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1. Detection of Interfractional Morphological Changes in Proton Therapy: A Simulation and In Vivo Study With the INSIDE In-Beam PET

Author

Elisa Fiorina, Veronica Ferrero, Guido Baroni, Giuseppe Battistoni, Nicola Belcari, Niccolo Camarlinghi, Piergiorgio Cerello, Mario Ciocca, Micol De Simoni, Marco Donetti, Yunsheng Dong, Alessia Embriaco, Marta Fischetti, Gaia Franciosini, Giuseppe Giraudo, Aafke Kraan, Francesco Laruina, Carmela Luongo, Davide Maestri, Marco Magi, Giuseppe Magro, Etesam Malekzadeh, Carlo Mancini Terracciano, Michela Marafini, Ilaria Mattei, Enrico Mazzoni, Paolo Mereu, Riccardo Mirabelli, Alfredo Mirandola, Matteo Morrocchi, Silvia Muraro, Alessandra Patera, Vincenzo Patera, Francesco Pennazio, Alessandra Retico, Angelo Rivetti, Manuel Dionisio Da Rocha Rolo, Valeria Rosso, Alessio Sarti, Angelo Schiavi, Adalberto Sciubba, Elena Solfaroli Camillocci, Giancarlo Sportelli, Sara Tampellini, Marco Toppi, Giacomo Traini, Serena Marta Valle, Francesca Valvo, Barbara Vischioni, Viviana Vitolo, Richard Wheadon, and Maria Giuseppina Bisogni

Subjects
adaptive therapy, Computer science, Materials Science (miscellaneous), medicine.medical_treatment, Monte Carlo method, Biophysics, General Physics and Astronomy, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, in vivo treatment verification, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, In vivo, Robustness (computer science), in-beam pet, medicine, proton therapy, range monitoring, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Radiation treatment planning, Proton therapy, Mathematical Physics, Monte Carlo simulation, Particle therapy, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, clinical trial, lcsh:QC1-999, Positron emission tomography, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Nuclear medicine, business, Beam (structure), lcsh:Physics
Abstract

In particle therapy, the uncertainty of the delivered particle range during the patient irradiation limits the optimization of the treatment planning. Therefore, an in vivo treatment verification device is required, not only to improve the plan robustness, but also to detect significant interfractional morphological changes during the treatment itself. In this article, an effective and robust analysis to detect regions with a significant range discrepancy is proposed. This study relies on an in vivo treatment verification by means of in-beam Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and was carried out with the INSIDE system installed at the National Center of Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO) in Pavia, which is under clinical testing since July 2019. Patients affected by head-and-neck tumors treated with protons have been considered. First, in order to tune the analysis parameters, a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation was carried out to reproduce a patient who required a replanning because of significant morphological changes found during the treatment. Then, the developed approach was validated on the experimental measurements of three patients recruited for the INSIDE clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.govID: NCT03662373), showing the capability to estimate the treatment compliance with the prescription both when no morphological changes occurred and when a morphological change did occur, thus proving to be a promising tool for clinicians to detect variations in the patients treatments.

Published
2021
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2. Monitoring Carbon Ion Beams Transverse Position Detecting Charged Secondary Fragments: Results From Patient Treatment Performed at CNAO

Author

Marco Toppi, Guido Baroni, Giuseppe Battistoni, Maria Giuseppina Bisogni, Piergiorgio Cerello, Mario Ciocca, Patrizia De Maria, Micol De Simoni, Marco Donetti, Yunsheng Dong, Alessia Embriaco, Veronica Ferrero, Elisa Fiorina, Marta Fischetti, Gaia Franciosini, Aafke Christine Kraan, Carmela Luongo, Etesam Malekzadeh, Marco Magi, Carlo Mancini-Terracciano, Michela Marafini, Ilaria Mattei, Enrico Mazzoni, Riccardo Mirabelli, Alfredo Mirandola, Matteo Morrocchi, Silvia Muraro, Vincenzo Patera, Francesco Pennazio, Angelo Schiavi, Adalberto Sciubba, Elena Solfaroli-Camillocci, Giancarlo Sportelli, Sara Tampellini, Giacomo Traini, Serena Marta Valle, Barbara Vischioni, Viviana Vitolo, and Alessio Sarti

Subjects
Cancer Research, Materials science, medicine.medical_treatment, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Optics, Relative biological effectiveness, medicine, charged particles, RC254-282, Original Research, Range (particle radiation), Particle therapy, carbon ions, fibre detectors, online monitoring, particle therapy, business.industry, Detector, Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, Charged particle, Transverse plane, Oncology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Ionization chamber, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Particle therapy in which deep seated tumours are treated using 12C ions (Carbon Ions RadioTherapy or CIRT) exploits the high conformity in the dose release, the high relative biological effectiveness and low oxygen enhancement ratio of such projectiles. The advantages of CIRT are driving a rapid increase in the number of centres that are trying to implement such technique. To fully profit from the ballistic precision achievable in delivering the dose to the target volume an online range verification system would be needed, but currently missing. The 12C ions beams range could only be monitored by looking at the secondary radiation emitted by the primary beam interaction with the patient tissues and no technical solution capable of the needed precision has been adopted in the clinical centres yet. The detection of charged secondary fragments, mainly protons, emitted by the patient is a promising approach, and is currently being explored in clinical trials at CNAO. Charged particles are easy to detect and can be back-tracked to the emission point with high efficiency in an almost background-free environment. These fragments are the product of projectiles fragmentation, and are hence mainly produced along the beam path inside the patient. This experimental signature can be used to monitor the beam position in the plane orthogonal to its flight direction, providing an online feedback to the beam transverse position monitor chambers used in the clinical centres. This information could be used to cross-check, validate and calibrate, whenever needed, the information provided by the ion chambers already implemented in most clinical centres as beam control detectors. In this paper we study the feasibility of such strategy in the clinical routine, analysing the data collected during the clinical trial performed at the CNAO facility on patients treated using 12C ions and monitored using the Dose Profiler (DP) detector developed within the INSIDE project. On the basis of the data collected monitoring three patients, the technique potential and limitations will be discussed.

Published
2021

3. The MONDO tracker: characterisation and study of secondary ultrafast neutrons production in carbon ion radiotherapy

Author

Marco Toppi, Giuseppe Battistoni, Alessandro Bochetti, Patrizia De Maria, Micol De Simoni, Yunsheng Dong, Marta Fischetti, Gaia Franciosini, Leonardo Gasparini, Marco Magi, Enrico Manuzzato, Ilaria Mattei, Riccardo Mirabelli, Silvia Muraro, Luca Parmesan, Vincenzo Patera, Matteo Perenzoni, Alessio Sarti, Angelo Schiavi, Adalberto Sciubba, Giacomo Traini, Serena Marta Valle, and Michela Marafini

Subjects
Photon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, medicine.medical_treatment, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Monte Carlo method, Biophysics, General Physics and Astronomy, Context (language use), Tracking (particle physics), 01 natural sciences, Optics, SPAD technology, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Neutron, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 010306 general physics, neutron tracker, Mathematical Physics, Physics, Elastic scattering, Particle therapy, business.industry, Detector, neutron tracker, particle therapy, scintillating fibers, neutron tracking, lcsh:QC1-999, particle therapy, carbon ions radiotherapy, scintillating fibers, secondary radiation monitoring, business, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

Secondary neutrons produced in Particle Therapy (PT) treatments are responsible for the delivery of a large fraction of the out-of-target dose as they feebly interact with the patient body. To properly account for their contribution to the total dose delivered to the patient, a high precision experimental characterisation of their production energy and angular distributions is eagerly needed. The experimental challenge posed by the detection and tracking of such neutrons will be addressed by the MONDO tracker: a compact scintillating fibres detector exploiting single and double elastic scattering interactions allowing for a complete neutron four momentum reconstruction. To achieve a high detection efficiency while matching the fibres (squared, 250 $\mu$m side) high granularity, a single photon sensitive readout has been developed using the CMOS based SPAD technology. The readout sensor, with pixels of $125\times250\ \micro\meter^2$ size, will be organised in tiles covering the full detector surface and will implement an auto-trigger strategy to identify the events of interest. The expected detector performance in the context of neutron component characterisation in PT treatments delivered using carbon ions has been evaluated using a Monte Carlo simulation accounting for the detector response and the neutrons production spectra.

Published
2020

4. The Drift Chamber detector of the FOOT experiment: Performance analysis and external calibration

Author

Lante Valeria, M. G. Bisogni, Morrocchi Matteo, Sartorelli Gabriella, Fiandrini Emanuele, Mattei Ilaria, Colombi Sofia, Kanxheri Keida, Ionica Maria, Narici Livio, Spiriti Eleuterio, Giraudo Giuseppe, Laurenza Martina, Benedetto Di Ruzza, Argirò Stefano, Tomassini Sandro, Iarocci Enzo, Maria Cristina Montesi, Traini Giacomo, Mengarelli Alberto, Y. Dong, Sportelli Giancarlo, Ferrero Veronica, Antonia Di Crescenzo, Weber Ulrich, Schiavi Angelo, Alpat Behcet, Scifoni Emanuele, Franciosini Gaia, Spighi Roberto, Silvestre Gianluigi, Barbanera Mattia, Ciarrocchi Esther, Clozza Alberto, Chiara La Tessa, Pastore Alessandra, M. Villa, M. C. Morone, Alexandrov Andrey, Sato Osamu, Donetti Marco, Galli Luca, Ridolfi Riccardo, Massimi Cristian, Pastrone Nadia, Ernesto Lopez Torres, Sciubba Adalberto, Rosso Valeria, Cerello Piergiorgio, Alberto Del Guerra, Micol De Simoni, A.C. Kraan, Marafini Michela, Leonello Servoli, Ramello Luciano, Gentile Valerio, Raul Arteche Diaz, S. M. Valle, Pullia Marco, Galati Giuliana, Raffaelli Fabrizio, Franchini Matteo, Vincenzo Patera, Fiorina Elisa, Francesconi Marco, Savazzi Simone, Finck Christian, Toppi Marco, Pennazio Francesco, Selvi Marco, Schuy Christoph, Bellinzona Elettra, Durante Marco, Placidi Pisana, Giovanni De Lellis, Sanelli Claudio, Sécher Alexandre, Belcari Nicola, Bartosik Nazar, Francesco Tommasino, Sarti Alessio, Giuseppe Battistoni, Sitta Mario, Fischetti Marta, Ambrosi Giovanni, Valeri Tioukov, Hetzel Ronja, M. Vanstalle, Carra Pietro, Stahl Achim, Zoccoli Antonio, Muraro Silvia, Moggi Andrea, Lauria Adele, Bruni Graziano, Biondi Silvia, Scavarda Lorenzo, Dong Y., Gianluigi S., Sofia C., Andrey A., Behcet A., Giovanni A., Stefano A., Arteche Diaz R., Mattia B., Nazar B., Nicola B., Elettra B., S. Biondi, Bisogni M.G., G. Bruni, Pietro C., Piergiorgio C., Esther C., Alberto C., De Lellis G., Del Guerra A., De Simoni M., Di Crescenzo A., Di Ruzza B., Marco D., Veronica F., Emanuele F., Christian F., Elisa F., Marta F., Marco F., M. Franchini., Gaia F., Giuliana G., Luca G., Valerio G., Giuseppe G., Ronja H., Enzo I., Maria I., Keida K., Kraan A.C., Valeria L., La Tessa C., Martina L., Adele L., Lopez Torres E., Michela M., Cristian M., Ilaria M., A. Mengarelli, Andrea M., Montesi M.C., Morone M.C., Matteo M., Silvia M., Livio N., Alessandra P., Nadia P., Patera V., Francesco P., Pisana P., Marco P., Fabrizio R., Luciano R., R. Ridolfi, Valeria R., Claudio S., Alessio S., G. Sartorelli, Osamu S., Simone S., Lorenzo S., Angelo S., Christoph S., Emanuele S., Adalberto S., Alexandre S., Marco S., Mario S., R. Spighi, Eleuterio S., Giancarlo S., Achim S., Sandro T., Marco T., Giacomo T., Tioukov V., Valle S.M., Vanstalle M., Villa M., Ulrich W., A. Zoccoli, Battistoni G., Servoli L., Tommasino F., Dong, Yunsheng, Gianluigi, Silvestre, Sofia, Colombi, Alexandrov, Andrey, Behcet, Alpat, Giovanni, Ambrosi, Stefano, Argirò, Arteche Diaz, Raul, Mattia, Barbanera, Nazar, Bartosik, Nicola, Belcari, Elettra, Bellinzona, Silvia, Biondi, Bisogni, Maria Giuseppina, Graziano, Bruni, Pietro, Carra, Piergiorgio, Cerello, Esther, Ciarrocchi, Alberto, Clozza, De Lellis, Giovanni, Del Guerra, Alberto, De Simoni, Micol, Di Crescenzo, Antonia, Di Ruzza, Benedetto, Marco, Donetti, Durante, Marco, Veronica, Ferrero, Emanuele, Fiandrini, Christian, Finck, Elisa, Fiorina, Marta, Fischetti, Marco, Francesconi, Matteo, Franchini, Gaia, Franciosini, Galati, Giuliana, Luca, Galli, Valerio, Gentile, Giuseppe, Giraudo, Ronja, Hetzel, Enzo, Iarocci, Maria, Ionica, Keida, Kanxheri, Kraan, Aafke Christine, Valeria, Lante, La Tessa, Chiara, Martina, Laurenza, Lauria, Adele, Lopez Torres, Ernesto, Michela, Marafini, Cristian, Massimi, Ilaria, Mattei, Alberto, Mengarelli, Andrea, Moggi, Montesi, Maria Cristina, Morone, Maria Cristina, Matteo, Morrocchi, Silvia, Muraro, Livio, Narici, Alessandra, Pastore, Nadia, Pastrone, Patera, Vincenzo, Francesco, Pennazio, Pisana, Placidi, Marco, Pullia, Fabrizio, Raffaelli, Luciano, Ramello, Riccardo, Ridolfi, Valeria, Rosso, Claudio, Sanelli, Alessio, Sarti, Gabriella, Sartorelli, Osamu, Sato, Simone, Savazzi, Lorenzo, Scavarda, Angelo, Schiavi, Christoph, Schuy, Emanuele, Scifoni, Adalberto, Sciubba, Alexandre, Sécher, Marco, Selvi, Mario, Sitta, Roberto, Spighi, Eleuterio, Spiriti, Giancarlo, Sportelli, Achim, Stahl, Sandro, Tomassini, Marco, Toppi, Giacomo, Traini, Tioukov, Valeri, Valle, Serena Marta, Vanstalle, Marie, Villa, Mauro, Ulrich, Weber, Antonio, Zoccoli, Battistoni, Giuseppe, Servoli, Leonello, Tommasino, Francesco, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Silicon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, medicine.medical_treatment, Nuclear physics, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, Microstrip, Optics, nuclear physics, Silicon microstrip detector, silicon microstrip detector, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Perpendicular, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Image resolution, Physics, drift chamber, Particle therapy, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Projectile, business.industry, Settore FIS/04, Settore FIS/07, Detector, chemistry, Nuclear physic, Drift chamber, business, Beam energy
Abstract

The study that we present is part of the preparation work for the setup of the FOOT (FragmentatiOn Of Target) experiment whose main goal is the measurement of the double differential cross sections of fragments produced in nuclear interactions of particles with energies relevant for particle therapy. The present work is focused on the characterization of the gas-filled drift chamber detector composed of 36 sensitive cells, distributed over two perpendicular views. Each view consists of six consecutive and staggered layers with three cells per layer. We investigated the detector efficiency and we performed an external calibration of the space–time relations at the level of single cells. This information was then used to evaluate the drift chamber resolution. An external tracking system realized with microstrip silicon detectors was adopted to have a track measurement independent on the drift chamber. The characterization was performed with a proton beam at the energies of 228 and 80 MeV. The overall hit detection efficiency of the drift chamber has been found to be 0 . 929 ± 0 . 008 , independent on the proton beam energy. The spatial resolution in the central part of the cell is about 150 ± 10 μ m and 300 ± 10 μ m and the corresponding detector angular resolution has been measured to be 1 . 62 ± 0 . 16 mrad and 2 . 1 ± 0 . 4 mrad for the higher and lower beam energies, respectively. In addition, the best value on the intrinsic drift chamber resolution has been evaluated to be in the range 60 − 100 μ m. In the framework of the FOOT experiment, the drift chamber will be adopted in the pre-target region, and will be exploited to measure the projectile direction and position, as well as for the identification of pre-target fragmentation events.

Published
2021
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