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This study aims to assess the water quality of the Mahananda River in Bangladesh and its suitability for drinking and agricultural uses. For water quality determination, 15 samples were collected from different sites of the Mahananda River to calculate Water Quality Index (WQI) and Entropy Water Quality Index (EWQI). Result shows that among different Hydrochemical parameters, carbonate and bicarbonate concentrations crossed the maximum limit in all the samples, while fluoride concentration exceeding in Sample-15 with the highest value found in Baroghoria area. From WQI result, water quality for the Baroghoria area was found unsuitable for drinking with WQI − 309.22, whereas another two samples of Mollikpur and Namo Neemgachi fall under ‘poor’ category with WQI of 184.49 and 198.99, respectively. EWQI reveals medium to excellent water quality. Result from different irrigation indices (Na%, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium hazard (MH), total hardness, Kelly ratio (KR), and permeability index (PI) values) showed their suitability for irrigation. Principal component analysis (PCA) explained a total of 89.71% of variances in the dataset. Significant positive association within EC–Na, EC–sulfate, Ca–TH, nitrate–sulfate, etc., were reported indicating prominence in terms of both geogenic as well as anthropogenic processes such as silicate weathering and the release of untreated sewerage, respectively, which governs the water quality evolution in the study area. Cluster analysis (CA) classifies all water samples in five different clusters based on five different characteristics. Mahananda River water is found safe for both drinking and agricultural purposes, except for few samples near the dense human settlement areas. Result from this study is useful for decision makers to design management plans for the river water quality, environmental pollution and human well-being.

Erectile Dysfunction (ED) describes the persistent inability to achieve or maintain a penile erection for adequate sexual performance. ED is thought to be a vascular disease affecting more than 70% of men with (Cardiovascular Disease) CVD and sharing a myriad of risk factors like hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, ageing and the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes increases the risk of both ED and CVD with the latter being the leading cause of death. Endothelial dysfunction and its role in the development of atherosclerosis may be the common link between ED, CVD and diabetes. With the current epidemic of type 2 diabetes, diabetes related CVD will increase in tandem. Early identification of this risk group is therefore paramount. Evidence has shown that ED is an independent marker of increased CVD risk and heralds the onset of coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease and stroke thereby providing a window of opportunity for risk factor modification. In our paper we shall explore the correlation of ED and CVD with a view to formulation of intervention strategies. Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.18 (2); July 2019; Page 59-66

Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) enzymes play a crucial role in azathioprine metabolism. Mutations in the enzyme initiate generation of excess thioguanine, which causes suppression of various cell lineages. The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of TPMT mutation in Bangladeshi patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) requiring azathioprine therapy and its relation to the development of myelosuppression. 250 patients with SLE were enrolled, then monitored for myelosuppression adverse events for 4 months. TPMT*3C (rs1142345), TPMT*3B (rs1800460), and TPMT*2 (rs1800462) polymorphisms were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism. The risk of myelosuppression (i.e., leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia) was estimated as the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and p values. Of the 250 patients, 17 (6.8%) were heterozygous for the TPMT*3 mutation and 233 (93.2%) were homozygous for the wild type; no patients carried a homozygous mutation. Grade III/IV leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia occurred in 12.0%, 12.0%, and 27.9% of wild-type TPMT patients respectively; corresponding rates in heterozygous TPMT*3C patients were 70.6%, 64.7%, and 5.9%. Patients with Grade III/IV azathioprine-induced leukopenia were significantly more likely to have the heterozygous TPMT*3C genotype than the wild-type variant (OR 17.6; 95% CI 5.8–53.6; p

The paper examines how opposing interests (cost effectiveness versus environmental sustainability) are balanced during the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process. During an EIA study, it is the Environmental Specialist’s role to conduct an EIA and bridge the gap between the Proponent and Activists. This study involves the developmental impact of coal transportation through a mangrove forest, a sensitive ecosystem. There are three major areas of disagreement among the Proponent and Activist: (i) overall impact on Sundarbans Mangrove Reserve Forests (SMRF); (ii) impact of air emissions; and (iii) impacts due to coal shipment. Assessment showed air quality impacts would be within applicable standards and guidelines. There will be an increase in marine traffic due to coal transportation; however, if the recommended mitigation measures are followed, then the project will have a manageable and limited impact on the SMRF. There will be water quality degradation and coal dust accumulation in the riverbed at the coal trans-shipment point. An aquatic habitat of approximately 290 ha in size is recommended as compensation for degraded land in the study.

Cervical carcinoma is a preventable condition and over 95% of patients with early carcinoma cervix can be cured. But still women dying from malignant disease of all kinds the cervix is the common organ primarily involved. The study was conducted to find out the predisposing factors of carcinoma cervix in our population and to scrutinize the patients in early stages, so that measures can be taken to prevent it. After approval of ethical committee and informed written consent fifty patients from Dhaka Medical College hospital were included in this study from January 2003 to December 2003. Among the 50 patients 36 were between 31to 50 years, 42 patients present with blood stained per vaginal discharge and 40 present with post-coital bleeding. Regarding identifiable risk factors early age of 1st intercourse was most common followed by multiparity. Ninety four percent of patients had squamous cell carcinoma and reminder were adenocarcinoma. Incidence of carcinoma cervix can be decreased by health education with special attention to risk factors and morbidity and mortality can be reduced by detection of cases in early stage when it is still curable.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2017; 35(3): 110-114

Bangladesh has become an ageing society and is going to increase her older persons. Health condition, quality of life (QOL) and physical functioning are worsen as people age. Due to increasing life expectancies, enhancement of medical and health facilities, modernization, Bangladesh, recently, experiencing the rapid change in demographic transition, as well as the most common challenge, population ageing. This paper presents an organizing framework that assists researchers in the design and validation of formative and reflective measurement models for assessing QOL of older persons. The framework draws from the extant literature, includes both theoretical and empirical considerations, and is illustrated through empirical example for measuring QOL of older persons using data from a project entitled “Quality of Life and Active Ageing of Older persons at Rajshahi City in Bangladesh” conducted at the Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi. This example concern constructs that is fundamental to theory-building in this discipline, and most of the scholars used formative model. In contrast, application of the framework to this example suggests that a reflective measurement model may be more appropriate. These results reinforce the need to justify, both theoretically and empirically, the choice of measurement model for measuring subjective QOL.

Patient Initials or Identifier Number Mr. G M ### Relevant Clinical History and Physical Exam Mr. G M, a 55-year-old gentleman attended our emergency with the complaint of typical angina at rest with sweating for 6 hours. He has a background history of worsening angina on exertion for one

The biometric authentication is becoming very familiar due to its unique characteristics. This paper presents a user authentication system using mouse movement data. The mouse movement data are captured using an existing tool named Jitbit macro recorder. The acquired data are preprocessed and sampled into N blocks based on specific number of actions and stored in database. From each block twelve features are generated: Number of Points in the trajectory, Delay Time, Number of Delay, Number of Action, STDEV of Trajectory Length, Total Length of Trajectory, STDEV of Slope, STDEV of Slope to Slope Difference, Number of Curvatures, Curvature of Trajectory, Number of Changes in Horizontal Position and Number of Changes in Vertical Position. This system uses three separate classifiers: SVM, K-Nearest Neighbor and Naive Bayes to recognize the user. The system is trained and tested using a benchmark data. The experimental result shows that K-nearest Neighbor has the lowest error rate.

Many companies like credit card, insurance, bank, retail industry require direct marketing. Data mining can help those institutes to set marketing goal. Data mining techniques have good prospects in their target audiences and improve the likelihood of response. In this work we have investigated two data mining techniques: the Naive Bayes and the C4.5 decision tree algorithms. The goal of this work is to predict whether a client will subscribe a term deposit. We also made comparative study of performance of those two algorithms. Publicly available UCI data is used to train and test the performance of the algorithms. Besides, we extract actionable knowledge from decision tree that focuses to take interesting and important decision in business area.

With the advancement in the field of chronobiology, modern drug delivery approaches have been elevated to a new concept of chronopharmacology i.e. the ability to deliver the therapeutic agent to a patient in a staggered profile. However the major drawback in the development of such delivery system that matches the circadian rhythm requires the availability of precise technology (pulsatile drug delivery). The increasing research interest surrounding this delivery system has widened the areas of pharmaceutics in particular with many more sub-disciplines expected to coexist in the near future. This review on chronopharmaceutics gives a comprehensive emphasis on potential disease targets, revisits the existing technologies in hand and also addresses the theoretical approaches to emerging discipline such as genetic engineering and target based specific molecules. With the biological prospective approaches in delivering drugs it is well understood that safer and more realistic approaches in the therapy of diseases will be achieved in the days to come.

Background: Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is traditionally known to occur in critically ill patients, following cardiac surgery, abdominal vascular surgery, severe trauma, burns, prolonged fasting, total parenteral nutrition, or sepsis, and is believed to have a worse prognosis as compared with acute cholecystitis associated with stones. Our observation of de novo presentation of AAC in several outpatients in the absence of critical illness or predisposing factors prompted us to undertake this study. The aims of the present study were to examine the prevalence of AAC patients in the outpatient setting in our hospital, to identify associated risk factors and to assess the clinical course and outcome of these patients. Patients and methods: All patients who had a cholecystectomy (laparoscopic or open surgery) for acute cholecystitis at National University Hospital from January 2001 to May 2005 were reviewed from a prospectively maintained database. The demographic characteristics, clinicopathologic features, operative parameters, postoperative course, and histopathology of the patients were reviewed. Results: Eleven of 133 patients with acute cholecystitis fulfilled the criteria for the diagnosis of AAC. Patients’ ages ranged from 30 to 69 years (mean 52.39 years). All these patients presented as outpatients. None of the patients had any critical illness predisposing to AAC. The mean age was slightly less in the AAC group as compared with the remaining patients with acute cholecystitis (52.39 years vs 55.22 years, p=0.54). There was male predominance in the AAC group (male:female = 9:2). The time from admission to surgery, operative procedure, operative time, and postoperative stay were not statistically different from the remaining patients with acute cholecystitis. Discussion: AAC can occur in young and middle-aged healthy individuals, the presentation is no different from acute calculous cholecystitis, the prognosis is good if diagnosed and treated early.

Arsenic is listed as a hazardous material and is a suspect carcinogen, reportedly responsible for lung and skin cancers. It is also a teratogen, which means that it is capable of crossing the placental membrane into the metabolic system of unborn children. The level of arsenic allowed in drinking water has been set at 0.01 mg/l by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, the maximum permissible limit of arsenic in drinking water of Bangladesh is 0.05 mg/l. The actual toxicity of arsenic to the human body varies depending on several factors as general health and diet. It is a cumulative substance, which slowly passes out of the body through urine, hair, fingernails/toenails and skin. In Bangladesh, most of the recognized stages of arsenic poisoning have been identified. The risk of arsenic poisoning in Bangladesh is increasing. The number of patients seriously affected by arsenic in drinking water has now risen to 7000 demanding extensive research in this field. This note addresses tubewell contamination in groundwater and health-related impacts. A previous study made by the author presents the subsurface occurrence of arsenic and the reason of contamination. The latest statistics available on the arsenic contamination in groundwater indicate that 52 districts around 80% of the total area of Bangladesh and estimate that around 40 million people are at risk. Patients with melanosis, leuco-melanosis, keratosis, hyperkeratosis, dorsum, non-petting oedema, gangrene and skin cancer have been identified. Among the affected people, the most common presentations are melanosis (93.5%), keratosis (68.3%), hyperkeratosis (37.6%) and dipigmentation (leuco-melanosis) (39.1%). Cancers were found among 0.8% and actinic keratitis and Bowen's disease are identified among 3.1% cases. According to available data the Dhaka Community Hospital (DCH) identified 1903 patients with arsenical skin manifestations, the National Institute for Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM) listed 800 arsenicosis patients and the Institute for Post-Graduate Medical Research (IPGMR) investigated 250 arsenical skin lessions patients.

This paper introduces a best approach for Least Significant Bit (LSB) based on image steganography that enhances the existing LSB substitution techniques to improve the security level of hidden information. It is a new approach to substitute LSB of RGB true color image. The new security conception hides secret information within the LSB of image where a secret key encrypts the hidden information to protect it from unauthorized users. In general, in LSB methods, hidden information is stored into a specific position of LSB of image. For this reason, knowing the retrieval methods, anyone can extract the hidden information. In our paper, hidden information is stored into different position of LSB of image depending on the secret key. As a result, it is difficult to extract the hidden information knowing the retrieval methods. We have used the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) to measure the quality of the stego images. The value of PSNR gives better result because our proposed method changes very small number of bits of the image. The obtained results show that the proposed method results in LSB based image steganography using secret key which provides good security issue and PSNR value than general LSB based image steganography methods. © 2011 IEEE. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

On urban roads, vehicles continuously emit gases and through diffusion, vehicle turbulence, heat flux and by wind the emission can transfer to the upper stratosphere and to the road surroundings. There will be some pollutant that can not transfer instantaneously due to wind velocity or road canyons. For a certain time there will be some pollutant in the road surroundings. This paper formulates a stochastic model of this quantity of gas, and the concentration of expanded gases in any particular area around the road in any time period. More precisely, the paper deals with the effects of street canyons on the dispersion of pollutants from the road environment. A mathematical model has been established to figure out the real situation of pollutants in urban roads. The model consists of traffic flow, emission and dispersion models, and wind speed modeling near the road. The principal part of the model predicts the total pollutant concentration near the ground which includes direct vehicle emissions, pollutants which have not transferred and pollutants coming from the surroundings. The prediction was performed using a bivariate normal probability density function. The variables are concentration of pollutants and wind speed. The pollutant included in this model is nitrogen oxides (NO/sub x/). >

doi: 10.3329/jcmcta.v18i1.3818Journal of Chittagong Medical College Teachers' Association 2007: 18(1):29-31