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Background Research studies indicate that polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may increase susceptibility to periodontal disease. The mechanisms that link both conditions are not entirely understood. Thus, the study aimed to investigate the impact of hormonal and metabolic disturbances on the gingival health and salivary levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL1-β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in adolescent girls with PCOS. Methods Thirty-one patients with PCOS and twenty-eight healthy age-mates (as the control group) were enrolled in the study. Individuals with PCOS underwent blood tests for the determination of hormonal and metabolic parameters. Saliva samples were collected to measure salivary testosterone and proinflammatory cytokines in both studied groups. Calibrated dentist assessed oral hygiene and gingival health of all subjects. Results Salivary testosterone was significantly higher in the study group (p = 0.0007). The groups did not differ significantly concerning periodontal parameters. Patients with PCOS revealed higher levels of salivary cytokines (p s ≥ 0.60, p s = − 0.44, p = 0.0138 and rs = − 0.37, p = 0.0424, respectively). BOP% was also positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) in the control group (rs = 0.40, p = 0.0368) and index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in the study group (rs = 0.48, p = 0.0068). Salivary testosterone was positively correlated with TNF-α in the control group (rs = 0.41, p = 0.0321), while in the study group, total testosterone (TT) was positively correlated with IL-6 (rs = 0.37, p = 0.0400) and free androgen index (FAI) with TNF-α (rs = 0.36, p = 0.0491). Conclusions Gingival health of the examined population was associated primarily with oral hygiene and, to a lesser extent, with the hormonal and metabolic profile. Despite similar periodontal parameters in the both studied groups, patients with PCOS revealed significantly higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines in saliva, which might be the manifestation of the systemic low-grade inflammation associated with PCOS.

Objectives Research studies suggest that polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may influence the composition of the oral microflora in women. This study aimed to investigate factors affecting the number of selected periopathogens in a young cohort of females with PCOS and to assess the association between oral hygiene, subgingival microbiome, gingival health, and metabolic and hormonal parameters. Materials and methods Thirty-two subjects with PCOS and twenty-three healthy controls aged 15–19 years were examined periodontally by a calibrated dentist. A real-time PCR method was used for the identification of 9 subgingival microorganisms. Subjects with PCOS underwent blood tests for determination of FSH, LH, total testosterone, DHEA-S, estradiol, SHBG, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and lipid profile. Results Gingival index (GI), the proportion of bleeding sites (BOP%), probing depth (PD), and plaque index (PLI) did not differ significantly between cases and healthy age-mates. The control group had significantly higher levels of Peptostreptococcus micros and substantially greater percentage of subjects infected by Treponema denticola. Capnocytophaga gingivalis count was positively correlated with the level of estradiol, while the concentration of HDL-C was negatively correlated with the number of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and orange complex bacteria. Conclusions PCOS in young patients was not associated with higher pathogenicity of subgingival biofilms. Clinical relevance Further studies are needed to explain the relationship between hormonal and metabolic abnormalities, subgingival microflora, and periodontal health in patients with PCOS.

The role of inappropriate lifestyle in the etiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its metabolic and reproductive complications has attracted much attention in recent years, however, most studies involve adult patients. Thus, the study aimed to compare dietary patterns, physical activity, metabolic, anthropometric and inflammatory markers of 14–18-year-old girls with and without PCOS (n = 61 and n = 35, respectively) as well as to assess correlations between concentrations of metabolic and inflammatory markers and macronutrient intake and to identify the independent predictors of PCOS, related to diet and physical activity (PA). Compared to the control group, PCOS girls consumed significantly more total fat (p = 0.0005), including both saturated (SFA) (p = 0.03), monounsaturated (MUFA) (p = 0.0003) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p = 0.01). A significantly higher percentage of PCOS patients consumed high and medium glycemic index (GI) foods (p = 0.03) and represented a low level of PA, both during school and in leisure time (41.67 vs. 6.06%, p = 0.0001 and 32.79 vs. 5.71%, p = 0.003, respectively). The PCOS group had also significantly higher waist circumference (WC), C-reactive protein (CRP) (p = 0.01), LDL cholesterol (p = 0.01), fasting insulin (p = 0.002) and HOMA-IR (p = 0.006) levels. There was an inverse correlation between fiber intake and fasting insulin, (p = 0.0002, r = −0.37), HOMA-IR (p = 0.0004, r = −0.35), WC (p = 0.029, r = −0.222) and a positive relationship between high and medium GI diet and insulin concentration (p = 0.003, r = 0.3). An increase of 10 g/day in total fat intake per day increases the probability of PCOS by 1.4 times. If the SFA or MUFA intakes increase by 10 g, the probability of PCOS increase 1.7-fold and 2.5-fold, respectively. The consumption of foods with a medium GI raises the probability of PCOS by more than 3 times, after adjusting for age. The odds ratio decreased for the moderate and high PA at school/work and in leisure time. Further research in girls with PCOS is needed to test whether low GI and dietary fatty acid reduction combined with increased PA is effective in the nonpharmacological treatment and prevention of PCOS complications. ClinicalTrial.gov Identifier: NCT04738409.

Purpose: All possible measures should be taken to prevent glucose tolerance disorders and limit their consequences. The aim of this study was to show the relationship between maternal eating habits...

Introduction. In gynecology, the proper selection of diagnostic and therapeutic methods, including conservative and/or surgical procedures, plays an important role. An outline of these issues is presented in the context of static disorders of female genital organs. The period of a woman’s life predisposing to pelvic organ prolapse is menopause, especially the period of senium, which is associated with hypoestrogenism. An analysis of the factors affecting the risk of disorders of genital statics indicates that pelvic floor exercises and a proper diet, which does not lead to constipation or obesity, are important in the prevention of genital static disorders. Aim. The aim of the study is to analyze the problem of disorders of the statics of genital organs, which is significant in nursing and medicine, in the light of the literature data.

Introduction and objective Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) and Zearalenone (ZEA) are mycotoxin contaminants of cereals and cereal products that pose a significant threat to food safety. The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence of DON and ZEA in different organic and conventional unprocessed cereals and cereal products that are available on the Polish agricultural fields and market. A total of 78 unprocessed cereal and cereal product samples of organic and conventional production were sampled from agricultural fields situated in western Poland and from available on the Polish market packaged comercial products produced by different domestic manufacturers. All samples were analyzed for DON and ZEA by HPLC with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). Results Results. Co-occurrence of DON was detected in cereals from the organic production system, the average content was 285.25 ± 134,04 μg kg -1 and from the conventional system – 373.71 ± 171,20 μg kg -1 , In flour from organic farming, the average DON content was 213.80 ± 151,28 μg kg -1 , in conventional flour the average was 336.29 ± 188,90 μg kg -1 . The range of DON concentrations in samples of cereal products from organic and conventional farms was detected in 26.3% and 31.6%, whereas the average concentrations of DON in cereal products was 199.60 ± 149.82 μg kg -1 and 387.67 ± 250.24 μg kg -1 , respectively. Conclusions Mycotoxins contamination seen in organic cereals and cereal products does not statistical differ from that witnessed in their conventional counterparts.

The impact of diet on inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) in girls with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is unknown. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate, in PCOS girls, whether certain macronutrient intakes can be associated with these disturbances. For this purpose, 59 PCOS participants (aged 14–18 years) were recruited to this study and divided into two subgroups: overweight/obese—Ov/Ob group (n = 22) and normal weight—N group (n = 37). Nutrition was assessed using a 3-day food record. The studied markers were total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukins 1 and 6 (IL-1 and IL-6). We found plant protein intake inversely correlated with IL-6 (p = 0.007, r = −0.557), TNF-α (p = 0.006, r = −0.564), MDA (p = 0.01, r = −0.539) in the Ov/Ob group and with TAC (p = 0.021, r = −0.38) in the N group. Inverse correlations in the Ov/Ob group were observed between protein intake and IL-6 (p = 0.031, r = −0.461), TNF- α (p = 0.043, r = −0.435), carbohydrates and IL-6 (p = 0.037, r = −0.448), MDA (p = 0.045, r = −0.431), fiber and IL-6 (p = 0.025, r = −0.475). A positive relationship between cholesterol intake and CRP concentration (p = 0.038, r = 0.342) was also found in the N group. These findings revealed that inflammation and OS are increased in Ov/Ob girls with decreased plant protein intake and low carbohydrates in the diet. Moreover, inflammation may be increased by cholesterol intake in slim PCOS girls. On the other hand, decreased intake of fiber and total protein intake increased inflammation. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04738409.

One of the most important problems in anti-aging medicine, family medicine, gynecology and sexology are disorders of the statics of female genital organs, usually resulting in sexual dysfunction and urogynecological problems. Although in the era of a pandemic, the fight against SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infections is a priority. COVID-19, and in this context one of the most important problems also related to family medicine are geriatric issues – issues related to aging societies, and the more elderly people there are, the more attention should be paid to them in the context of their health – also in terms of sexual health.

Introduction The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) is recognized as an excellent tool for assessing female sexuality and screening female sexual dysfunction, but it also has important venereological implications as sexually transmitted diseases result from human behaviour in the sexual sphere. It is influenced by socio-economic, psychological and cultural factors. Aim To present the results of an attempt to implement FSFI in gynaecological practice. Material and methods The study comprised 91 women aged 20-35 (mean: 24.3 ±4.0) undergoing prophylactic gynaecological examinations. All of them voluntarily agreed to fill in the FSFI questionnaire, and provide data on weight, height, hormone treatments, the age of menarche and sexual initiation and information essential in health promotion and prevention, including the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. Results The average age of the first sexual intercourse was 18.2 ±2.4. The total FSFI score ranged from 3.8 to 35.1 points (mean: 27.4 ±6.5). As many as 34.1% of the women presented with FSFI < 27.50, suggesting an increased risk of sexual dysfunction. Patients' age as well as the age of menarche were both negatively correlated with desire. The mean FSFI scores for almost all of the domains and the FSFI total score were higher for women taking oral contraceptives, although statistically significant differences were detected only for the orgasm domain. Conclusions A high percentage of sexually active Polish women presented with FSFI below the threshold, suggesting some grade of sexual dysfunction. Gynaecological and STI medical history should be extended to include issues related to female sexual function.

Background: We aimed to find the difference between girls with clinical features of Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), divided into two groups: Overweight/obesity (Ov/Ob) and normal weight (N), related to diet, disordered eating attitudes (DEA), metabolic and hormonal differences, and to identify the risk factors of being overweight or obese. Methods: Seventy-eight adolescents with PCOS, aged 14–18 years, were divided into Ov/Ob and N groups. Patients underwent blood tests for determination of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), total testosterone, DHEA-S, estradiol, of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), fasting glucose, insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and lipid profile. Nutrition was evaluated using a 3-day food record. To examine the level of DEA, the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) was used. We defined an EAT-26 score ≥20 as positive for DEA. Logistic regression was carried out to identify the independent predictors of being overweight and obese. Results: An increase of 10 g in plant protein intake decreased the probability of being overweight and of obesity (OR = 0.54; p = 0.036). EAT-26 score ≥20 was correlated with a 7-fold (OR = 6.88; p = 0.02) increased odds of being overweight or of obesity. Conclusion: Being overweight and obesity in adolescents with PCOS may be associated with DEA and the type and amount of protein intake.

The article raises important issues regarding the use of diet and probiotics in prevention and treatment of vaginitis. Vaginitis is defined as any condition with symptoms of abnormal vaginal discharge. The most common causes of vaginitis are vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis (BV). Vaginitis has been linked to itching, burning, pain, discharge, irritation and also adverse reproductive and obstetric health outcomes. Moreover, microorganisms that build vaginal flora in the state of bacterial vaginosis are a source of cervicitis and endometritis (often in subclinical forms) and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) The proper diet and probiotics consumption may influence the composition of the gut microbiota, improve gut integrity, and have an impact on maintaining and recovering the normal vaginal microbiota. Future studies and reviews investigating the role of diet and probiotics in changes to gut and vaginal microbiome need to focus on deciphering the mechanismus of host bacteria interaction in vulvovaginal health.

Zulassung: Die Kinder- und Jugendgynakologie befasst sich mit angeborenen und entwicklungsbedingten gynakologischen Storungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Eine der wichtigsten-spezifischen Fragen der Gynakologie des Entwicklungsalters sind die psychologische-etische Probleme, sehr oft Probleme, die mit einer vorzeitigen sexuellen Initiation zusammenhangen. Zwischen mehreren gynekologischen somatischen Problemen der jugend Patientinen sind auch psychologische-etische Probleme und Probleme, die mit einer vorzeitigen sexuellen Initiation zusammenhangen. Zielsatzung : Prasentation der Bedeutung der psychologischen-etischen und sexuologischen Probleme in der Gynakologie der Pubertat. Methode: Analyse der Literatur der Problematik der Pubertatsgynakologie in Bezug auf Sexuologie und Psychologie. Schlussfolgerung: Die kurze Uberprufung der gewahlten sexuologischen Themen in Bezug auf die Kinder- und Jugendgynakologie weist auf die Bedeutung der sexuologischen Ausbildung, der Gesundheitspromotion, inklusiv sexuelles Wohlstandes hin.

Introduction. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) is considered to be an excellent tool for assessing female sexuality and screening for sexual dysfunctions in women. Aim. An attempt was made to demonstrate the desirability of using the FSFI questionnaire in gynaecological and general practice. Materials and methods. The study included 147 mature women (18 to 63 years of age) who reported for preventive gynaecological examinations and agreed to answer questions about their sexuality in the form of an anonymous FSFI questionnaire. Before proceeding with the questionnaire, the patients were asked, as part of an expanded medical history, if they received sexual education in their subjective assessment. Results. The average FSFI scores for all domains and the FSFI total score were higher in women with basic sex education compared to women who received no such education. Conclusions. Regardless of the issue of sex education, the important aspect of gynaecological counselling is the sexological aspect – it is also important in the general practice. This sphere still seems to be a taboo subject in many patients. The usefulness of the IFSK questionnaire for assessing female sexuality and the factors influencing it was confirmed.

Developmental gynecology uses methods practiced in auxology - the science of human ontogenetic development.An important and jointly used concept in gynecology and auxology is the concept of developmental age, which, unlikecalendar age, is a measure of the biological maturity of the organism, indicating the stage of advancement in the developmentof certain features or body systems. Developmental age assessment methods include: a) morphological (somatic)age - body height and weight, b) secondary sex characteristics - breast in girls, genitalia (penis and testes) in boys, andpubic hair in both sexes, c) bone age - hand and wrist x-ray, and d) dental age. An important marker of developmentalage is also age at menarche, treated as a late indicator of puberty in girls. All of these methods are useful in the context ofassessing regularity and disorders of puberty, such as delayed puberty. The paper discusses developmental age assessmentmethods that can be used to diagnose delayed puberty as well as the causes of delayed puberty in girls. It should be emphasizedthat in assessing the process of physical development of a given individual, the cooperation of specialists in the fieldof developmental gynecology, pediatrics, auxology, dentistry, endocrinology, and dietetics would be the most desirable.

Painful menstruation, premenstrual syndrome and metrorrhagia iuvenilis are one of the most common problems related to the sexual cycle in adolescent girls. Metrorrhagia iuvenilis is acyclic bleeding that occurs in adolescents and lasts from over 10 days even up to 3 months. These bleeds are very abundant and have a tendency to relapse. They cause anemia, and severe cases can be life-threatening. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a cluster of somatic, emotional and behavioural symptoms occurring in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The aetiology of PMS remains unknown. According to strict diagnostic criteria, an estimated 2.5-5% of girls and women are affected by PMS. However, some researchers maintain that the symptoms of PMS may be prevalent in as many as 40-80% of girls and women. This article it has been discussed premenstrual syndrome and metrorrhagia iuvenilis and aspects related to dietotherapy were included.

Objectives: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a cluster of physical and emotional symptoms occurring in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The study aim was to determine the relationship between PMS, and state of nutrition expressed as Body Mass Index (BMI) and body composition in 18-year-old females. Material and methods: The study was conducted on 476 women divided into two groups i.e. those suffering from PMS (n = 233) and those without symptoms (n = 243). The women were examined during their luteal phase using bioelectrical impedance analysis to determine their body composition. Height and weight were measured using digital medical scales with an electronic height rod. BMI was calculated thus: BMI = body mass (weight) (kg)/height (m2). The subjects were di- vided into two sub-groups: BMI < 25 kg/m2 and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. Statistical analysis was carried out using STATISTICA 10 PL software and the Mann-Whitney test. Results: The women with normal BMI suffered from PMS twice as often as the women with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (68.2% vs. 31.8%). There were significantly higher values for Fat Mass (FM) (%) (p < 0.01) and FM (kg) (p < 0.001) in women without PMS, and significantly higher values for Fat-Free Mass (FFM) (%) (p < 0.001) and Total Body Water (TBW) (%) (p < 0.001) in women with PMS. Higher values were reported for FFM (kg) and TBW (kg) (p < 0.05) in girls with PMS and BMI ≥ 25. Conclusions: These results show PMS is more frequent in patients with BMI < 25, and less frequent in patients with higher FM (kg) and FM (%). Moreover, significant frequency of PMS was observed in patients with higher FFM and TBW. Such statistical significance was not confirmed in girls with a BMI < 25.

The persistent or recurrent difficulties of the woman to allow vaginal entry of a penis, a finger, and/or any object, despite the woman's expressed wish to do so" is vaginismus. Early traumatic sexual experiences (e.g. sexual abuse), religious orthodoxy, low self-esteem and body image, negative attitudes about sexuality, lack of knowledge about sex and fear responses are some of the traditional etiological correlates of vaginismus. Vaginismus is largely a diagnosis of exclusion. An interview is crucial in differentiating the causes of this disease and it should involve the following key questions: -whether the contraction of the vaginal muscles was recorded from the first sexual contact and still remains a need for sexual satisfaction is achieved without relations vaginal or -symptom occurs for some time and what circumstances it bound or -contraction of the muscles is independent of the will, reflex and is at the very idea of sexual intercourse, and -that the contraction of the vaginal muscles occurs when you try to enter the member into the vagina which is very painful. The physical, gynecological and sexuological examinations exclude local causes of the disease. The mainstay of treatment in the majority of cases is psychosexual support. The cause of organic vaginismus is congenital malformation of the genital tract. It results from abnormal development of genital paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts and the urogenital sinus, which are structures involved in the process of oviduct, uterus, and vagina organogenesis. This has strong implications in the practices of gynecology and sexuology in general, not only in adolescent gynecology and sexuology. Vaginismus with congenital malformation is an important problem in these fields.

This paper analyzes the relationship between pollution of the natural environment and the population’s mental health, based on the example of three urban agglomerations: Gdańsk, Poznań, and Katowice. The following factors were analyzed: air quality, the quality of water from the municipal waterworks, data concerning social pathologies, number of private psychological, psychotherapeutic, and psychiatric practices, as well as statistics concerning psychiatric healthcare in the Pomeranian, Greater Poland, and Silesian voivodships in 2011. Based on the collected data, presented in a descriptive manner, a hypothesis was drawn that natural environment pollutions may influence the mental health of the population. This conclusion was drawn from the fact that worse air quality in Katowice correlates to a higher percentage of social pathologies and a higher demand for psychiatric healthcare than in Poznań or Gdańsk.

Despite the dynamic advances in medicine, ovarian tumors still remain a serious diagnostic and therapeutic issue. There is an ongoing...

Although the body is protected by the immune system, only a small proportion of people do not experience inflammatory problems...

Objectives: The goal of the paper was to compare weight gain in pregnant women in relation to the week of gestation at birth, the delivery method, and the occurrence of macrosomia and low birth weights for patients with different durations of physical activity during pregnancy. Materials and methods: The full course of study was completed by 57 pregnant women enrolled in an 18-week physical activity programme during their second and third trimesters. The actual duration of their physical activity was monitored with the ActiGraph GT3X monitor. The patients were divided into two groups: L_MPA (n = 28) — pregnant women with daily physical activity of over 21.38 minutes and S_MPA (n = 29) — pregnant women who exercised less than 21.38 minutes a day. The study compared obstetric results in both groups. Results: Significantly more patients in the S_MPA group exhibited excess weight gain as compared with the L_MPA group ( p = 0.01 ). There was found to be no significant impact from the duration of physical activity on the occurrence of macrosomia or low birth weight, the gestation age at birth or the delivery method. However, there were two times fewer cases of macrosomia in the L_MPA group. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that physical activity during pregnancy for at least 21 minutes per day in the second half of the pregnancy reduces the risk of excess weight gain during pregnancy.

Efficacious primary, secondary and tertiary preventive measures are necessary for effective reduction of mortality due to cervical cancer. Currently, greater...