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Increasing evidence reveals that physical exercise is an efficient therapeutical approach in the treatment of insulin resistance (IR) and related metabolic diseases. However, the potential beneficial effects of exercise on insulin resistance and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Recent findings elucidated the negative role of ASK1 in repressing the glucose uptake through JNK1‐IRS1‐Akt signalling in liver. Thus, a detailed investigation of the effect of ASK1‐mediated insulin signalling on exercise‐mediated improvement of insulin sensitivity and its underlying mechanism was implemented in this study. Using a high‐fat diet‐induced IR rat model of chronic or acute swimming exercise training, we here showed that body weight and visceral fat mass were significantly reduced after chronic exercise. Moreover, chronic exercise reduced serum FFAs levels and hepatic triglyceride content. Both chronic and acute exercise promoted glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Meanwhile, both chronic and acute exercise decreased ASK1 phosphorylation and improved JNK1‐IRS1‐Akt signalling. Furthermore, exercise training decreased CFLAR, CREG and TRAF1 protein levels in liver of obese rats, which are positive regulator of ASK1 activity. These results suggested that swimming exercise demonstrated to be an effective ameliorator of IR through the regulation of ASK1‐mediated insulin signalling and therefore, could present a prospective therapeutic mean towards the treatment of IR and several metabolic diseases based on IR, containing NAFLD and type Ⅱ diabetes.

Physical exercise is essential for the amelioration of insulin resistance (IR). The mechanisms in charge of improved IR, regulated by exercise, are insufficiently studied. Previous research revealed that Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) – mediated insulin signaling acts a crucial element in hepatic IR. The objective of our research was to determine the effects of exercise on SIRT6-mediated insulin signaling in liver of IR rats. Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10 rats each): control rats fed with standard chow (Lean group); sedentary rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD-SED); rats fed with HFD and submitted to 8 week chronic swimming exercise training (HFD-CE); and rats fed HFD and submitted to one acute swimming exercise training (HFD-AE). HFD feeding lead to increased body weight, accumulation of hepatic triglyceride and serum free fatty acids, and enhanced gluconeogenesis. Besides, HFD feeding decreased body insulin sensitivity. Hepatic USP10 and SIRT6 protein levels decreased under obese status. Both chronic and acute exercise intervention alleviated physiological and metabolic status, increased hepatic USP10 and SIRT6 levels, improved insulin signaling transduction, and inhibited gluconeogenesis. These results showed that exercise intervention regulated SIRT6-mediated insulin signaling, which contributes to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind IR, in that a regular exercise can mitigate the effects of IR.

PM2.5 is one of the most important pollutants related to air quality, and the increase of its concentration will aggravate the threat to people's health. Therefore, the prediction of surface PM2.5 concentration is of great significance to human health protection. In this study, A hybrid CNN-LSTM model is developed by combining the convolutional neural network (CNN) with the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network for forecasting the next 24h PM2.5 concentration in Beijing, which makes full use of their advantages that CNN can effectively extract the features related to air quality and the LSTM can reflect the long term historical process of input time series data. The air quality data of the last 7days and the PM2.5 concentration of the next day are first set as the input and output of the model due to the periodicity, respectively. Subsequently four models namely univariate LSTM model, multivariate LSTM model, univariate CNN-LSTM model and multivariate CNN-LSTM model, are established for PM2.5 concentration prediction. Finally, mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) are employed to evaluate the performance of these models and results show that the proposed multivariate CNN-LSTM model performs the best results due to low error and short training time.

Band pass filters (BPF) using LC components, i.e. inductors and capacitors are widely used in radio frequency applications. These filters enable a band of frequencies to be passed through the filter, while those in the stop band of the band pass filter are rejected. In this study, a one-order chebyshev BPF with center frequency of 2.34GHz was designed in a four layer organic substrate with size of 1.5mm×0.86mm×0.25mm. The film type capacitor material was applied to fabricate the capacitor and the winding copper trace was applied to form the inductors. Based on the center frequency formula, the embedded capacitor value and inductor trace width were simulated and optimized by Ansoft HFSS. According to the model and the simulation results, the organic filters were fabricated at three different etching parameters to form three types of filters. Three typical filters with three different center frequencies of 1.6GHz, 1.9GHz, and 2.35GHz were tested, repectively. For the filter with center frequency of 2.35GHz meets the designed value of 2.34GHz. The maximum return loss is −26dB. The insertion loss is max. −1.07dB. In the lower frequency band of 1.0GHz-2.0GHz, the stop band suppression of −13.6dB to −18.1dB achieved. These results can meet the requirements of some low-end radio frequency device with frequency of 2.4GHz, so it is the potential technology to integrate the BPF in organic package substrate and PCB mother board for some specific application.

The big data from various sensors installed on-board for monitoring the status of ship devices is very critical for improving the efficiency and safety of ship operations and reducing the cost of operation and maintenance. However, how to utilize these data is a key issue. The temperature change of the ship propulsion devices can often reflect whether the devices are faulty or not. Therefore, this paper aims to forecast the temperature of the ship propulsion devices by data-driven methods, where potential faults can be further identified automatically. The proposed forecasting process is composed of preprocessing, feature selection, and prediction, including an autoregressive distributed lag time series model (ARDL), stepwise regression (SR) model, neural network (NN) model, and deep neural network (DNN) model. Finally, the proposed forecasting process is applied on a naval ship, and the results show that the ARDL model has higher accuracy than the three other models.

Research on guanxi, and in particular its influence on workplace outcomes, has greatly increased in the past 2 decades. Despite this proliferation, scholars have paid little attention to conceptual development of the construct. My review of the existing literature on guanxi highlighted the great variety of ways that guanxi has been conceptualized and operationalized, and the fact that existing theoretical models of guanxi operation remain largely untested. To address the lack of specificity in defining the construct of guanxi, I conducted 5 interrelated studies to define and test the construct. I focused on external guanxi between boundary spanners--people from different organizations who interact on behalf of their organizations for work purposes--in the context of the Taiwan workplace. The project entails two parts. In the initial qualitative part, I adopted an indigenous psychology perspective to delineate the contents, processes, and defining characteristics of guanxi. The results were useful in assessing the adequacy of existing theoretical conceptualizations for addressing actual workplace guanxi dynamics (Study 1, Part 1). They also supported the theoretical postulations, which I categorized as cultural-based workplace guanxi. A second objective of the qualitative study was to identify the best way to operationalize workplace guanxi, and to generate a set of items to measure it. My analysis indicated that a measure of guanxi should capture its dynamic and changeable quality and highlighted 3 dimensions of guanxi quality, namely, ganqing, renqing, and xinren (Study 1, Part 2). Based on these results, I generated items to represent each dimension. The second part of the research focused on scale development. I used the items generated in the initial qualitative study to propose a measure of guanxi quality, the Guanxi Quality Scale (GQS), which I refined and tested in subsequent studies: pretesting the initial pool of scale items (Studies 2A and 2B), testing the factor structure (Studies 3 and 4), and assessing the construct validity of the new measure (Studies 4 and 5). Results of the factor analyses conducted in Studies 3 and 4 supported a higher-order factor structure of guanxi quality that was measured by the 3 latent factors of ganqing, renqing, and xinren. The final 15-item GQS showed high reliability and validity and can be used to measure workplace guanxi in future research. The 5 studies of this project represent a concerted effort to provide a comprehensive understanding of guanxi. The results of this study provide a common starting point and language for researchers who are investigating guanxi. By maintaining an emphasis on obtaining an insider perspective, this research also provides outsiders with valuable insights on the cultural emphasis on relationships in the context of the Taiwan workplace. DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (HSS)

Exercise is an effective therapy for insulin resistance. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Previous research demonstrated that TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-dependent signaling plays a crucial character in hepatic insulin resistance. Hepatic ubiquitin specific protease 4 (USP4), USP18, and dual-specificity phosphatases 14 (DUSP14) can suppress TAK1 phosphorylation, besides tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) and tripartite motif 8 (TRIM8) promote its phosphorylation. In this study, we tried to verify our hypothesis that exercise improves insulin resistance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese (DIO) rats via regulating the TAK1 dependent signaling and TAK1 regulators in liver. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups (n = 10): standard diet and sedentary as normal control; fed on HFD and DIO-sedentary; fed on HFD and DIO-chronic exercise; and fed on HFD and DIO-acute exercise. HFD feeding resulted in increased body weight, visceral fat mass, serum FFAs and hepatic lipid deposition, but decreased hepatic glycogen content and insulin sensitivity. Moreover, hepatic TRAF3 and TRIM8 protein levels increased, whereas USP4, USP18, and DUSP14 protein levels were decreased under obese status, which resulted in enhanced TAK1 phosphorylation and impaired insulin signaling. Exercise training, containing chronic and acute mode, both ameliorated insulin resistance. Meanwhile, decreased TAK1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1), and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) phosphorylation enhanced Akt phosphorylation in liver. Moreover, exercise enhanced USP4 and DUSP14 protein levels, whereas decreased TRIM8 protein levels in obese rats' liver. These results showed that exercise triggered a crucial modulation in TAK1-dependent signaling and its regulators in obese rats' liver, and distinct improvement in insulin sensitivity, which provide new insights into the mechanism by which physical exercise improves insulin resistance.

Aims Little is known regarding whether the NFE2/miR-423-5p and FAM3A-ATP-Akt pathway in liver mediates exercise allured alleviation of insulin resistance connected with diet-induced obesity. This research inquired the influence of exercise on liver insulin sensitivity and whole body insulin resistance in high-fat diet fed rats. Materials and methods Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats at seven-week-old were assigned to four groups at random: standard diet as normal control group (NC, n = 10), high-fat diet group (HFD, n = 10), high-fat diet with chronic exercise intervention group (HFD-CE, n = 10) and high-fat diet with acute exercise intervention group (HFD-AE, n = 10). Key findings Compared with rats fed with a standard diet, eight-week high-fat diet feeding lead to elevated body weight, visceral fat content and serum FFAs, and decreased insulin sensitivity index. Moreover, high-fat diet enhanced NFE2 protein expression and miR-423-5p level, decreased FAM3A mRNA and protein expression, ATP level and Akt phosphorylation in liver. In contrast, physical exercise, both chronic and acute exercise alleviated whole body insulin resistance, reduced hepatic NFE2 and miR-423-5p expression, and serum FFAs level, meanwhile enhanced FAM3A mRNA and protein expression, ATP level and Akt phosphorylation in liver. The current findings indicated that exercise in diet-induced obesity, both chronic and acute, induce a momentous regulation in NFE2/miR-423-5p and FAM3A-ATP-Akt pathway in liver, and improve hepatic insulin sensitivity and whole body insulin resistance. Significance All these results supply crucial evidence in our comprehending of the molecular mechanism that connected exercise to an alleviation of insulin resistance.

Structure restoration plays an important role in image completion. Though much progress has been made, existing techniques are ineffective to restore plausible complex structures, due to the high complexity of structure registration between neighboring regions. We address this challenge by taking two measures. The first is to get the images whose structures are potential to be well merged with the structures around the hole. This can be achieved by effectively retrieving the mass images on the internet, which provide enough candidates. The second is to coherently blend the retrieved structures with the structures around the hole, which is by suppressing the connection differences between these structures. Experimental results show that we can easily complete images, especially with complex structures or for filling large holes.

In order to adapt to new modern car styling, the aerodynamic numerical simulations based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are applied to the process of car styling. We received the early modeling design automobile aerodynamic coefficients, pressure distribution, velocity contours and other body outflow field data after the CFD post, combined with these data some advice to improve the aerodynamic drag of the designed car are given. Proposed aerodynamic automobile design method is based on numerical simulations, according to experience in air vehicle dynamics studies.

Considering the fact that the amount of traffic incident data is rare compared to the large amount of normal traffic state data in the real word, we proposed an Automatic Incident Detection (AID) algorithm based on subsampling method. First, an improved subsampling method based on Edited Nearest Neighbor Rule (ENN) algorithm was used to reconstruct the training set to get a balanced dataset. Then, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) was adopted as a classifier to detect traffic incidents. The real traffic data collected from the I-880 freeway in American was used to build the model and test the performance of the proposed AID algorithm. In addition, we made a comparison of the detection performances between the AID algorithm obtained by the original training set and the one by the relatively balanced training set. The experimental results show that the proposed AID algorithm based on subsampling is suitable for imbalanced dataset and can obtain a better detection performance.

In order to develop the four in-wheel motors driven Electric Vehicle (EV), this paper designed a skidding detector depending on the motor torque, established a slip-ratio estimator. Then, the Model Following Control (MFC) and Optimal Slip-ratio Control algorithms were analysed, compared and optimized. All of the algorithms were simulated using the one-wheel vehicle model. The simultion results show that the algorithms can make full use of the road adhesion characteristics and do good work on the ASR and the vehicle dynamics.

It is very important to extract high quality texture features from images. This is, however, often laborious, because the randomness in the color distribution patterns for texture elements makes texture measurement very difficult, despite these elements having a very similar visual appearance. In this paper, we propose the use of multi-scale color histograms to measure the effect of color distribution patterns efficiently and without having to compute the actual patterns, which saves considerable effort. Meanwhile, the hue-saturation-intensity color model is mainly adopted to take the advantage of human visual experiences in texture recognition. We discuss and validate the effectiveness and efficiency of our method by applying to various benchmarks. The results show that we can extract quality dominant textures automatically in real time, and faster by several orders of magnitude than existing methods.

Accurate FEA model of torsion beam suspension and its strain histories are keys to precisely predicting its fatigue life. A strain analysis method is presented, integrating FEA and neural network analysis. The displacement and force histories of the wheel center and strain histories of multiple measurement points on the suspension are measured from road durability test. Apply transient response analysis to determine the FEA model and obtain strain histories of the measurement points. Use a neural network method to obtain accurate additional load. By comparing analysis results and test data, the accurate strain response of torsion beam suspension can be gained

The result of target recognition is always influenced by the clutter background, low contrast and deficiency luminance of image. Besides the factors mentioned above, detection and recognition of partial masked target has the character of fragmented target, which leads to another problem. All the harmful factors cause that target recognition can not be realized by hybrid optoelectronic joint transform correlator (HOJTC) due to the weak correlation peaks, even no peaks appear. In this paper, input image of HOJTC is processed by the method of adaptive threshold, and power spectrum is processed by wavelet transform (WT) as well. The combination effectively controls the disturbance of noise and enhances the energy of diffractive light of target. Experiment of HOJTC shows that the method can enhance the contrast of correlation peaks of partial masked target and improve the detection and recognition capacity of HOJTC. As an example, the experiment results of fragmented airplane target before and after processing are shown in the paper, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.

Psychophysical studies suggest that lateral extrastriate visual cortical areas in cats may mediate the sparing of vision largely by network reorganization following lesions of early visual cortical areas. To date, however, there is little direct physiological evidence to support this hypothesis. Using in vivo single-unit recording techniques, we examined the response of neurons in areas 19, 21, and 20 to different types of visual stimulation in cats with or without acute bilateral lesions in areas 17 and 18. Our results showed that, relative to the controls, acute lesions inactivated the response of 99.3% of neurons to moving gratings and 93% of neurons to flickering square stimuli in areas 19, 21, and 20. These results indicated that acute lesions of primary visual areas in adult cats may impair most visual abilities. Sparing of vision in cats with neonatal lesions in early visual cortical areas may result largely from a postoperative reorganization of visual pathways from subcortical nucleus to extrastriate visual cortical areas.

The result of target recognition is always influenced by clutter background,low contrast and deficiency luminance of image.Besides the factors mentioned above,detection and recognition of partial masked target has the character of imperfection and information loss of target,which leads to recognition problem.All the harmful factors cannot make target recognition be realized by hybrid optoelectronic joint transform correlator due to the weak correlation peaks or even no peaks.Aiming at this phenomenon,partial masked target image in hybrid optoelectronic joint transform correlator is processed by the method of adaptive threshold,and power spectrum is processed by Mexican wavelet transform.The combination depresses the noise disturbance effectively and enhances the energy of diffractive light of obscuration target and reference template.This enhances the contrast and energy of correlation peaks of partial masked target and improves the ability of detection and recognition for partial masked target with joint transform correlator.The experimental results show that the combination of adaptive threshold and Mexican wavelet transform can improve the ability of detection and recognition for partial masked target with hybrid optoelectronic joint transform correlator effectively.

Existing matting methods focus on improving matte quality to produce high-quality composites. This generally requires significant manual interaction, a tedious task for the user. Despite these efforts, the composites may still exhibit evident artifacts, especially in the case of transparent and complicated objects as their related pixels always contain percentage of the background. In this paper, we focus on the enhanced use of mattes to produce satisfactory composites by suppressing the discrepancies around objects of interest. This approach is motivated by cloning methods but overcomes their shortcoming of ineffective treatment of the over-included regions around objects of interest. For this, we present an enhanced matting function by including a term to smooth the local contrasts for seamless composition, and meanwhile, we develop a novel algorithm to generate mattes with reduced user interaction and improved usability. As a result, we reduce the composite’s dependence on the user’s input and only require the user to drag a box to enclose the objects of interest. As shown in the user studies and the experimental results, our method requires many times less user interaction than the existing matting methods and cloning methods. Our method is more effective in producing good composites in a simple interactive manner, especially when treating transparent and complicated objects, thereby providing a superior approach for image composition.

For some passenger car's torsion beam suspension appearing fatigue fracture problem, a method of structure optimization is proposed. By changing the hard point location of the torsion beam suspension spring, the vehicle's coupled model is built. Through carrying out the vehicle dynamic simulation analysis,comparing the results of analysis, researching the variation rules of the helical spring vertical load with the spring hard point location, search for the best install position of helical spring. The results show that optimizing the spring's hard point location, can effectively reduce the helical spring vertical load and improve the fatigue life of torsion beam suspension. It provides reference for the design of torsion beam suspension.

Neutron source has broad application prospects in crystallography, neutron irradiation, neutron therapy for cancer, and so on. As a new scheme to produce bright pulsed neutron source, the laser-driven neutron has attracted wide interest. In recent years, laser driven neutron sources have been extensively studied and the great progress has been made. Short pulsed laser driven neutron sources could be a compact and relatively cheap way to produce quasi-monoenergetic neutrons. The yields and the angular distributions of the laser-driven neutron sources are important in the research of laser-driven neutron sources and relevant applications. We conduct experimental investigation of this respect by using the XingGuang-Ⅲ high intense laser facility, which delivers synchronized picosecond and nanosecond laser pulses. The picosecond laser energy is 100 J, the pulse width is 1 ps, and the focusing spot diameter is 20 μm. At this time, the corresponding laser power density reaches 3×1019 W/cm2. A high-energy deuterium ion beam is produced by focusing the picosecond laser on a deuterated polyethylene foil, and the deuterium ion beam is incident on a secondary deuterated polyethylene planar target to activate the D-D reaction to obtain the neutron beam. In the experiment, the neutron yield and its angular distribution are measured by the different-sensitivity BD-PND bubble detectors, which are placed in the target chamber around the target. The emission of the neutron beam is found to be non-uniform. A maximum intensity of 5.13×107 n/sr is observed in the forward direction. The angular distribution of the neutron beam is theoretically calculated by taking into account the energy-angle cross section, the angular and energy distribution of the incident deuterium ion beam. The probability of the neutron energy-angle distribution in the laboratory system is obtained by the coordinate transformation from the probability in the center of mass frame. The results show good agreement with the experimental measurements. This experiment has a certain reference value in the practical application of D-D reaction neutron source.

A short overview is given on the status of SSLS, its four operational and one forthcoming experimental facilities and their use for material science exemplified by selected work on electromagnetic metamaterials, arrays of nanorods for near-IR photonics, thin films of low dielectric constant materials for semiconductor manufacturing, nanoparticles and art objects.

We investigate the effects of confined laser ablation on laser plasma propulsion. Compared with planar ablation, the cavity ablation provides an effective way to obtain a large target momentum and a high coupling coefficient. When laser pulses are focused into a cavity with 1 mm diameter and 2 mm depth, a high coupling coefficient is obtained. By using a glass layer to cover the cavity, the coupling coefficient is enhanced by 10 times. Meanwhile, it is found that with the increase of the target surface size, the target momentum presents a linear increase.

The fasting blood sugar (FBS), blood insulin (INS), insulin sensitivity index (ISI) and resistant hormone of INS in 46 patients with NIDDM were observed before and after the treatment. It was showed that the good effect was achieved in the cases by acupuncture and moxibustion, while the contents of FBS and INS in plasma were all decreased and ISI was increased in the cases treated by acupuncture and moxibustion, the degree of decrease of FBS and INS, and increase of ISI being closely related to therapeutic effect. The level of resistant hormone of INS and lipid in patients tend to normal level. Acupuncture and moxibustion had a good regulatory effect on the function of endocrine, sugar and lipid metabolism. It suggests that IR can be corrected by acupuncture and moxibustion, which is a key to therapeutic effect.

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Introduction: While the Chinese medical education system is undergoing comprehensive reform, traditional forms of Chinese medicines (TCM) continue to be a unique and indispensable part of health care system. However, few studies have explored how various forms of TCM are incorporated with biomedicine in clinical practice. Purpose: To explore clinicians' professional and extraprofessional experience with TCM and to assess whether their medical education has prepared them for clinical work that requires drawing on knowledge of TCM. Methods: Surveys were distributed in 2013 to 18 clinicians, 33 undergraduates and 60 post-graduate students. The survey combined forced-choice and open-ended questions assessing personal and professional experiences with TCM. Mixed qualitative and quantitative methods were used to investigate trends in open-ended survey responses. Results: The majority of clinicians (89%), post-graduate students (60%) and undergraduate students (67%) have personally used TCM treatments. The vast majority of all three groups indicated that they would continue to recommend TCM to patients. Respondents expressed an overall positive attitude towards their extraprofessional experience with TCM whereas their professional experience with TCM was mixed. Conclusion: The extraprofessional and professional experiences of clinicians and students with various types of TCM for a diverse array of indications reveal the sustained clinical presence of TCM. The survey reveals the importance of more training in applying TCM, especially in a clinical setting, and imminent hurdles that must be overcome in implementing clinical training reforms.

Getting good viewpoints has been considered important for promoting the efficiency when investigating a model. Many view selection methods therefore have been proposed. In particular, measuring semantic meaning of the model features through segmentation is regarded more effective to get optimal viewpoints. Unfortunately, the semantic meanings of the model are usually obtained through experiences, which are not easy to apply into practices. Given these considerations, a new method is proposed for view selection via saliency segmentation in this paper. Due to the fact that mesh saliency computation can recognize the features of a model in a way that similar to human perception and also a novel viewpoint ranking equation has been developed, our method is more reasonable than existing methods. The results of experiments show the effectiveness of our method, and it is consistent with the results of a user study we conducted.

Gradient domain methods are popular for image processing. However, these methods even the edge-preserving ones cannot preserve edges well in some cases. In this paper, we present new constraints explicitly to better preserve edges for general gradient domain image filtering and theoretically analyse why these constraints are edge-aware. Our edge-aware constraints are easy to implement, fast to compute and can be seamlessly integrated into the general gradient domain optimization framework. The improved framework can better preserve edges while maintaining similar image filtering effects as the original image filters. We also demonstrate the strength of our edge-aware constraints on various applications such as image smoothing, image colorization and Poisson image cloning.

It is of significance to do the research of safety and reliability for ship structures, especially for marine structures because of the poor conditions and high risks, future design for ship structures will move toward a more rational and probability-based design. This paper chooses the unstiffened panel of ship structures as the research subject. Based on the MATLAB software, this paper develops the procedures and calculates one limit state equation of the panel, derives partial safety factors (PSF) for the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) of the panel under different reliability index levels. The PSF may provide a reference for the practical project design.Copyright © 2013 by ASME

Two types of observers (based on the linear and nonlinear model of the machine) have been used in torque and speed control of induction motor control schemes [K. B. Nordin et al. (1985), A. Bellini et al. (1985), D. S. Wijesundera et al. (1992)]. The reduced-order linear model of observer [D. S. Wijesundera et al. (1992)] is easy to implement in real time, but it does not give an accurate estimation of the rotor m.m.f. vector angle, /spl beta/, since the induction motor normally operates in the region of saturation. The nonlinear observer model which incorporates this effect of magnetic saturation of the induction motor cannot be practically implemented by using normal methods as it takes too long a time to estimate the angle /spl beta/. The implementation of the real-time torque/speed controller discussed in this paper is based on artificial neural networks (ANN) which take into account the effect of saturation and estimate the angle /spl beta/ in a few microseconds which is well within the real time deadline.

Based on the semi-classical density matrix equation and numerical iteration calculation. energy exchange in two-longitudinal-mode optically pumped FIR laser was studied theoretically. Laser output intensity was calculated and discussed in case of different operating parameters such as operating gas pressure and length of laser cavity. Finally the optimization rules were concluded.

This review gives detail information about the mental foramen location, shape, size and numbers and its variation between races. Studies have shown that there are variations in the position of mental foramen in different populations. It may lie between the apices of premolars, below the apex of first or second premolars. This variations mandate accurate detection of foramen during examination and treatment plan stage. Foramen detection usually done by 2 dimension radiograph, with high chances of error. Three dimension radiograph provide the operator more precise location and dimension of the foramen that decrease the chances of the mental nerve damaging during the surgery.

One hundred and seventy-one cases of hyperlipidemia were treated by moxibustion on Shenque (CV 8) and bilateral Zusanli (ST 36). After moxibustion, the blood-lipid contents of the patients with hyperlipidemia of various types were all lower than those before moxibustion. There was a significant difference between them. It is indicated that moxibustion on Shenque (CV 8) and bilateral Zusanli (ST 36) had the functions of reinforcing the spleen and kidney, warning yang, removing the stasis and treating both the principal and the secondary aspects of a disease for hyperlipidemia, which embodied the advantage of the function of regulating organism of moxibustion. The treatment by “regulating” can mobilize the regulating function of self to get the benign and bi-directional regulating effect for the various indexes of lipid metabolism and reach the intention of lowering blood-lipid.

This paper presents a microprocessor-based intelligent controller implemented, in a single processor, for field-oriented induction motor control taking nonlinear parameter variations into account. Previous investigations on this subject have neglected the effect of saturation in the air gap flux and hence the corresponding parameter variation of the induction motor. As the phase angle of rotor magnetizing current (or MMF vector) in a standard induction motor cannot be measured by direct means, an observer is generally needed in the field-oriented control of induction motors. Two types of observers (based on the linear and nonlinear model of the machine) are used in field-oriented induction motor control schemes as can be found in literature. The reduced-order linear model of the observer is easy to implement in real-time, but does not give an accurate estimation of the MMF vector angle, β, since the induction motor operates in the region of saturation. The nonlinear model which incorporates this effect of magnetic saturation of the induction motor cannot be practically implemented by using normal methods as it takes too long a time to estimate the angle β. This paper presents the implementation of a real-time intelligent controller based on artificial neural networks (ANN) which takes into account the effect of saturation and estimates the angle β in a few microseconds which is well within the real-time deadline.

A real-time ion spectrometer mainly based on a high-resolution Thomson parabola and a plastic scintillator is designed and developed. The spectrometer is calibrated by protons from an electrostatic accelerator. The feasibility and reliability of the diagnostics are demonstrated in laser-driven ion acceleration experiments performed on the XL-II laser facility. The proton spectrum extrapolated from the scintillator data is in excellent agreement with the CR39 spectrum in terms of beam temperature and the cutoff energy. This real-time spectrometer allows an online measurement of the ion spectra in single shot, which enables efficient and statistical studies and applications in high-repetition-rate laser acceleration experiments.

The authors report the experience in facial reanimation using free innervated split and segmental latissimus dorsi muscle flap one-stage transfer in 86 patients with longstanding facial palsy. The segmental latissimus dorsi was taken from the distal part of the muscle so that the muscle flap had an ultra-long neurovascular pedicle of 13 to 17.5 cm in length. The muscle flap was made thinner by splitting the segmental muscle. The split segmental muscle flap was transferred to the paralyzed side of the face with its ultra-long neurovascular pedicle passing through a tunnel in the upper lip to the normal side of the face. The neurovascular pedicle of the muscle flap was anastomosed with the facial nerve, artery, and veins, respectively, on the normal side of the face. The operation was designed without the cross-facial nerve graft stage. From 1986 to October of 1997, 86 patients with long-standing facial paralysis were treated in our department. The duration of facial palsy in this series ranged from 1.5 to 51 years. A satisfactory result was obtained in 80 cases, evaluated at 8 months to 2 years postoperatively. The expression movement of the soft tissues of the face can be seen not only over transferred muscle but also on the paralyzed muscle covered by the splitting muscle flap. It is supposed that this is the result of muscle-muscle neurolization. Study of 66 specimens of latissimus dorsi muscle in the cadavers is discussed.

As a novel inner surface processing method, grid enhanced plasma source ion implantation (GEPSII) method can realize uniform inner surface ion implantation of a metal tube and metal binary compound can be produced. In the experiment, three 0.45% carbon steel (45-steel) work pieces were axially put on the inner surface of the tube, and golden titanium nitride (TiN) films were produced on the work pieces by GPSII. Structure analysis shows that the TiN films have the preferred crystal faces (111) and (200), and the depth of the films is about 20 nm with partial embedding in the substrate. Analysis on the electrochemistry corrosion, hardness and friction of the work pieces indicates that the surface property of the 45-steel has been greatly improved by the protective TiN film, and very good axial uniformity has been obtained.

The red-shifted second harmonic emission of the laser light is observed in the laser propagation direction on the rear side of a foil target irradiated by femtosecond laser pulses. The emission is attributed to the coherent transition radiation (CTR) when the hot electrons accelerated by the v×B heating process traverse the solid-vacuum boundary. The red shift is caused by the expansion of the critical density surface towards the vacuum side. With the increase of the prepulse energy, the peak of the CTR moves further to the long wavelength side causing the broadening of the spectrum. The measurements of the CTR provide a potential diagnosis to the movement of the critical surface in the laser-plasma interaction process.

We have used optical and photoconductivity measurements on a-Si:H to acquire information about the band tail and gap states. The experimental results show that annealing and exposure do not change the slope of the absorption edge at certain temperatures but change the sub-gap excitation.