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We identify and describe social perspectives on the sustainability of the water sector in the metropolitan area of Phoenix, Arizona. Using Q methodology, we find evidence for different meanings of sustainability when stakeholders are presented with concrete policy options and applications in spite of an apparently widespread agreement on the concept of sustainability itself. We put the social perspectives articulated by local stakeholders in perspective by analyzing whether they adhere to a commonly used set of sustainability principles when applied to water management and governance. The analysis indicates that although there is some level of acceptance of sustainability principles among the social perspectives identified, there are important discrepancies in the salience of different principles. Results suggest that when people are interacting in policy-making processes they tend to support their previously held own vision of the problems and that their normative considerations may be opposed to broadly accepted sustainability discourses. The different visions of water sustainability may have a direct impact on the water policy-making process depending on the position and influence of the actors involved in the governance scheme. Highlights Key research to debate water policy in Phoenix.; Identify key perspectives that affect water governance.; Results suggest that when people are interacting in policy-making processes they tend to support their own vision of the problems and normative considerations.; Findings are useful to develop questionnaires or surveys in Phoenix.; Findings could be useful to minimize areas of conflicts

In embedded systems a wide variety of applications can be solved or approached using different technologies, such as microcontrollers, FPGA, Systems on Chip (SoC), among others. Even though the volume of information and solutions available that focus on low cost based microcontrollers is quite vast, FPGA and SoC do not have as many resources readily available despite being essential for critical applications and also those in which higher speeds for data processing are required. Not only that, but the high cost of development boards, discontinuity between contents taught in higher education and knowledge required in practical fields, and overall lack of learning resources all add difficulty to any professional looking to specialize themselves in this field of knowledge. It is for this reason that this work proposes an Open Platform for Digital Design Learning on FPGA-based Systems, which looks to facilitate the learning process for any student or professional that wants to get started in this field. For this purpose this work proposes the following: a low-cost development board alongside a set of learning tools and examples which can fit both self-taught students and lecture-based learning environments, and the creation of a national collaboration network to give support to students and teachers who want to join and participate in the project., En los sistemas embebidos, se puede encontrar una gran variedad de aplicaciones basadas en diferentes tecnologías: microcontroladores, FPGA, System on Chip (SoC), entre otras. Si bien, el uso de microcontroladores y el volumen de información y soluciones disponibles de bajo costo basadas en esta tecnología son predominantes, el uso de sistemas basados en FPGA y SoC es imprescindible para ciertas aplicaciones, sobre todo aquellas que son de carácter crítico y/o requieren una elevada velocidad o capacidad de procesamiento de datos. No obstante, existen factores que dificultan la formación inicial de profesionales en esta área de la electrónica digital: el costo relativamente elevado de adquisición de placas para aprendizaje, la falta de recursos didácticos, la falta de continuidad entre los contenidos de las carreras de grado y los que se requieren para abordar esta área, entre otros. Por ello, en este trabajo se propone una solución concreta a este problema de enseñanza-aprendizaje: una placa de bajo costo inicial conjuntamente con una plataforma de herramientas pedagógicas para el autoaprendizaje o el dictado de clases y la formación de una red de colaboradores a nivel nacional para dar soporte a los estudiantes y docentes que se incorporen al proyecto.

The increased rates of nicotine exposure by electronic nicotine delivery systems (vaping), ingestion, or patches during pregnancy as an alternative to the smoking of tobacco arise concerns about the neurodevelopmental, cognitive, and behavioral long-term consequences in the juvenile offspring. Nowadays, the use of electronic cigarettes as supposed a safer smoking alternative has been increased mainly in young females at reproductive age, due to the "safety" misconception. However, previous studies suggest that exposure to nicotine during pregnancy and prenatal development may lead to detrimental effects in the postnatal lifespan. Nicotine, as an alkaloid, alters the reward system acting as acetylcholine (ACh) agonist on nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs). In early brain development, the cholinergic system is also involved in neurite outgrowth, cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, neurogenesis, and many other critical processes being considered as a developmental signal marker. The nicotine noxious effect at those early stages may impact the system programming and plasticity in the long-term postnatal life. In this study, we analyze the circadian locomotor activity and learning efficiency rhythms in the juvenile male offspring of mice exposed to nicotine through pregnancy and lactation. Attenuated rhythm amplitude and relative power of the circadian component were found in the nicotine exposed offspring (pN). The acrophase (the best performance during a 24-h cycle) of learning efficiency was delayed and the long-term memory consolidation task failed after 8 days of learning experience. The aforementioned results suggest nicotine exposure in uterus modifies the circadian modulation related to the memory consolidation and locomotor systems as well as its environmental temporal synchronization.

The ideas that larger fragments have greater species richness and abundance, when compared to smaller fragments and altered environments, and that assemblage composition is different, was tested in an agricultural mosaic using data on small mammals. To achieve this, we sampled ten forest fragments of different sizes, small and large, as well as five areas in a sugarcane matrix, through the capture-mark-recapture method. The study was conducted in a sugarcane plantation (Usina Sao Jose, Igarassu, Pernambuco, Brazil) from January to October 2016. There was a significant difference when comparing richness between small fragments (eight species) and the sugarcane matrix (four species). Abundance differed significantly between all areas, being influenced by fragment size and habitat type. We found that abundance was positively influenced by forested environments and, among them, larger fragments. The composition of assemblages in the forest fragments and the sugarcane matrix differed clearly for NMDS, MANOVA and SIMPER analyses. Between the habitats, assemblage parameters were also distinct. Lower abundance and richness were found in the sugarcane matrix, where the presence of rodents was associated with food availability and less competition; and higher abundance and richness was measured in forest fragments, where there was a strong association between marsupials and forest strata. The landscape configuration in an agricultural mosaic can compromise the level of interspecific interactions of small mammals, which negatively impacts the ecological processes of forested areas. In this case, the conservation of a matrix permeable to most species and the preservation of all fragments are necessary, since small and large fragments have different functions in the maintenance of species.

A model of land suitability analysis for irrigation with treated domestic wastewater is presented. The model integrates tools of Multi-Criteria Evaluation with Geographical Information Systems. Several criteria were selected to adapt the model to the conditions and characteristics of the case study. The adaptation process included field visits, a bibliographical review, and personal interviews with local actors and experts. Six constraints and 10 factors were selected and 3158 hectares suitable for the activity were identified. The areas were classified into three categories of aptitude, representing high fitness sites close to the current wastewater treatment plant. The developed tool allowed us to integrate different criteria to assess site suitability for wastewater reuse, with the advantage that the tool can be adapted to other regions and/or objectives.

Coagulase-negative staphylococci are main pathogens that produce goat mastitis. Marbofloxacin is a third-generation fluoroquinolone approved for treat mastitis in animals. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin (10 mg/kg/24 h) in serum and milk administered intramuscularly for five days in goats with mastitis induced by coagulase-negative staphylococci, (ii) to characterize the concentration–effect relationship of marbofloxacin against coagulase-negative staphylococci in Mueller Hinton broth and goat milk, (iii) to determine AUC/MIC cutoff values of marbofloxacin, and (iv) to perform a PK/PD analysis to evaluate the efficacy of the dose regimen for the treatment of goat mastitis produced by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Marbofloxacin presented context-sensitive pharmacokinetics, influenced by the evolution of the disease, which decreased marbofloxacin disposition in serum and milk. Marbofloxacin showed a median (95%CI) fAUC/MIC values for MIC of 0.4 and 0.8 µg/mL of 26.66 (22.26–36.64) and 32.28 (26.57–48.35) related with −2 log10CFU/mL reduction, and 32.26 (24.81–81.50) and 41.39 (29.38–128.01) for −3 log10CFU/mL reduction in Mueller Hinton broth. For milk, −2 log10CFU/mL reduction was achieved with 41.48 (35.29–58.73) and 51.91 (39.09–131.63), and −3 log10CFU/mL reduction with 51.04 (41.6–82.1) and 65.65 (46.68–210.16). The proposed dose regimen was adequate for the treatment of goat mastitis produced by coagulase-negative staphylococci, resulting in microbiological and clinical cure of all animals. The animal model used in this study provided important pharmacokinetic information about the effect of the infection on the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin. Pharmacodynamic modeling showed that fAUC/MIC cutoff values were higher in goat milk compared with Mueller Hinton broth.

Cefquinome is a fourth-generation cephalosporin that is used empirically in goats. Different physiologic factors like pregnancy or lactation could determine the pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs in the organism. The objectives of this study are to (a) compare the pharmacokinetics of cefquinome after intravenous and intramuscular administration in adult nonpregnant (n = 6), pregnant (n = 6), and lactating goats (n = 6), at a dose of 2 mg/kg, with rich sampling by nonlinear mixed-effects modeling, (b) conduct a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis to evaluate the efficacy of the recommended posology in goats with different physiological states, and (c) determine the optimal posology that achieve a PTA value ≥ 90%, taking into account a T > MIC ≥ 60% of a MIC value ≤ 0.25 µg/ml, in the different subpopulations of goats for both routes. Gestation significantly increased Ka and V1, while reduced F0, Cl, and Q. On the other hand, lactation significantly increased V1 and reduced Tk0. Cefquinome concentrations achieved in placental cotyledon, amniotic fluid, and fetal serum indicate a minimal penetration across the placental barrier. Moreover, milk penetration of cefquinome was minimal. The total body clearance of cefquinome for goats was 0.29 L kg−1 hr−1, that is apparently higher than the reported for cows (0.13 L kg−1 hr−1) and pigs (0.16 L kg−1 hr−1). So, the optimal dose regimen for cefquinome after intravenous and intramuscular administration required higher dose and frequency of administration compared with recommendations for cows or pigs. Therefore, 2 mg kg−1 8 hr−1 and 5 mg kg−1 12 hr−1 could be used for IV and IM routes, respectively, for the treatment of respiratory infections caused by P. multocida and M. haemolytica, but only 5 mg kg−1 12 hr−1 by both routes should be recommended for Escherichia coli infections., Fil: Litterio, Nicolás Javier. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. IRNASUS CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentina, Fil: Lorenzutti, Augusto Matías. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. IRNASUS CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentina, Fil: Zarazaga, María del Pilar. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. IRNASUS CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentina, Fil: Himelfarb, Martín Alejandro. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. IRNASUS CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentina, Fil: San Andrés-Larrea, Manuel Ignacio. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Pharmacology and toxicology; España, Fil: Serrano-Rodríguez, Juan Manuel. Universidad de Córdoba. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Pharmacology Area. Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy; España

El bajo peso al nacimiento (BPN) constituye uno de los problemas de salud pública más comunes tanto a nivel nacional como mundial, por su asociación al mayor riesgo de morbimortalidad neonatal. Con el objetivo de identificar la incidencia y factores maternos asociados a neonatos con bajo peso al nacer, se realizó un estudio no experimental, descriptivo, transversal en 198 neonatos y sus madres en el área de neonatología del Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga de la ciudad de Cuenca durante el período octubre 2017-mayo 2018. El componente de observación y análisis fue la historia clínica tanto del recién nacido como de su madre. Los datos fueron expresados en frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Para establecer la relación entre el bajo peso neonatal y los factores de riesgo maternos se empleó la prueba de chi cuadrado (X2). Se consideró estadísticamente significativo un valor de p < 0.05. La incidencia de BPN fue de 11.1%. En el análisis estadístico, los factores asociados a BPN fueron la ganancia baja de peso durante el embarazo (p=0.001) y el número de gestas (p=0.03). No se observó asociación significativa entre BPN y controles prenatales, periodo intergenésico, diabetes gestacional, preeclamsia y la presencia de enfermedades en el periodo gestacional. Concluyendo; el número de casos de niños con bajo peso al nacer fueron similares a los encontrados en otros estudios. Los factores asociados a BPN fueron la ganancia baja de peso durante el embarazo y el número de gestas.

In a case study located in suburban sectors of the metropolitan area of the Lerma Valley (Valle de Lerma), in the province of Salta (Argentina), 24 informal decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DWWTS) were evaluated. The analyzed systems had three general configurations: A, septic tank; B, septic tank combined with upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor; C, septic tank combined with UASB and a final filtration step. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in effluent quality, measured as total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Treatment A was the most inefficient, and was statistically different from B and C; there were no significant differences between the latter two. Thermotolerant coliform concentrations were high in all analyzed systems and did not comply with local discharge standards in soakaway pits or in the ground. The lack of a final disinfection step in these systems is thus a weakness that needs to be addressed. The formal inclusion of DWWTS in urban planning could reduce overall investment costs, as long as the best technologies are selected for each case. Incorporation of DWWTS in formal urban planning requires an open debate in which the social perspectives of all relevant users need to be considered. Fil: Iribarnegaray, Martín Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina Fil: Rodriguez Alvarez, Maria Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina Fil: Moraña, Liliana Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina Fil: Tejerina, Walter Alfredo. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentina Fil: Seghezzo, Lucas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina

The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic behavior of cefquinome (CFQ) in serum and tissue cage fluid (TCF) in llamas, after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) administration of 2 mg/kg. Two tissue cages (TC) per animal were implanted in the subcutaneous tissue, on the pectoralis major muscles area. Serum and TCF concentrations of CFQ were determined by microbiological assay using Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 10031 as the test microorganism. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of CFQ against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from llamas were determined by broth microdilution method. S. aureus ATCC 29213 and E. coli ATCC 25922 strains were used as controls. Finally, a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis by Monte Carlo simulation, based on pharmacokinetic data obtained from IV, IM and SC administration of CFQ in llamas and MIC values, was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of the dose regimen. CFQ showed a limited distribution, with values of Vdss = 0.10 ± 0.01 and Vz = 0.18 ± 0.04L/kg. Total body clearance (0.05 ± 0.01 L*kg/h) was lower than reported in other species. Absolute bioavailability of IM and SC routes was complete (124 ± 45% and 94 ± 35%, respectively). Moreover, CFQ presented a AUCTCF/AUCserum ratio MIC values, resulting in a better antimicrobial efficacy of CFQ in this biological compartment. MIC90 values for E. coli and S. aureus were 0.06 μg/mL and 0.50 μg/mL, respectively, with a MIC90/MIC50 = 2. Based on the PK/PD analysis, a dose regimen of CFQ of 2 mg/kg q12 h by IV, IM and SC routes, could be effective for the treatment of infections caused by pathogens with MIC values ≤0.50 μg/mL. Therefore, CFQ appears to be a good choice against E. coli and S. aureus in llamas.

Nosocomial extrapancreatic infections in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) are associated with a higher mortality even after adjusting the risk for the severity of the pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical features of hospitalized patients with AP who died during their hospitalization and to evaluate risk factors associated with mortality. We performed a descriptive study of the clinical features of adult patients who died from AP during their hospitalization and a case control study with a paired group of patients that survived AP during a 10-year period. Data of interest were collected from the medical records and are presented with appropriate measures of central tendency and dispersion. For the case control study, the primary outcome evaluated was death, and to evaluate associated clinical features and determine differences between groups, we performed the χ2 or Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables and the Student t-test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables as appropriate. We found 48 patients with acute pancreatitis who died within the period of the study during hospitalization; from these, 50% were men, mean age was 53.2 years, and the most common etiology was biliary obstruction by gallstones in 45.8%. The global mortality rate was of 2.5%. A total of 43.7% patients had infected pancreatic necrosis, and in 58.3%, some extrapancreatic infection was documented, being the most common urinary tract infection in 50%, bacteremia in 50% and pneumonia in 33.3%. Clinical features associated with mortality were the presence of organ failure (p<0.001), nosocomial complications (p<0.001), infected necrosis (p<0.001), and extrapancreatic infections (p=0.002). From the different extrapancreatic infections, only bacteremia (p=0.001) and pneumonia (p=0.011) were associated with higher mortality. In conclusion, extrapancreatic infections are associated with increased mortality among hospitalized patients with acute pancreatitis, in particular, bacteremia and pneumonia with an isolated pathogen.

The current understanding of the biomechanical role of the meniscus, in conjunction with the increasing efforts to achieve its preservation within the orthopaedic community during treatment of meniscal lesions, has prompted the development of different meniscal repair techniques. The outside-in technique is recommended for anterior horn and middle-segment meniscal tears and has been recognized as a low-cost procedure with a low incidence of complications. Diverse modifications of this technique have been published over the past decade. On the basis of these previous outside-in technique modifications and aiming to simplify and reduce the number of surgical steps, as well as simplify suture and/or instrument manipulation, during this technique, we describe the single-lasso loop outside-in technique for meniscal repair. We believe this modified technique represents a simplified, economic, and highly reproducible procedure option whenever an outside-in technique for meniscal repair is considered.

We analyzed the effect of multiparity on the fiber type composition of two skeletal muscles involved in the maintenance of the micturition process, the pelvic pubococcygeus (Pc) and perineal bulbospongiosus (Bs) muscles in nulliparous and multiparous rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).We used the basic ATPase and NADH-TR techniques to identify and characterize slow, intermediate, and fast fiber types and glycolitic and oxidative fibers in muscles, respectively.Pc muscles of multiparous rabbits present relatively high percentages of slow and intermediate fibers but a low percentage of fast fibers (P 0.05) as compared to Pc muscles from nulliparous rabbits, while percentages of glycolytic and oxidative fibers were similar (P 0.05). Bs muscles of multiparous rabbits had a higher proportion of intermediate and glycolytic fibers (P 0.05) than muscles of nulliparous. Both, Pc and Bs muscles of nulliparous and multiparous rabbits contain slow fibers with similar large cross sectional area, but fast fibers in multiparous muscles showed small cross sectional area than in nulliparous.Multiparity modified the fiber type composition of Pc and Bs muscles in female rabbits. We propose that the contractile force and the physiological role of both muscles during micturition are affected because of the observed changes in the relative composition of muscle fiber types.

Objective To evaluate whether maropitant (1 mg kg −1 ) injected subcutaneously (SC), administered simultaneously or 30 minutes prior to intramuscular (IM) administration of morphine (0.5 mg kg −1 ) and acepromazine (0.05 mg kg −1 ), reduces the incidence of salivation, retching and emesis in dogs. Study design Randomized, controlled, prospective clinical trial. Animals Sixty dogs scheduled for an ovariohysterectomy as part of a population control program. Methods Dogs were randomly allocated to be administered maropitant (1 mg kg −1 ) SC simultaneously (group M0) or 30 minutes prior to (group M30) administration of morphine (0.5 mg kg −1 ) and acepromazine (0.05 mg kg −1 ) IM. A control group was administered normal saline (C) at T-30 and T0. Dogs were observed for 30 minutes after morphine–acepromazine administration. The occurrence of vomiting, retching and salivation were recorded, as well as the time to first emesis and the number of emetic events per dog. Results The occurrence of salivation was not different between the groups. Retching and vomiting occurred significantly less frequently in M30 than in the other two groups ( p p = 0.01). When emesis occurred, the time to the first emetic event was similar among the groups. Conclusions and clinical relevance Maropitant (1 mg kg −1 ) SC reduced the frequency of morphine-induced emesis by as much as 70% when administered 30 minutes in advance. Simultaneous administration of maropitant and morphine–acepromazine produced no measurable effect on the frequency of retching or vomiting.

The means of optimally managing very elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has not been established. We retrospectively analyzed 252 patients aged 80-100 years, diagnosed with DLBCL or grade 3B follicular lymphoma, treated in 19 hospitals from the GELTAMO group. Primary objective was to analyze the influence of the type of treatment and comorbidity scales on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). One hundred sixty-three patients (63%) were treated with chemotherapy that included anthracyclines and/or rituximab, whereas 15% received no chemotherapeutic treatment. With a median follow-up of 44 months, median PFS and OS were 9.5 and 12.5 months, respectively. In an analysis restricted to the 205 patients treated with any kind of chemotherapy, comorbidity scales did not influence the choice of treatment type significantly. Independent factors associated with better PFS and OS were: age 86 years, cumulative illness rating scale (CIRS) score 6, intermediate risk (1-2) R-IPI, and treatment with R-CHOP at full or reduced doses. We developed a prognostic model based on the multivariate analysis of the 108 patients treated with R-CHOP-like: median OS was 45 vs. 12 months (P = .001), respectively, for patients with 0-1 vs. 2-3 risk factors (age 85 years, R-IPI 3-5 or CIRS 5). In conclusion, treatment with R-CHOP-like is associated with good survival in a significant proportion of patients. We have developed a simple prognostic model that may aid the selection patients who could benefit from a curative treatment, although it needs to be validated in larger series.

Currently, further research on the valorization of lignin is needed to shift biorefineries from a conceptual basis to profitable practice. Providing global warming is a major concern as well, the use of lignin as the sole precursor to elaborate materials with thermal energy storage (TES) applications is especially welcomed in the search for new sustainable solutions. To this end, the preparation of on-demand macroporous carbon foams from calcium lignosulfonate (CaLS) by pyrolysis is described herein, and their capability to microencapsulate phase change materials (PCMs) dedicated to the passive refrigeration of buildings by TES is further assessed as a proof of concept. The as-produced CaLS-based foams were found to be efficient containers for this purpose, displaying any appreciable leakage of PCMs. Furthermore, the thermal properties of the final materials were satisfactory as well, showing that the support does not affect the PCM performance negatively. Considering the process to produce such materials is not only straightforward but also relies on an inexpensive, widely available carbon precursor, it is expected that it serves as a starting point for pilot studies in TES projects. Fil: Palazzolo, Martín Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnología Química. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnología Química; Argentina. Universite de Bordeaux; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Dourges, Marie Anne. Universite de Bordeaux; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Magueresse, Anthony. Université de Bretagne Sud; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Glouannec, Patrick. Université de Bretagne Sud; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Maheo, Laurent. Université de Bretagne Sud; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Deleuze, Hervé. Universite de Bordeaux; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia

Overall survival (OS) is the gold‐standard end point for studies evaluating autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in follicular lymphoma (FL), but assessment may be elusive due to the lengthy disease course. We analyzed the validity of two earlier end points, proposed in the setting of first‐line chemo‐/immunotherapy, as surrogates for OS—progression‐free survival (PFS) status at 24 months (PFS24) and complete response at 30 months (CR30) post‐ASCT. We also have investigated the clinical features of patients with early progression after ASCT. Data were available for 626 chemosensitive FL patients who received ASCT between 1989 and 2007. Median follow‐up was 12.2 years from ASCT. In the PFS24 analysis, 153 (24%) patients progressed within 24 months and 447 were alive and progression‐free at 24 months post‐ASCT (26 who died without disease progressions within 24 months were excluded). Early progression was associated with shorter OS (hazard ratio [HR], 6.8; P = 0.00001). In the subgroup of patients who received an ASCT in the setting or relapse after being exposed to rituximab, the HR was 11.3 (95% CI, 3.9–30.2; P

The study included 1848 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)patients treated with chemotherapy/rituximab. The aims were to validate the National Comprehensive Cancer Network International Prognostic Index (NCCN-IPI) and explore the effect of adding high Beta-2 microglobulin (β2M), primary extranodal presentation and intense treatment to the NCCN-IPI variables in order to develop an improved index. Comparing survival curves, NCCN-IPI discriminated better than IPI, separating four risk groups with 5-year overall survival rates of 93%, 83%, 67% and 49%, but failing to identify a true high-risk population. For the second aim the series was split into training and validation cohorts: in the former the multivariate model identified age, lactate dehydrogenase, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, Stage III-IV, and β2M as independently significant, whereas the NCCN-IPI-selected extranodal sites, primary extranodal presentation and intense treatments were not. These results were confirmed in the validation cohort. The Grupo Espanol de Linfomas/Trasplante de Medula osea (GELTAMO)-IPI developed here, with 7 points, significantly separated four risk groups (0, 1-3, 4 or ≥5 points) with 11%, 58%, 17% and 14% of patients, and 5-year overall survival rates of 93%, 79%, 66% and 39%, respectively. In the comparison GELTAMO IPI discriminated better than the NCCN-IPI. In conclusion, GELTAMO-IPI is more accurate than the NCCN-IPI and has statistical and practical advantages in that the better discrimination identifies an authentic high-risk group and is not influenced by primary extranodal presentation or treatments of different intensity.

Objective: To evaluate subjective and functional mid term results of patients treated by a lattisimus dorsi tendón transfer arthroscopically assisted for massive irreparable posterolateral injuries of the Rotator Cuff. Methods: Between 2009 and 2012, 17 Lattisimus Dorsi transfers (Paribelli technique) for irreparable posterolateral rotator cuff tears were performed. Distribution by sex: 12 men and 5 women with a mean age of 53 years old (range, 40-63). Thirteen right shoulders and 4 left shoulders. Average duration of symptoms prior to surgery was 8 months (range, 6-13 months). Mean follow-up was 28 months (range, 18-44). Patients were evaluated by the VAS, satisfaction rate, the Constant Modified Scale, postoperative range of motion and strength. Postoperative radiological studies included simple AP radiographs and MRI in order to measure AC distance and asses the integrity of the plasty. Results: Postoperative Constant Modified score averaged 63.54 points. (average increase of 13 points compared to preoperative score. (P ..05)). Active Mobility: a) Mean elevation: 142° postop vs. 119° preop (p Conclusion: Lattisimus Dorsi transfer in patients with posterolateral massive irreparable injuries of the RC, is a highly demanding and palliative procedure for those cases with loss of active mobility, especially lifting and shoulder abduction.

p. 221 - 231 Se realiza en este trabajo un análisis del desarrollo de competencias y capacida­des en la formación de los futuros profesionales de la ingeniería en el área de la electrónica y el control, atendiendo a la necesidad de las carreras de ingeniería en su permanente actualización en un mundo de cambios tecnológicos profundos. Los desarrollos en electrónica y control se centran actualmente en la inte­gración de los sistemas mecánicos, electrónicos e informáticos aplicados a la robótica y a los sistemas de producción integrados. Para ello se desarrollan materiales y módulos didácticos de entrenamiento. Las temáticas a desarro­llar incluyen controladores industriales, robótica aplicada, redes de comu­nicación, software de supervisión y dispositivos integradores de tecnologías. Partiendo de situaciones prácticas organizadas desde lo que se denomina el Laboratorio de Tecnologías Aplicadas, se formularán cuestiones que favorez­can una amplia exposición de los conocimientos de los alumnos, para luego continuar con nuevas situaciones de complejidad creciente, compatibles con el nivel de los estudiantes para promover la evolución de los modelos iniciales. Se culminará con la elaboración de conclusiones, estructuración de conocimiento y actividades de aplicación. En el trabajo se describen una serie de dispositivos (de materiales y me­todológicos) para mejorar la formación en tecnologías aplicadas del área electrónica y control para alumnos de nivel universitario mediante la práctica de experiencias en contexto. Con ellos, se espera favorecer la comprensión de conceptos básicos de ciencia y tecnología en un marco educativo integrado. In response to the need of engineering careers for permanent updates within this world of drastic technological changes, this study analyzes the development of competencies and skills during the education of future professionals in the fields of electronic and control engineering. The developments in electronics and control are currently centered on the integration of mechanical, electronic, and computer information systems applied to robotics and to integrated production systems. Thus, teaching materials and educational training modules are developed. The topics to be developed include industrial controllers, applied robotics, communication networks, supervision software, and technology-integrating devices. Based on practical situations organized from what is known as the “laboratory of applied technologies”, questions will be formulated that favor a wide exposition of the knowledge of the students; then, new situations of growing complexity continue that are compatible with the level of the students to promote the evolution of the initial models; finally, conclusions, knowledge structures, and application activities are established. The study describes a series of devices (materials and methods) to improve education in applied technologies in the field of electronic and control engineering for university students through in-context experiences. These experiences are expected to favor the comprehension of basic concepts of science and technology in an integrated educational framework. Atendendo à necessidade dos cursos de Engenharia em sua permanente atualização dentro de um mundo de mudanças tecnológicas profundas, se realiza neste trabalho uma análise do desenvolvimento de competências e capacidades na formação dos futuros profissionais da Engenharia na área da Eletrônica e o Controle. Os desenvolvimentos na eletrônica e controle se centram atualmente na integração dos sistemas mecânicos, eletrônicos e informáticos aplicados na robótica e aos sistemas de produção integrados. Para isto se desenvolvem materiais didáticos e módulos didáticos de treinamento. As temáticas a desenvolver incluem controladores industriais, robótica aplicada, redes de comunicação, software de supervisão, e dispositivos integradores de tecnologias. Partindo de situações práticas organizadas desde o que se denomina o “Laboratório de Tecnologias Aplicadas” se formularão questões que favoreçam uma ampla exposição dos conhecimentos dos alunos; para logo continuar com novas situações de complexidade crescente, compatível com o nível dos estudantes para promover a evolução dos modelos iniciais. Terminando com a elaboração de conclusões, de estruturação de conhecimento e atividades de aplicação. No trabalho se descrevem uma série de dispositivos (materiais e metodológicos) para melhorar a formação em tecnologias aplicadas da área eletrônica e controle para alunos de nível universitário mediante a prática de “experiências em contexto”. Com isto, se espera favorecer a compreensão de conceitos básicos de ciência e tecnologia em um marco educativo integrado. Medellín

Due to the lack of studies with a regional focus on the richness and distribution of the fauna of chiropterans in northeastern Brazil, this paper presents a collection of these data gathered in an extensive literature review. The data analyzed include technical reports of environment consulting agencies, abstracts presented in scientific meetings, monographs, dissertations, theses, papers, scientific notes, short communications, book chapters and books on bats of South America, Brazil and the biomes Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. The numbers of municipalities surveyed per biome and the localities, municipalities and species richness for each state and biome in northeastern Brazil were determined. This information indicated the regions lacking more consistent Chiroptera sampling efforts, namely large areas in the Amazon, Caatinga and Cerrado. However, bat surveys in Atlantic Forest environments in most northeastern Brazilian states were considered representative. Although bat populations in some states have been poorly surveyed, the results of this review afford to conclude that a large part of the diversity of bat species known in Brazil has been reported for the northeastern region of the country. This review enlarges the knowledge on bat species richness and distribution in northeastern Brazil, and indicates areas suffering from wide survey gaps.

The Water Safety Plan (WSP) for the city of Salta (Argentina) is presented and discussed. To develop this WSP, we used an adapted version of the methodology proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The new method included a preliminary weighting procedure to assess the relative importance of different parts of the system, and a more systematic estimation of the magnitude of control measures. These modifications allowed the definition of a variety of risk reduction strategies. The risk assessment step was performed during participatory workshops with members of the local water company. The Initial Risk for the entire system was 30.2%, with variations among processes, subprocesses and components. More than 60% of the hazardous situations identified require control measures to reduce the risk below an acceptable threshold. If all control measures were successfully implemented, the Final Risk could be lowered to 17.7%. Methodological changes introduced allowed a more detailed analysis of the risks and can be an important improvement of the assessment procedure. Fil: Seghezzo, Lucas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina; Fil: Gatto D'andrea, María Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina; Fil: Iribarnegaray, Martín Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina; Fil: Liberal, Viviana Isabel. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina; Fil: Fleitas, Andrea Evangelina. Compañía Salteña de Agua y Saneamiento S.A. Salta; Argentina; Fil: Bonifacio, J.L.. Compañía Salteña de Agua y Saneamiento S.A. Salta; Argentina

A comprehensive sustainability index for the assessment of water and sanitation management systems (WSMS) is presented. The index was based on a conceptual framework that perceives sustainability as a combination of territorial, temporal, and personal aspects. A set of sustainability indicators was selected in agreement within this framework, and the 'Water and Sanitation Sustainability Index' (WASSI) was built. The WASSI was used to assess the sustainability of the WSMS of the city of Salta, Argentina. Indicators were calculated from information gathered by several means including literature reviews, questionnaires, visits, and participatory workshops. The index was sensitive to detect variations between different aspects of the local WSMS. It was also relatively independent to the quantity and quality of the information available. The WASSI could be a useful tool to assess and improve sustainability of water and sanitation throughout the management systems. © IWA Publishing 2012. Fil: Iribarnegaray, Martín Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina Fil: Copa, F. R.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina Fil: Gatto D'andrea, María Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina Fil: Arredondo, M. F.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina Fil: Cabral, J. D.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina Fil: Correa, J. J.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina Fil: Liberal, Viviana Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina Fil: Seghezzo, Lucas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina

Rabbits nurse inside a nest once/day for 3-5 min. We quantified mother's time inside the nest box (TINB) and milk output as we varied the number and age of pups across lactation. TINB was larger and milk output smaller on lactation days 2, 3, 7, or 8, when one pup (2-3 days old) was provided, but normal on Days 4-6, when suckling eight pups. Maintaining 1, 2, or 6-8 growing pups across 30 days increased TINB in the first two groups without modifying milk intake/pup. Substituting a 15 day-old for a newborn increased TINB (Days 15-20) and decreased milk intake/pup (Days 15-30). Substituting for a newborn on Days 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, and 29 increased TINB on such days and revealed a gradual decline in TINB on the "non-switch" days. Litter size, age, and lactation stage interact to determine TINB and milk output.

We explore the connections between the concepts of governance and sustainability and discuss their possible roles in water and sanitation management systems (WSMS). We see governance as a decision-making process that drives the relationship between social institutions and the public affairs of a given society. We understand sustainability as a combination of spatial, temporal, and personal aspects, and we argue that this definition is more comprehensive than the traditional triple bottom line of economy, environment, and society. We combined these two concepts into a new conceptual framework of “governance for sustainability” that is theoretically sound and arguably appropriate to understand local WSMS. To illustrate this framework, we developed and estimated a Sustainable Water Governance Index (SWGI) for the city of Salta, Argentina. This aggregated index was calculated with data from literature, information from the city’s water company and other local institutions, field visits, and interviews. The SWGI for Salta obtained an overall score of 49 on a 0–100 scale, which fell into the “danger” range. We discuss the advantages and limitations of the method and conclude that aggregated indices such as the SWGI, complemented with contextual information, can be a helpful decision-making tool to promote more sustainable WSMS.

A water and sanitation sustainability index (WASSI) was developed and estimated in four cities of the province of Salta, in northern Argentina. The index was built with nine descriptors and fifteen indicators that covered all essential aspects of the sustainability of local water and sanitation management systems. Only one of the cities studied obtained a sustainability value above the acceptability threshold adopted (50 of 100 points). Results indicate that the water company needs to address some environmental and social issues to enhance the sustainability of the systems studied. The WASSI was conceptually robust and operationally simple, and could be easily adapted to the case studies. The index can be followed and updated online on a web site specially developed for this project. This website could be useful to promote participatory processes, assist decision makers, and facilitate academic research. According to local stakeholders, a more open sustainability assessment based on sustainability indices and supported by virtual tools would be relevant and highly feasible. It would help decision makers improve the sustainability and transparency of water and sanitation management systems, and promote more sustainable water policies in the region and beyond. Fil: Iribarnegaray, Martín Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energia No Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energia No Convencional; Argentina Fil: Gatto D'andrea, María Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energia No Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energia No Convencional; Argentina Fil: Rodriguez Alvarez, Maria Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energia No Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energia No Convencional; Argentina Fil: Hernandez, Maria Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energia No Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energia No Convencional; Argentina Fil: Brannstrom, Christian. Texas A&M University; Estados Unidos Fil: Seghezzo, Lucas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energia No Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energia No Convencional; Argentina

Objectives: To present our functional outcomes from patients treated arthroscopically for a failed Bankart repair, using suture anchors and capsulolabral tissue only. Methods: Series of 22 patients presented with a recurrence of instability after a previous stabilization surgery (3 Latarjet, Bankart 19). We treated them by a an all-arthroscopic procedure, avoiding bone grafts, when glenoid track was found to be enough to proceed. The failure was associated with trauma in 11 patients, a non-anatomic repair in 6 patients, capsular laxity in 4 patients and a non-union of the coracoid graft in 1 patient. Revision surgery included: Bankart repair with anchors in 17 cases, a posterior-inferior capsulo-labral plication in one case, and 5 remplissages. In 4 cases subscapularis augmentation was used because of poor capsular quality. Screw removal was necessary when treating the non-union case. Patients were followed-up by a minimum of 23 months (range 23-26), and evaluated by the UCLA Test, SS test and Rowe score. Results: Thirteen patients had an excellent result, 6 good, 2 satisfactory and one bad result, according to UCLA score. The mean Rowe score was 90.4, at final follow up. The Simple Shoulder Test went from an 8 preoperative to an 11 postoperative, mean scores. 19 of 22 patients returned to the same level of activity prior to the injury. Complications: recurrence in 2 cases, subluxation in 2 and one shoulder stiffness that required an arthrolysis. Conclusion: An arthroscopic revision surgery, after a failed Bankart repair, presents satisfactory results in selected patients. Arthroscopic vision allows a correct diagnosis of injuries as possible causes of failure and subsequent treatment.

Objectives: To compare clinical and radiological results of two types of rotator cuff (RC) repairs: the double row and double row-suture bridge. Methods: Forty-two patients with a complete tear (medium and large size) of the RC were repaired by a double row arthroscopic technique. Minimum follow-up was 19 months (range, 19-28 months). Clinical outcomes were assessed by the Modified Constant Scale and satisfaction rate by an independent observer; VAS, UCLA and ASES. Radiological results were assed by a postoperative MRI by a musculoskeletal radiologist. Results: Series of 22 patients in the double row technique (Group A) and 20 patients in the double-row suture bridge (Gruop B). Statistically there was a significant improvement in the Constant Scale, satisfaction rate, muscle assessment, VAS, UCLA and ASES in both groups after the surgical procedure. There were no significant clinical differences between both groups at any time after the surgical procedure. According to MRI postop, 19/22 shoulders in Group A and 18/20 in Group B remained intact, with no significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion: RC repairs with double row and double-row-suture bridge techniques provide clinical and radiological good and excelent results. In our retrospective, mid-size study, we have found no differences between these two repair techniques.

This paper links land and water appropriation processes, the relatedvirtual water flows and a normative analysis of governance and sustainabilityissues. The intensive tobacco production in the Lerma Valley, province ofSalta, Northern Argentina, was used as a case study. A conceptual framework of 'governance for sustainability' was used to guide the analysis and integratequantitative and qualitative methodological tools. This conceptual frameworkincludes two phases: (a) a descriptive stage, in which social and culturalaspects are described based on a historical and place-based analysis and thehelp of a quantitative indicator (virtual water); and (b) a more prescriptivephase where a normative evaluation of water governance is carried out interms of some sustainability principles. Virtual water of tobacco production,expressed in population equivalents, was estimated to represent about half ofthe needs of the entire city of Salta (population 535,000). The paper also showsthat local water governance ignores some of the social perspectives held byrelevant stakeholders. We end by discussing a number of policy alternativesthat could help improve the governance and sustainability of the system. Fil: Iribarnegaray, Martín Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina Fil: Brito, Luis Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina Fil: Salas Barboza, Ariela Griselda Judith. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina Fil: Seghezzo, Lucas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina

Objective: To detect Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) latent infections on apples before storage, which is essential for effective control strategies in the fruit postharvest industry. Methods: In the present study, a polymerase chain reaction detection method, based on primers designed on B. cinerea transposable elements (boty and flipper) and intergenic spacer region as internal control, were utilized to reveal the presence of symptomless infections on apple fruits. This molecular method proved to be highly specific and sensitive in detecting latent infections. It revealed the presence of the pathogen in 83% of the samples from infected apples with 104 conidia/ mL, whereas those infected with 106 conidia/mL detected 94% as compared to the traditional method that revealed the pathogen in 40% and 66% of the samples inoculated with 104 and 106 conidia/mL respectively. Furthermore, the method characterized B. cinerea as subpopulation transposa-type by the presence of the transposable elements boty and flipper Results: The results obtained from DNA quantification method were compared with enzymelinked immunosorbent assay and these studies showed good correlation. Therefore our method has important advantages compared with others detection methods for B. cinerea, because the proposed methodology allowed distinguishes between its two subpopulations (vacuma and transposa) and this would allow establish possible appropriate control strategies. Conclusions: Finally, the method can be an interesting alternative for its possible application in the phytosanitary programs of the fruit industry worldwide. EEA Mendoza Fil: Fernández, Jorge Gastón. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Quimica, Bioquimica y Farmacia. Departamento de Quimica. Area de Quimica Analitica; Argentina Fil: Fernández Baldo, Martín Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Luis. Instituto de Química de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Departamento de Química. Instituto de Química de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Muñoz, Claudio Javier. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza; Argentina Fil: Salinas, Eloy. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Quimica, Bioquimica y Farmacia. Departamento de Quimica. Area de Quimica Analitica; Argentina Fil: Raba, Julio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Luis. Instituto de Química de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Departamento de Química. Instituto de Química de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Sanz Ferramola, Maria Isabel. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Quimica, Bioquimica y Farmacia. Departamento de Quimica. Area de Quimica Analitica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Luis. Instituto de Química de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Departamento de Química. Instituto de Química de San Luis; Argentina

A pilot-scale sewage treatment system consisting of two upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactors followed by five waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) in series was studied under subtropical conditions. The first UASB reactor started up in only 1 mo (stable operation, high chemical oxygen demand [COD] removal efficiency, low volatile fatty acids concentration in the effluent, alkalinity ratio above 0.7, biogas production above 0.1 Nm[3]/kg of COD[removed]). Removal efficiencies up to 90% were obtained in the anaerobic steps at a hydraulic retention time of 6 + 4 h (80% removal in the first step). Fecal coliform removal in the whole system was 99.9999% (99.94% in anaerobic steps and 99.98% in WSPs). COD balances over UASB reactors are provided. A minimum set of data necessary to build COD balances is proposed. Intermittent sludge washout was detected in the reactors with the COD balances. Sludge washout from single-step UASB reactors should be monitored and minimized in order to ensure constant compliance with discharge standards, especially when no posttreatment is provided. The system combined high COD and fecal coliform removal efficiency with an extremely low effluent concentration, complying with discharge standards, and making it an attractive option for sewage treatment in subtropical regions

Background and ObjectivesAnti-IgLON5 disease is a recently described neurologic disease that shares features of autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. Abnormal movements appear to be frequent and important but have not been characterized and are underreported. We describe the frequency and types of movement disorders in a series of consecutive patients with this disease.MethodsIn this retrospective, observational study, the presence and phenomenology of movement disorders were assessed with a standardized clinical questionnaire. Available videos were centrally reviewed by 3 experts in movement disorders.ResultsSeventy-two patients were included. In 41 (57%), the main reason for initial consultation was difficulty walking along with one or several concurrent movement disorders. At the time of anti-IgLON5 diagnosis, 63 (87%) patients had at least 1 movement disorder with a median of 3 per patient. The most frequent abnormal movements were gait and balance disturbances (52 patients [72%]), chorea (24 [33%]), bradykinesia (20 [28%]), dystonia (19 [26%]), abnormal body postures or rigidity (18 [25%]), and tremor (15 [21%]). Other hyperkinetic movements (myoclonus, akathisia, myorhythmia, myokymia, or abdominal dyskinesias) occurred in 26 (36%) patients. The craniofacial region was one of the most frequently affected by multiple concurrent movement disorders (23 patients [32%]) including dystonia (13), myorhythmia (6), chorea (4), or myokymia (4). Considering any body region, the most frequent combination of multiple movement disorders consisted of gait instability or ataxia associated with craniofacial dyskinesias or generalized chorea observed in 31 (43%) patients. In addition to abnormal movements, 87% of patients had sleep alterations, 74% bulbar dysfunction, and 53% cognitive impairment. Fifty-five (76%) patients were treated with immunotherapy, resulting in important and sustained improvement of the movement disorders in only 7 (13%) cases.DiscussionMovement disorders are a frequent and leading cause of initial neurologic consultation in patients with anti-IgLON5 disease. Although multiple types of abnormal movements can occur, the most prevalent are disorders of gait, generalized chorea, and dystonia and other dyskinesias that frequently affect craniofacial muscles. Overall, anti-IgLON5 disease should be considered in patients with multiple movement disorders, particularly if they occur in association with sleep alterations, bulbar dysfunction, or cognitive impairment.