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Patients undergoing standard highly-active antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus may suffer from severe facial lipotrophy, also known as facial wasting. Facial wasting can impose a devastating psychosocial burden to the affected patients. Injectable filler materials are currently used worldwide for soft-tissue augmentation in various parts of the body. Injectable filler materials can be absorbable, semipermanent, or permanent. Permanent injectable filler materials have been used to augment facial soft-tissue defects, to treat rhytids, or to treat patients affected by facial lipoatrophy secondary to human immunodeficiency virus–associated antiretroviral therapy.

The use of medication to relieve pain and inflammation after removal of third molars has been explored thoroughly in the literature. Narcotic analgesics, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and combinations of these all have a role in the postoperative management of pain and swelling within this group of patients. This article addresses the use of NSAIDs and corticosteroids after third molar surgery, along with a review of the literature, which is incorporated to provide practitioners helpful, quick, and reliable information regarding patients undergoing third molar surgery.

Purpose Sialoendoscopy is a novel minimally invasive technique to explore the salivary duct system and to treat obstructive salivary disease. This article describes the early clinical experience with endoscopic salivary duct exploration and sialolithectomy in 2 medical centers. Patients and Methods This is a retrospective case series of 94 patients, with submandibular (n = 77) or parotid (n = 17) sialadenitis secondary to sialolithiasis, strictures, or mucous plugs. Patients underwent sialoendoscopy at Baptist Hospital, Miami (n = 52) or at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (n = 42). Dilatation of the duct through the natural orifice was accomplished with salivary dilators. Three endoscope systems with diameters from 1.1 to 2.3 mm were used. Using a basket, grasper, lithotripsy, laser, or a combination of these, stones were fragmented or removed endoscopically. Strictures were dilated and mucous plugs removed. All cases were carried out under general anesthesia. Results Salivary duct navigation was accomplished in 91/94 patients. In 3 cases, duct dilatation was not possible due to scarring. Symptomatic relief was achieved in 81/91 patients (89.4%). Strictures and mucous plugs were visualized and managed in 18/18 patients. Sialoliths were visualized in 73 patients and stone fragmentation or retrieval was accomplished in 84.93% (62/73) of cases. Complications included 2 patients with temporary lingual nerve paresthesia and 1 patient with excess extravasation of irrigation fluid. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that interventional sialoendoscopy is an effective, minimally invasive alternative treatment for obstructive salivary gland disease.

o a echniques in orthognathic surgery have been perected over the years and are well-described in the iterature. In 1957, Trauner and Obwegeser were the rst to popularize the intraoral bisagittal split ramus steotomy as a means of correcting dentofacial deforities involving the mandible. Since then, this imortant surgical procedure has undergone a few modfications including Dal Pont (1961), Hunsuck 1968), and Epker (1977). Besides the advent and se of rigid internal fixation, it has been roughly 30 ears since anybody has attempted to further perfect his highly effective procedure. Endoscopic surgery, like orthognathic surgery, has vast history in its usage. Endoscopy for general urgery procedures dates back to the early 1800s hen the first surgical endoscopes were invented. ynecologists began carrying out surgical endoscoies in the 1960s and the surgery world was overaken in the late 1980s with minimally invasive enoscopic general surgery procedures such as the opular laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Over the ears, surgical endoscopies have found their use in pecialties such as: otolaryngology, neurosurgery, lastic surgery, and oral and maxillofacial surgery. For ur specialty, the history dates back to Ohnishi et al ho, in 1975, described arthroscopic temporomanibular joint surgery using the same endoscopic techology. Despite the flourishing practice of arthrocopic temporomandibular joint surgery, the use of ndoscopic techniques in oral and maxillofacial surery is still growing. There have been reports for its se in the following: sialoendoscopy, visualization of he ramus/condyle unit, vertical ramus osteotomies, nd forehead/brow lifts. Using these endoscopic tech