chosen associate Fritz Saxl put his creation on a firm institutional base, first in Hamburg and then, after a narrow escape from the Nazi regime, in London. For all the changes the Institute has undergone over the decades since then, it continues to ask the questions that Warburg was the first to raise and to build on the methods that he created.

In India train is the preferred mode of transport most widely used by all class of people. The present system needs much advancement in railway communication system in the area of journey reservation, catering, safety and rescue operations. It is pertinent to bring out here the present expectation of passenger should be of interactive mode and user friendly. This paper technically brings out a visible solution for modernising the railway system. By listing the priorities it is seen that there is a need for display of seat layout for passenger selection during reservation. The present static reservation chart displayed on the train lacks updated information for the usage of enroute passengers. Also there is no facility for finding out details such as actual arrival and departure timing for onboard passengers, catering arrangements and rescue operations for intimation and immediate action. For obtaining technical solution this paper proposes to take the help of modern technologies such as GPS, touch screens, GSM and other advanced communication system. Alarm, trip system and interlock can be provided in the hardware for meeting exigency.

We describe the preparation and properties of the recently reported InP/CdS single‐crystal solar cells having a solar power conversion efficiency of 12.5%. We also describe a process for increasing the efficiency of these and inadvertently inferior cells to 14%. The ultimate efficiency achievable with InP/CdS using state‐of‐the‐art liquid‐encapsulated Czochralski p‐type InP substrates is calculated to be 17.2% for AM2 conditions and 14.0% for AM0 conditions.

Heterojunctions of n-type CdSnP2 on p-type InP substrates are prepared by LPE from Sn-solutions. The significance of the tipping arrangement, of the initial solution composition and of the temperature program for preparing LPE layers of high quality is discussed. Heterodiodes cleaved from such LPE wafers electroluminesce under forward bias between 1 µm and 1.8 %m with internal quantum efficiencies approaching 1.8% at room temperature. When used as photovoltaic detectors, the quantum efficiency of these diodes surpasses that of Si for λ > 1.09 µ, and exceeds 1% for all wave-lengths between 0.96 and 1.3 µ.

CdS/InP heterojunctions are grown by chemical vapor deposition of CdS on InP in an open‐tube H2S/H2 flow system. The importance of H2S admixture for the etching and cleaning of the InP surface is demonstrated. The solar cell has an open‐circuit voltage of 0.78 V, fill factor of 0.75, and a power conversion efficiency of 13.5% for AM2 conditions.

The p-InP/n-CdS heterodiode has reached Air Mass 2 solar conversion efficiencies of 15.0% in single crystal and 5.7% in polycrystalline thin film form. After a brief description of the physical principles of this solar cell we give an account of its preparation and characterization. Key results are included on photocurrent, photovoltage, quantum efficiency, as well as on stability and operation at high temperature.

We report the fabrication and electrochromic behavior of iridium oxide film electrodes, including a specific display electrode design compatible with the high peak ion-insertion current densities accepted by this material and necessary for the shortest possible response time. The configuration of a complete two-terminal display cell, in which the high capacity counter electrode behaves as a pseudo-reference electrode, is presented. Cell performance, including the use of IR compensated constant-voltage address when response time is limited by impedances external to the iridium oxide itself, is reported.

CdS/InP and CdS/GaAs heterojunctions were prepared by an in situ H2S/H2 etching process and H2 transport of CdS onto the InP and GaAs substrates. The etching involves a reaction of the III‐V compound surface to the corresponding sesquisulfides and simultaneous or subsequent removal by reduction in H2 gas. The etching process changes the junction characteristics considerably. The junction on p‐GaAs shows a pinning of the Fermi level at the interface approximately 0.75 eV above the GaAs valence band. The junction on n‐GaAs is Ohmic.

We have studied the electrical properties and luminescence spectra of melt-grown CuInSe2 single crystals and the doping of the crystals with intrinsic defects and extrinsic impurities. The preparation and the properties of p-n junctions are also discussed. We find that the low temperature photoluminescence spectra of crystals as-grown or annealed between 400 and 700 C are characteristic of the conductivity type. At 77 K, p-type crystals emit in a band peaked at 1.00 eV (type A spectrum) whereas the emission of n-type crystals peaks at 0.93 eV (type B spectrum). Type A and type B spectra can be interchanged by alternate anneals in minimum or maximum Se pressure. Type B emission dominates the electroluminescence spectrum of p-n junctions. These features are explained by the appearing and disappearing of a donor level as a consequence of annealing in vacuum or in Se atmosphere. We find that Zn and Cd act as donors. Crystals doped with these impurities have electron concentrations above 1018 cm−3. Zn-dopped samples exhibit a very broad recombination band below the bandgap in photoluminescence both at 77 and 300 K.

We report deposition parameters for improved electrochromic behavior of reactively sputtered iridium oxide films (SIROF's). When operated in electrolyte, SIROF's deposited under these conditions may be bleached to a state exhibiting, to within experimental error (

We report single crystal InP-CdS solar cells having AM2 efficiencies of 15 percent and polycrystalline thin-film cells having AM2 efficiencies of 5.7 percent. Basic studies of the interface reveal that the thin-film efficiency is presently limited at least in part by the quality of the InP within the grains, and not exclusively by interface phenomena intrinsic to a polycrystalline cell. Preliminary accelerated life tests indicate a remarkable insensitivity of these unencapsulated cells to the ambient.

The photoluminescence spectra of CuGaS2 crystals doped with Cd or Zn vary continuously from a green emission (0.51 μ) to an orange emission (∼ 0.59 μ) depending upon the concentrations of Cd and Zn. The room‐temperature internal quantum efficiency is reproducibly 0.2%. The electroluminescent efficiencies of CuGaS2: CdS heterojunction LEDs fabricated by using these substrates are not appreciably higher than the best efficiencies reported earlier.

We report the observation of laser emission in optically excited CdSn${\mathrm{P}}_{2}$:Ag at a threshold of \ensuremath{\sim}50 ${\mathrm{k}\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ at 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. From a study of the magnetic-field-induced shift in wavelength of the spontaneous and stimulated emission, the recombination mechanism is identified as band to band in a regime where electron-hybrid-plasmon (plasmaron) coupling is dominant. This is the first observation of plasmaron coupling in semiconductor laser action, and the first unambiguous experimental evidence for plasmaron coupling in semiconductors.

Phase relationships in the CdP 2 -Sn system have been determined. CdSnP 2 forms peritectically at approximately 570°C and crystals of this semiconductor can be grown successfully from tin solutions containing CdP 2 concentrations of less than 10 mole percent. Some electrical and optical results on Ag and Cu doped crystals are presented.

A new solid‐state electrochromic cell has been fabricated using an anodic iridium oxide film (AIROF) display electrode. The cell has the symmetric sandwich structure AIROF‖Nafion‖AIROF, with the Nafion solid electrolyte opacified by an in situ precipitation technique. A symmetric square‐wave voltage of 1.5 V amplitude produces clearly perceivable color changes from pale to dark blue‐gray in ≈1 sec when viewed in diffuse reflection. Good open‐circuit optical memory is exhibited: (typical loss in attenuation of 8%/day).

We report the preparation of a polycrystalline thin‐film InP/CdS solar cell of area 0.52 mm2 having a power conversion efficiency of 2.8% under AM1 conditions. Based on the current‐voltage characteristics, we estimate that development of an improved contact to the p‐type InP would result in substantially higher efficiencies without any further improvement in the InP/CdS interface.

We describe a simple technique for measuring absolute solar‐cell efficiencies. Widespread adoption of this technique would permit meaningful comparisons of the various approaches to terrestrial photovoltaics.

The optical recording characteristics of TeNx films are described. Te‐nitride formation has been achieved by reactive sputtering. The optical writing properties vary drastically with increasing nitrogen incorporation. Films with moderate nitrogen content maintain good hole and rim forming properties while enhancing the sensitivity of the medium. These layers show a considerable resistance against rapid environmental stress.

We report the observation of efficient room‐temperature electroluminescence from InP p‐n junctions at wavelengths near the 1.05‐μ window of low‐loss glass fibers. External efficiencies of 1% and peak wavelengths variable between 0.98 and 1.10 μ have been obtained.

Optical writing on sputtered iridium oxide films is reported. Optical changes on a 1‐μm scale have been observed with a low‐power helium neon laser. The basic writing mechanism is thermally induced dehydration at temperatures well below the melting point.

We describe the electrical and optical performance of a prototype seven‐segment iridium oxide electrochromic display. The response time is ∼0.4 s for a 2.5‐cm digit and varies as the square of the digit dimensions. It is shown that driver electronics can be implemented very simply for electrochromics.

Heterodiodes have been prepared by liquid‐phase epitaxy of n‐type CdSnP2 from Sn solution onto p‐type InP. Electroluminescence is observed near 1.4 μ with internal quantum efficiencies of 10% at 77°K and 1% at room temperature. The photovoltaic response of typical diodes shows moderate quantum efficiencies (4–12%) in the near infrared (1.2–1.0 μ).

The spectral dependence of the photoluminescence and the time decay of the cathodoluminescence are reported for CdSnP2 single crystals for 1.7

Heterodiodes have been prepared by vapor‐deposition expitaxy of n‐type CdS on p‐type CuGaS2. Typical diodes emit green light under forward bias with external quantum efficiencies of 0.1% at 77 °K and 0.001% at room temperature. The radiative recombination results from electron injection into the CuGaS2.

The optical writing characteristics of sputtered tellurium films are presented. We compare thin films sputtered in argon to those sputtered in an argon-hydrogen mixture. Preliminary stress tests are described.

We report single crystal InP-CdS solar cells having AM2 efficiencies of 15 percent and polycrystalline thin-film cells having AM2 efficiencies of 5.7 percent. Basic studies of the interface reveal that the thin-film efficiency is presently limited at least in part by the quality of the InP within the grains, and not exclusively by interface phenomena intrinsic to a polycrystalline cell.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

We report an n‐CdS photoanode grown on an n‐GaAs substrate. The photovoltage at the n‐GaAs/n‐CdS junction in series with the CdS/electrolyte junction increases the solar‐cell efficiency by a factor of about 1.5 relative to a simple n‐CdS photoelectrochemical solar cell.

We have prepared p−InP/n−CdS heterodiode photovoltaic detectors with a uniform quantum efficiency of ∼70% for wavelengths between 550 and 910 nm. On a cloudy day in New Jersey, (53 mW/cm2) solar power conversion efficiencies of 12.5% have been measured on cells provided with antireflection coatings.

p‐InP/n‐CdS heterodiodes electroluminesce under forward bias. In diodes prepared by in vacuo growth of CdS layers on InP substrates, the spectrum is determined by recombination through deep interface states. Anneals at 500–600 °C shift the emission to energies close to the band gap of InP.

We report CuInSe2/CdS p‐n heterojunction photovoltaic detectors which display uniform quantum efficiencies of up to ∼70% between 0.55 and 1.25 μ. Response times as short as 5 nsec have been observed. A weak electroluminescence (0.01% external quantum efficiency) peaking near 1.4 μ has also been observed at room temperature.

m HIS essay is an effort by William Faulkner's physician and his I biographer to reexamine the last days of his life in the context of his attitudes toward death as a man and an artist. It was prompted by conversations last year in an attempt to reexamine and reinterpret available data. Faulkner appears to have had an unusual awareness of death from childhood onwards. In the strongly autobiographical story, "Sepulture South: Gaslight," he described his four-year-old protagonist's reaction to the knowledge that the hearse he had seen contained a body. It is a terrifying vision of premature burial, the victim 'tricked into that helpless coma for some dreadful and inscrutable joke until the dirt was packed down, to strain and thrash and cry in the airless dark, to no escape forever. So that night I had something very like hysterics, clinging to Sarah's legs and panting: 'I won't die! I won't! Never!' "' Death constituted an almost constant motif in his writing as a young, little-known poet and as a mature artist in fiction. One thinks of early poems such as "A Dead Dancer," or "Moon of Death," or "Mississippi Hills: My Epitaph," written before he was out of his twenties. At about the same time, Carvel Collins tells us, he wrote a friend that for a year he had "felt a powerful presentiment" that he would die before he was thirty.2 In the same essay Professor Collins says of another early work, Mayday, that its main