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Understanding soccer players’ match-related fatigue and recovery profiles likely helps with developing conditioning programs that increase team performance and reduce injuries and illnesses. In order to improve match recovery (the return-to-play process and ergogenic interventions) it is also pivotal to determine if match simulation protocols and actual match-play lead to similar responses. (1) To thoroughly describe the development of fatigue during actual soccer match play and its recovery time course in terms of physiological, neuromuscular, technical, biochemical and perceptual responses, and (2) to determine similarities of recovery responses between actual competition (11 vs. 11) and match simulations. A first screening phase consisted of a systematic search on PubMed (MEDLINE) and SportDiscus databases until March 2016. Inclusion criteria were: longitudinal study with soccer players; match or validated protocol; duration > 45 min; and published in English. A total of 77 eligible studies (n = 1105) were used to compute 1196 effect sizes (ES). Half-time assessments revealed small to large alterations in immunological parameters (e.g. leukocytes, ES = 1.9), a moderate decrement in insulin concentration (ES = − 0.9) and a small to moderate impairment in lower-limb muscle function (ES = − 0.5 to − 0.7) and physical performance measures (e.g. linear sprint, ES = − 0.3 to − 1.0). All the systematically analyzed fatigue-related markers were substantially altered at post-match. Hamstrings force production capacity (ES = − 0.7), physical performance (2–4%, ES = 0.3−0.5), creatine kinase (CK, ES = 0.4), well-being (ES = 0.2−0.4) and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS, ES = 0.6–1.3) remained substantially impaired at G + 72 h. Compared to simulation protocols, 11 vs. 11 match format (CK, ES = 1.8) induced a greater magnitude of change in muscle damage (i.e. CK, ES = 1.8 vs. 0.7), inflammatory (IL-6, ES = 2.6 vs. 1.1) and immunological markers and DOMS (ES = 1.5 vs. 0.7) than simulation protocols at post-assessments. Neuromuscular performances at post-match did not differ between protocols. While some parameters are fully recovered (e.g. hormonal and technical), our systematic review shows that a period of 72 h post-match play is not long enough to completely restore homeostatic balance (e.g. muscle damage, physical and well-being status). The extent of the recovery period post-soccer game cannot consist of a ‘one size fits all approach’. Additionally, the ‘real match’ (11 vs. 11 format) likely induces greater magnitudes of perceptual (DOMS) and biochemical alterations (e.g. muscle damage), while neuromuscular alterations were essentially similar. Overall, coaches must adjust the structure and content of the training sessions during the 72-h post-match intervention to effectively manage the training load within this time-frame.

Background: The tournament design of any FIFA World CupTM is characterized with a high amount of games within a short period of time with limited recovery periods. This study aimed to investigate alterations in match activity and fatigue patterns of players from top ranked teams during the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. Methods: The performance data from the final four ranked teams were recorded from the official game statistics of the federation internationale de football association. Inclusion criteria were: a) played during the seven matches, and b) took part in at least 85% of the total playing time of its respective team. Results: Seventeen players fulfilled the criteria (eight defenders, five midfielders and four attackers). Average exposure of the selected players was 97.4% ± 4.1% (range 86% - 100%) of the tournament regular official playing time. Total distance covered was lower (P < 0.05) in the fourth (round of 16) and fifth (quarterfinals) game than in the first and the sixth (semi-finals). Moreover, high-intensity running was lower in game five than one (P < 0.05), six (P < 0.01) and seven (finals and 3th - 4th place; P < 0.05). Additionally, players performed a lower number of sprints in game five than in game seven (P < 0.05). An intensity composite score revealed that game five was less intense (P < 0.05) than game one, six and seven. Additionally, substantially small decrement (Effect size = 0.4) in the number of sprints between post-peak match (subsequent game to peak-match) and average-five matches was observed. Conclusions: The analyses suggest that there wasn’t a general decline in player’s match activity during the 2014 FIFA World-cup in Brazil in a congested schedule.