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Chemical synthesis has been described as a central science. Its practice provides access to the chemical structures of known and/or designed function. In particular, human health is greatly impacted by synthesis that enables advancements in both basic science discoveries in chemical biology as well as translational research that can lead to new therapeutics. To support the chemical synthesis needs of investigators across campus, the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology established a chemical synthesis core as part of its foundation in 2008. Provided in this Review are examples of synthetic products, known and designed, produced in the core over the past 10 years.

Several phase 1/2 clinical trials showed that low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) treatment is a safe and effective strategy for the treatment of chronic graft-versus-host disease, hepatitis C virus-induced vasculitis, and type 1 diabetes. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the colon that lacks satisfactory treatment. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of low-dose IL-2 as a therapeutic for UC on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Methods: Mice with DSS-induced colitis were intraperitoneally injected with low-dose IL-2. Survival, body weight, disease activity index, colon length, histopathological score, myeloperoxidase activity and inflammatory cytokine levels as well as intestinal barrier integrity were examined. Differential gene expression after low-dose IL-2 treatment was analyzed by RNA-sequencing. Results: Low-dose IL-2 significantly improved the symptoms of DSS-induced colitis in mice and attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokine production and immune cell infiltration. The most effective dose range of IL-2 was 16K-32K IU/day. Importantly, low-dose IL-2 was effective in ameliorating the disruption of epithelial barrier integrity in DSS-induced colitis tissues by restoring tight junction proteins and mucin production and suppressing apoptosis. The colon tissue of DSS-induced mice exposed to low-dose IL-2 mimic gene expression patterns in the colons of control mice. Furthermore, we identified the crucial role of the PI3K-AKT pathway in exerting the therapeutic effect of low-dose IL-2. Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that low-dose IL-2 has therapeutic effects on DSS-induced colitis and potential clinical value in treating UC.

Percolated networks of silver nanowires (AgNWs) have attracted intensive attention because of their remarkable mechanical stability, along with their excellent optical and electrical performance for the fabrication of flexible transparent electrodes. Most prior research has mainly focused on fabricating transparent electrodes that can be used in optoelectronic devices such as touch sensors, light emitting diodes, and photovoltaics. However, fabrication of transparent and flexible transmission lines designed to conduct alternating current of high frequency has not been reported so far. Herein, we developed highly transparent, mechanically stable transmission line by employing inverted layer processing (ILP) in order to embed the AgNWs just below the surface of a free-standing transparent polymer. For this, we synthesized polyvinyl butyral (PVB), which can be prepared from polyvinyl alcohol by reaction with butyraldehyde, for AgNW support. AgNWs deposited on a preliminary substrate (glass) were plasmonically sintered to significantly enhance their conductivity, and then transferred to the surface of the cured PVB film by the ILP. Measurements and simulation of specially designed coplanar waveguide circuits comprising AgNWs and PVB revealed that the fabricated electrode can simultaneously provide impressive transmission performance as well as excellent mechanical flexibility and transparency. An interesting finding was that the transmission characteristics and mechanical stability are in a trade-off relationship, which needs to be carefully considered in the design and selection of materials for the flexible transmission lines.

This study investigates the relationship between urban built environment and traffic crash occurrences in San Diego County by employing a multi-level Poisson regression model. This model is intended to address the so-called ‘Modifiable Areal Unit Problem’ by properly capturing the spatial correlations that might exist among crash occurrences within or across zones specified for data aggregation. A preliminary inspection based on a geographic information system reveals that the crash occurrences of Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZs) tend to show similar spatial pattern if they belong to the same city. This observation motivated us to incorporate hierarchical random components into a Poisson regression model to complement its systematic components (i.e. explanatory variables) related to socio-demographic characteristics, travel characteristics, or urban built environment. This approach turns out to improve the model’s explanatory power in assessing the relationship between urban built environment and traffic crash occurrences while controlling other variables. A key finding from this study is that crash occurrences of individual TAZs tend to decrease with the expansion of their urban portion.

This paper proposes a novel way for the estimation of the system level electrostatic discharge (ESD) coupling using the frequency-domain measurements. $ABCD$ parameters are calculated from the measured (simulated) $S$ -parameters of the equipment under test (EUT). The transfer function of the system level ESD coupling is derived from the $ABCD$ -parameters. The derived transfer function estimates the induced coupling to the EUT quite well for the input ESD stressing. For the ESD source modeling, a novel simple and efficient circuit model of ESD generator is also presented. A good agreement is obtained between the measured and simulated results based on derived coupling transfer impedance function. The proposed method permits the efficient ESD coupling analysis without the need of additional electromagnetic modeling of EUT and ESD generator for various ESD input voltage levels.

The energy demand of the commercial building sector is largely for cooling and heating and will eventually result in energy and environmental crises; therefore, enhancing the performance of the cooling and heating systems used in buildings is paramount. In response to this need, focus was set on the gas engine-driven heat pump-combined system (GHPC)—consisting of a gas engine, single-stage vapour compression system, and single-effect absorption system— that saves more energy as compared to a conventional gas engine-driven heat pump. However, so far, only the performance and transient characteristics of a fabricated GHPC have been investigated. Therefore, to ascertain the characteristics of the GHPC start-up dynamics under unsteady state operations so as to achieve efficient and stable start-up operation, experiments and simulations were attempted in this study. The transient behaviour from the start-up of this combined system in cooling and heating operating modes was also scrutinized. Accordingly, it was found that simulation results agreed well with experimental data. It was concluded that there were no large delayed responses in the absorption system during start-up operation when start-up of the absorption system is considered based on the system cooling capacity response after the solution pump starts.

This paper proposes novel mixed-mode S -parameters, which are dubbed as “extended mixed-mode S -parameters.” The extended mixed-mode S -parameters were applied to three-conductor transmission lines, resulting in the independent differential and common modes using the current division factor of three-conductor transmission lines. By contrast to the conventional mixed-mode S -parameters, there are no cross-mode S -parameters in the extended mixed-mode S -parameters, even in the asymmetrical conductor transmission lines. In addition, two new mode conversion matrices, which contain the current division factor, are also proposed to convert the extended mixed-mode S -parameters to the standard S -parameters. The validity of the proposed extended mixed-mode S -parameters and the mode conversion method were confirmed by comparing the S -parameters from the theory, EM-simulation, and experiment as well.

This paper proposes electrical and mechanical diagnostic methods to estimate the aging effects of 14 American wire gage (AWG) 600 V rated shielded twisted pair (STP) cables used in nuclear power plant. The cables were accelerated to be degraded in a dry oven using Arrhenius's equation, and the properties of healthy and degraded cables were estimated electrically and mechanically as well. S-parameters were measured using a vector network analyzer (VNA) and were used to assess the aging effects of the degraded cable. An effective modulus was also used as an aging indicator of the mechanical properties. An indenter was designed and fabricated to measure the effective modulus of aged cables. Both methods' results were compared and found to be effective for diagnosing the deterioration of the aging cables. Therefore, the proposed methods could be very useful for maintaining power cables in nuclear power plants.

This study examines, using actual driving and simulations, transient operation characteristics and control methods for a combined system. It consists of both single-stage compression-type and single-effect absorption-type refrigerators and is driven by the shaft power and waste heat from a gas engine. Given the complicated nature of the system, determining the unsteady-state performance and control characteristics of the entire system is difficult. Hence, it must be equipped with an adequate control system to maintain acceptable system performance. Our results reveal that this system is controlled, as predicted, under unsteady-state conditions by using a novel control method. The unsteady-state simulation model is validated by comparing the driving results with the simulated results. Thus, gas-engine-driven combined air-conditioning systems possess a response time similar to absorption-type refrigerators. This indicates that the transient response of the entire system is governed by the absorption-type re...

As the age of Internet of Things (IoT) has come, national-level cyber security measures should be prepared and concrete implementation plans should be established, so that critical infrastructure can be operated and maintained safely, protected from cyber attacks. In addition, IoT services for such infrastructure should be capable of closely obtaining and processing information in environments experienced by users. To provide reliable IoT services for critical infrastructure utilizing IoT devices, based on an understanding of the vulnerabilities of IoT technology and cutting-edge cyber threats, this paper proposes methods for predicting errors that may occur in physical situations, where things are connected to each other and analyzing and modeling the errors as a functional requirement. In addition to technical measures, security guidelines are presented for individual fields, such as policy, organization, manpower, budget, industry, R&D, and education.

This paper proposes a novel method that analyzes voltage transfer characteristics from the primary to the secondary side of an insulation transformer. Raw data of transfer characteristics were obtained from the S -parameter measurement using vector network analyzer. To characterize transfer characteristics of an insulation transformer, the proposed method uses ABCD parameters, which are transformed from the measured S -parameters. This method enables us to predict the transferred pulse voltage waveforms in the secondary side as well as to predict the frequency-dependent gain of the insulation transformer. It is confirmed that the predicted voltage waveforms and gains in the secondary side coincide to the measured voltage waveforms quite accurately, which shows the validness of the proposed method.

This work presents a new method for enhancing the performance of a dual band Planer Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) and its lumped equivalent circuit formulation. The performance of a PIFA in terms of return loss, bandwidth, gain, and efficiency is improved with the addition of the proposed open stub in the radiating element of the PIFA without disturbing the operating resonance frequencies of the antenna. In specific cases, various simulated and fabricated PIFA models illustrate that the return loss, bandwidth, gain, and efficiency values of antennas with longer optimum open stub lengths can be enhanced up to 4.6 dB, 17%, 1.8 dBi, and 12.4% respectively, when compared with models that do not have open stubs. The proposed open stub is small and does not interfere with the surrounding active modules; therefore, this method is extremely attractive from a practical implementation point of view. The second presented work is a simple procedure for the development of a lumped equivalent circuit model of a dual band PIFA using the rational approximation of its frequency domain response. In this method, the PIFA’s measured frequency response is approximated to a rational function using a vector fitting technique and then electrical circuit parameters are extracted from it. The measured results show good agreement with the electrical circuit results. A correlation study between circuit elements and physical open stub lengths in various antenna models is also discussed in detail; this information could be useful for the enhancement of the performance of a PIFA as well as for its systematic design. The computed radiated power obtained using the electrical model is in agreement with the radiated power results obtained through the full wave electromagnetic simulations of the antenna models. The presented approach offers the advantage of saving computation time for full wave EM simulations. In addition, the electrical circuit depicting almost perfect characteristics for return loss and radiated power can be shared with antenna users without sharing the actual antenna structure in cases involving confidentiality limitations.

Various modes of epigenetic regulation of breast cancer proliferation and metastasis have been investigated, but epigenetic mechanisms involved in breast cancer metastasis remain elusive. Thus, in this study, EHMT2 (a histone methyltransferase) was determined to be significantly overexpressed in breast cancer tissues and in Oncomine data. In addition, knockdown of EHMT2 reduced cell migration/invasion and regulated the expression of EMT-related markers (E-cadherin, Claudin 1, and Vimentin). Furthermore, treatment with BIX-01294, a specific inhibitor of EHMT2, affected migration/invasion in MDA-MB-231 cells. Therefore, our findings demonstrate functions of EHMT2 in breast cancer metastasis and suggest that targeting EHMT2 may be an effective therapeutic strategy for preventing breast cancer metastasis.

Recent major domestic facilities, such as nuclear power plants, many control cables are installed and are degraded by long-term use, but research on deterioration diagnosis is lacking. In the event of a fault in the cable due to deterioration can be developed into a major accident such as the main plant is stopped, so the deterioration diagnostic techniques of high reliability for the cable is required. In this paper, proposes a methodology using a cable resonance that can effectively diagnose the deterioration of the cable. Prior to the test, we developed a setup for stable measuring the characteristics of the cable and it verified the suitable of the measurement set-up in terms of interactivity and reliability, also measured S-parameters applying verified measurement set-up to the cables that deterioration degree is different. Then, we had amplified the difference in resonance frequency between the healthy state and the deteriorated state using connection in a series of measured S-parameters. In a result from the method, we have verified that the more deteriorate the cables is, the more decrease the resonance frequency is. Measured results are justified by inducing the resonance frequency calculation of the cable from the S- parameters represented by the hyperbolic function formula. VNA(Vector Network Analyzer) for S-parameter measurements used in this study is Agilent E5061B and shielded twisted-pair cables was used for deterioration diagnostic test.

Transformer is widely used element on power system and industrial area. Especially the transformers installed at power system are exposed to an environment of arbitrary changed. Thus the prediction of degradation and the analysis of response to impulse are important. To conduct those works, the electrical characteristics of system should be analyzed, effectively. But the analysis of electrical characteristic in electric machine level such as pole and pad-mounted transformer is almost no, thus commercial VNA (Vector Network Analyzer) is used to getting the response in wide frequency range. However, the output power of VNA is usually under 10mW, so verification for effectiveness of measuring electrically large component should be conducted, firstly. Next, after getting total S-parameter of transformer, predicting impulse response can be performed in time-domain with circuit simulator. In this paper, it is introduced that verification effectiveness of VNA using transfer function from SFRA (Sweep Frequency Response Analyzer), firstly. Next, total S-parameter, six by six matix form, was built using measured 2 port S-parameter from vector network analyzer. To get the response to impulse which is defined by IEC 60060-1, time-domain simulation is conducted to ADS (Advenced Design System) circuit simulator.

In the past decade, there has been a rapid increase in the use of mobile phones and other small hand-held devices for communication. A forward head posture (turtle neck posture) is becoming more common with the increasing popularity of smartphones. The aim of this study was to evaluate the craniovertebral angle, head position angle, pain threshold of the sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius muscles, and presence of depression in heavy smartphone users compared to a control group. Twenty healthy students participated in the study. The participants were recruited from Sahmyook University and were divided into a heavy user group (n=10) and a control group (n=10) according to smartphone addiction proneness. All protocols and procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board of Sahmyook University (Seoul, South Korea) and all the subjects signed a statement of informed consent. Participants in both groups were assessed for their pain pressure threshold of the sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius muscles, craniovertebral angle and head position angle, and depression. When comparing the results between the two groups, there were significant differences in the pain threshold of the sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius muscles, head position angle, and depression (p

In this paper, a coplanar symmetrical meander line structure is presented, and an equivalent circuit model is proposed to allow estimation of its electrical characteristics based on numerical modeling. The parasitic couplings in the proposed structure are considerably different from those of a simple meander line with a ground structure below it. Analysis and derivation of inductive and capacitive couplings and of resistance in the effective frequency band are addressed in detail, and the effects of geometrical parameters on the electrical characteristics are also demonstrated. The validity of the proposed equivalent circuit model is verified by both commercial electromagnetic simulator and measurement of the scattering parameters in the frequency domain, as well as of the reflected and transmitted waveforms in the time domain. Because the proposed model is easily coded, and takes little time to compute the parameters, it is very useful in the design of inductance and capacitance in circuits on substrate, which can be used for the design of time-delay elements and stop band filters in power delivery lines.

This paper proposes an analysis method for electromagnetic field interference between an antenna and adjacent noise sources, using active scattering parameters. Electromagnetic field interference can be analyzed by measurement or simulation of the scattering parameters. In this paper, a multiple-band antenna and a multiple-noise source were designed and fabricated to analyze the electromagnetic field interference between them. The proposed analysis method employs active scattering parameters, whose validity has been verified both experimentally and through simulation.

Diagnosis and maintenance of a power transformer are important because it deals with high power in high voltage, and any failure of previous detection of the malfunction in transformer would cause a disaster in the household customers as well as in the industry. To diagnose a power transformer, Sweep Frequency Response Analyzer (SFRA) has been widely used and been studied for the past years. The SFRA measures the change of a transfer function characteristics of a transformer with some specific terminal conditions, and has been used to check the state of the transformer which could be caused due to aging or to any damage before and after moving, and so on. It, however, uses just one port of the transformer to check the impedance, so the information from the SFRA measurement is limited in principle. This paper suggests a novel way to measure two ports of a power transformer to get the inside information of a transformer. To prove the validity of the proposed method, two-port S-parameters were measured using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA), and the measured S-parameters were converted into the transfer function using proper equations for the comparison of the two measurement data. The comparison of two showed good matching in the range of 20Hz to 2MHz. It suggests that the proposed method could be used to effectively diagnose the power transformers.

In the 80's and 90's, a lot of Pipe had been installed and Pipe network has rapidly extented, and those are over 40~50 years old. The concurrent increase of the replacement arrival period makes a large of national financial burden on government and society. For this reason, to build the appropriate and reasonable budget investment strategy, the determination of introduction of asset management system about water treatment and wastewater facilities is desperately needed. Thus, in this study, a pilot area for a particular technology to assess the current state of the diagnostic evaluation and safety inspection of the facility safety analysis to compare the result to derive the correlation between the two diagnostics, environmental characteristics, and tend to apply the aging of Water Distribution System the aging of the proposed prediction model.

The noise prediction of motor driving system is one of the most important parts in EV/HEV, as the number of power electronic devices increases. This paper describes the mechanism of noise making process and proposes a simulation model of motor driving system for the prediction of the conducted noise. Theoretical calculations and model based simulations were carried out. DOD-dependent-battery parameters were extracted by AC analysis, and an inverter model including dynamic diode was used. Furthermore, 2-D EM tool was used for the motor modeling and was combined with the circuit models of battery and inverter. The simulated voltages, currents and spectrums in the motor driving system showed qualitatively meaningful results, suggesting the validness of the suggested modeling methods.

This paper presents an analysis of the filtering characteristic for a coplanar symmetrical meander lines structure. The effects of geometrical parameters, which are length of vertical and horizontal elements as well as the distance of the gap between two symmetrical lines, on the filtering property of the structure are discussed. A novel direct derivation of the filtering performance of the coplanar configuration based on our proposed circuit model is also addressed. The mentioned analysis could be a useful guidance in the design stage of a uniplanar filter to enhance the signal and power integrity as well as immunity of Integrated circuits

This paper proposes a novel methodology to obtain the high frequency transfer characteristics of a three phase power transformer using two-port Vector Network Analyzer (VNA), which has been widely used in the high frequency RF electronic circuit. For a 50kVA rated three phase power transformer, fifteen measurements using two-port VNA were conducted to assemble a six by six S-parameters of the transformer, and then it is used in the circuit simulator to predict the secondary side output voltage and current due to an arbitrary pulse input in the primary side of the transformer. The measurement repeatability and reliability were confirmed by using the redundancy of the diagonal S-parameters of the matrix and from the winding turn ratio calculated from the measured S-parameters as well. Finally, the sinusoidal and pulse signal responses in the secondary side, which are calculated using the proposed methodology are described.

A reason is unveiled for the time-varying pattern in discharge flow that is commonly observed at freeway bottlenecks. We hypothesize that four known effects in freeway traffic can interact upstream of a bottleneck in ways that trigger periodic bursts in its discharge flow. Repeated observations of a 3-km freeway stretch support the hypothesis. Controlled experiments show that the capacity-increasing mechanism can be favorably modulated by metering the site’s on-ramps in an unconventional manner. The unconventional strategy repeatedly produced higher average discharge flows and shorter on-ramp queues than did a more traditional metering policy.

Many traditional markets, which had previously formed along the streets, have been remodeled into arcade-type malls in Korea to reduce the inconveniences due to rain. The markets that used to be exposed to outside air have become a semi-open space. Therefore sufficient natural ventilation has become an important environmental factor to make the marketplace more comfortable and healthy. The objective of this study is to analyze the ventilation performance of enclosed-arcade markets by using wind tunnel experiment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to provide useful design information for designers of market arcades. The scaled model was used for the wind tunnel experiment, which was conducted to verify the reliability of the CFD method. Eleven design alternatives according to the market structure and arcade design were suggested, and their performances were evaluated as air-exchange rate by using the validated CFD simulations. The ventilation performance of the enclosed-arcade market is greatly affected by the height of the surrounding buildings determining the market structure. In addition, the roof type and the height of the arcade, and ventilation opening are also important.

Fault-tolerance is an important design issue in building a reliable mobile computing system. This paper considers checkpointing recovery services for a mobile computing system based on the ad-hoc network environment. Since potential problems of this new environment are insufficient power and limited storage capacity, the proposed scheme tries to reduce disk access frequency for saving recovery information, and also the amount of information saved for recovery. A brief simulation study has been performed and the results show that the proposed scheme takes advantage of the existing checkpointing recovery schemes.

This study proposes to analyze the smoke exhausting performance and evacuation time in an arcade of a Korean traditional market. The effect of three types of ventilation opening on smoke exhausting...

A forward head posture (turtle neck posture) is becoming more common with the increasing popularity of smartphones. The aim of this study was to evaluate the craniovertebral angle, head position angle, pain threshold of the sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius muscles, and presence of depression in heavy smartphone users compared to a control group. Twenty healthy students participated in the study. The participants were recruited from Sahmyook University and were divided into a heavy user group (n=10) and a control group (n=10) according to smartphone addiction proneness. Participants in both groups were assessed for their pain pressure threshold of the sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius muscles, craniovertebral angle and head position angle, and depression. When comparing the results between the two groups, there were significant differences in the pain threshold of the sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius muscles, head position angle, and depression (p

Many traditional markets in Korea have been remodeled into arcade-type malls. The openings along the arcade roof are an important design factor that makes the marketplace more comfortable, healthy, and safe. Thus, a wind tunnel test and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model analyses have been conducted to determine the optimal openings in terms of size and location. A 1/20-scaled model for an arcade-type traditional market was constructed. Experiments were also constructed in a wind tunnel. The test variables were the opening ratios of 100% and 0% and the wind directions of 0° and 90°. In this study, to validate and quantify the air exchange rate in the model, SF6 as a tracer gas was employed. The tracer gas was released into the scaled model and the concentration of the gas within the model was monitored to predict air change rates. The gas was injected at a constant rate during the experiment and its concentration was measured with a precise gas monitor. The wind tunnel experiment was used to validate the CFD model. The results of the wind tunnel experiment were carefully reviewed and compared with the output results of the CFD model. This validated CFD model was used for many analyses, which reviewed various design parameters of the arcade roofs. Through these validations, the optimized opening design is offered.

The purpose of this study is to provide the regional insulation criterion of earth-covered walls for underground residential buildings in Korea by using a numerical simulation program. This study was started from the idea that thermal condition of underground residential space must be closer to that of aboveground residential space. According to the result of this study, the underground temperature declines as the depth from the ground level goes deeper and closer to about 9m, and then maintain some steady value from about 9m of the depth. The minimum thermal insulation by depths was deduced by finding the U-factors that make the inside-surface temperature of the earth-covered wall closer to that of the aboveground wall.

Condensation on the inside surface of the curtain walls of high-rise residential buildings is an important environmental problem in Korea. The purpose of this study is to introduce a new prediction method that can analyze the occurrence hours (days) of inside-surface condensation and compare with several design alternatives under a design stage, utilizing software codes developed by the authors according to the Korean standard, and numerical simulation models such as DOE, esp-r and so on.The method consists of three parts; the first part is on a numerical simulation program that supplies the third part with input data such as weather data, indoor temperature, relative humidity and etc for 8,760 hours (8,760 hours = 1 year). Moreover, it can control building component, air-conditioning system, internal element like people, equipment and so on. The second part is on accurate U-values of the glass center and the glass edge that are received to the third part. The third part is on a software code to 1) determine the occurrence of condensation by the precedent procedure that calculates the inside-surface temperature and the dew-point temperature at the specific time and condition, and 2) sum up the occurrence hours (days) of inside-surface condensation. The application of the method is illustrated with an example of a high-rise residential building.

To represent the expansion and mutual insertion of spaces by the innate transparency of glass and express new possibility of high technology, some architects apply glass to the outer skin of a building. Though glass-skin buildings economize in the lighting and heating energy in winter, these buildings which are often designed without considering solar gain in the summer and glass conduction in winter, there are many problems such as poor built environment, energy waste and so on.This study aims to provide architects with useful information by comparing with several alternatives, including double skin system etc., to save the energy as well as increase the quality of indoor environment without interfering with the expressed intention which an architect shows to the public by applying glass to the outer skin of building.As results of this study, 1) in the temperature measurements, the surface temperature of glass skin increase by 50°C in small glass-skin buildings. Therefore it makes occupants feel serious discomfort by MRT and cause the increase of cooling load. 2) It is difficult to reduce the cooling load in small glass-skin buildings with considering indoor environment and energy problems rather than heating load. To solve that problem, double skin system is applied to design method with enough intermediate space and shading devices.

In the context of pre-disaster investment, we propose an unconventional procedure to prioritize links by evaluating the impacts of their failures on the expected network performance. Our proposed procedure is termed as Link-based Categorization of Network States (LCNS) in the sense that network states are categorized according to each link's failure. In this unconventional method, links' criticality indices are cumulatively calculated, as most probable network states are sequentially enumerated. Our procedure is applicable to the situation when there is no prior knowledge concerning the effect of pre-disaster investment on the link survivability. Moreover, LCNS does not cause any redundancy in enumerating network states. An implementation of the proposed procedure on an idealized transportation network reveals that component links' ranking in terms of criticality indices is converged with only 0.2% enumeration of total network states plausible under a disaster.

Buildings are important contributors to energy consumption accounting for around one-third of energy consumed in cities, where large public buildings are the dominant energy consumers and energy consumption might be significantly decreased through Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS). KT has developed SG-BEMS(Smart Grid Building Energy Management System) solution to reduce building energy usage, costs and carbon emissions, and installed on smart grid test bed in Jeju Island recently. The paper first introduce the architecture of SG-BEMS including its function and then presents the effectiveness of next generation monitoring, analysis, and control functions. This building energy efficiency solution based on smart grid expected to be a critical part of the future smart grid.

In Smart Grid, efficient energy management strategy will be the key issues in the energy consumer side and the most important factor to make the people smoothly and voluntarily participate in this newly emerging energy infrastructure. In Korea, Residential and commercial buildings are consuming about 40% of total energy usage and a half of building energy is used for heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC). Therefore, if we efficiently manage the energy usage of HVAC in the buildings, then the building consumers reduce their total energy consumption and get economical benefits from participating in smart grid. This paper propose the efficient energy management method for building HVAC system where the temperature setting of chiller in HVAC system is controlled to minimize the electricity cost under real time pricing tariffs

This paper describes an integrated CMD (Condition Monitoring & Diagnosis) system based on CBM (Condition Based Maintenance) for CGIS (Cubicle Gas Insulated Switchgear) to inspect the failure possibility of the electrical and mechanical components of CGIS in advance. The smart method monitors and diagnoses the condition of CGIS using UHF (Ultra High Frequency) antenna for partial discharge (moving particles, electrode protrusions, floating electrodes, void in solid insulation etc.), pressure sensor for leakage and burst out of tank, and coil current, and stroke sensor for VI (Vacuum Interrupter) trouble (contact abrasion, coil aging, motor dam-age, disoperation etc.). The proposed method can communicate with the smart grid in IEC61850 protocol. The logical nodes for condition monitoring and diagnosis of CGIS are shown. The intelligent monitoring and diagnosis method can prevent the failures of CGIS carrying the enormous blackout as well as the unnecessary displacement of the sound CGIS without damage.

This study describes development and validation of a questionnaire as an adjunct to Traditional Chinese Medicine diagnosis of Yin-Deficiency Syndrome (Yin-DS). The Yin-Deficiency Questionnaire 1 (Yin-DQ1) consists of 10 items. Seventy-nine healthy volunteers and 44 patients diagnosed with Yin-DS were enrolled for the evaluation of discriminant validity and factorial validity. Another group of 83 healthy volunteers participated for test-retest reliability test. Internal consistency was high in both groups (Cronbach's α = 0.8615). Test-retest reliability (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient) ranged from 0.54 to 0.79 ( p < 0.01). Factor analysis demonstrated that a two factor solution best explained the variance in responses (51.62%). The scores of all items in patients diagnosed with Yin-DS were significantly higher compared with those of healthy volunteers. The data show the internal consistency, test-retest reliability and strong discriminative properties of the Yin-DQ1. Further research determining the optimal cut-off score for Yin-DS and testing its usage as an outcome measure in a clinical trial is needed.

The islanding protection for distributed resources (DR) becomes an important and emerging issue in power system protection since the distributed resources installations are rapidly increasing and most of the installed systems are interconnected with distribution network. In order to avoid the negative impacts from islanding operations of DR to protection, operation, and management of distribution system, it is necessary to effectively detect the islanding operations of DR and disconnect it from distribution network rapidly. Generally, it is difficult to detect islanding operation by monitoring only single system parameter. This paper presents a new logic based islanding detection algorithm for distributed resources that is interconnected with distribution network. The proposed islanding detection algorithm utilizes four system parameters that include the conventionally used ones of voltage magnitude, phase, and frequency and the newly proposed one in this paper of total harmonic distortion (THD) of current. The method monitors changes in four parameters and detects the islanding operations by logical rules. The authors verified the efficiency of the proposed method using the radial distribution network of IEEE 34 bus model.