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Infectious diseases such as SARS and COVID-19, like other natural hazards, underline the interconnectedness of the countries. Both manufacturing and services sectors in the economies of Asia have outsourced supplies from different countries in order to gain a competitive advantage through effective value chain management. The motivations for this outsourcing are to achieve technological innovations, reduce end-product prices, and strengthen strategic competitiveness. This paper applies a supply chain approach to develop the concept of a hazard-resilient healthcare system (HRHS) and to explore ways how this might be achieved. After reviewing the current international thinking on HRHS, which has narrowly focused on building national capacities with national capabilities, it argues that a supply chain approach may provide a better, more robust, and in many ways more realistic, approach to enhance the hazard resilience of national healthcare systems. Within such an approach, capabilities of the local actors (local health authorities and healthcare providers) in a pandemic or disaster-prone situation remain important and should be further strengthened, but international support and assistance in times of emergency should also be a key plank of the system. In a changing world with more frequent high-impact pandemics and disasters, such international support need not be one way, but both ways. A system of mutual support may be developed by forming an effective international common pool of capability in responding to the health needs when a major disaster occurs anywhere in a region or globally. Even though serious limitations exist in the current thinking on HRHS, significant progress has been made on the international humanitarian assistance front, especially in the ASEAN region. While developments on this front have not been a part of the purview of the current international thinking on HRHS, it is argued that they may well form an important corner stone in a typical future national HRHS.

In the 1950s, China and India had very similar levels of health and socio-economic development, yet over the last seven decades their health outcomes diverged significantly. Given the important rol...

Health is the foundation of the all-round development of human beings and of the great significance to safeguarding national security, social stability and unity, and the economic development. Human resources are the first resource of China’s economic and social development. Health human resource is the health guardian of the people and an important support for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, a healthy China and realizing the basic medical and health services for all. Health human resource status determines the level, ability and effectiveness of health service, and is the first resource for the undertaking of hygiene and health. Building a health human resource team of sufficient number, high quality, structure of optimization, and reasonable distribution is the foundation of our country’s continuous development of hygiene and health undertaking, and an important task to protect the health of the people. Strengthening the construction of health human resources is the overall requirement to implement the strategy of reinvigorating China through human resource development. In particular, with the deepening of the reform of medical and health system, the decisive position and role of the health talents are fully recognized, and the need to strengthen the construction of the health personnel team is becoming more and more urgent. The first is that with the development of economy and the changes of residents’ lifestyle, as well as the development of aging and urbanization, the demand for health services such as chronic diseases, public health, rehabilitation, elderly care and maternal and child health care is increasing. The second is that with the establishment of the hierarchical system of medical diagnosis and treatment, and the rapid development of information technology, the medical and health service mode and service level are deeply affected. The third is that with the globalization of health and the implementation of “One Belt and One Road” development strategy, higher requirements are put forward for international cooperation in the field of hygiene and health. All these changes have put forward the new requirements for health human resources. The talent problem is inevitable in further development of hygiene and health industry, for health talent is the health service provider and the powerful promoter of healthy China strategy. Therefore, it is necessary to further improve policies, strengthen human resources construction, arouse enthusiasm, and continuously meet the growing needs for health services of the people.

During the 12th 5-Year Plan Period, the State Council issued National Fitness Program (2011–2015) and the local governments above county level also issued Implementation Program for National Fitness. With the implementation of these programs, the national fitness campaign was widely carried out and people’s physical fitness and health kept on improving, which were mainly revealed in the following aspects

Major diseases refer to the illnesses that severely endanger public health and life safety of the people, severely affect the national economy and the development of society, and severely impair national security and our international image. Based on the characteristics of the present stage, five categories of 18 major diseases are selected as the representatives of major diseases, i.e. infectious diseases (AIDS, TB, hepatitis B, schistosomiasis, malaria, plague, cholera, echinococcosis, brucellosis), chronic diseases (hypertension, cerebral apoplexy, diabetes, lung cancer, liver cancer), mental diseases (severe psychonosema), occupational disease (pneumoconiosis) and endemic diseases (iodine deficiency disorders, Kaschin-Beck disease).

Firstly, the rapid development of urbanization has led to an increasing population of agricultural transfer. In 1978–2015, the urbanization rate in China increased by around 1.03 percentage points annually on average. In 2015, the total number of rural migrant workers reached 277.47 million, an increase of 35.24 million over 2010 (Fig. 3.1).

With the construction of health information service system in the past 10 years or so and the rapid development of information technology and the Internet, the development trend of cross-border integration has been highlighted. Many new industry types have emerged such as smart manufacturing, online consumption and mobile healthcare. These new industry types are profoundly influencing and changing the organization of large-scale social production and people’s lifestyles. In the next 15 years, the cross-border integration of information technology and the Internet will continue, but what will be the trend? What changes in people’s health needs will take place when this trend is superimposed on the steady increase in urban and rural income levels, moderate population growth, aggravating population aging problems and other factors? What impact will these changes have on the health service supply and the development of the whole health industry? To sort out these issues will be of great significance to advancing the construction of “healthy China” and to the coordinated development of China’s economy and society and the attainment of the goal of “200 Years.”

Making improving the drug supply security system as an important task, the Outline of the Healthy China 2030 Plan requires to deepen the reform of the drug and device circulation system and to improve the national drug policies. The construction of drug supply security system is one of the key tasks of the new round of healthcare reform and, together with the medical service system, the medical security system and the public health service system, it serves the goal of providing basic medical and health services for everyone. The national essential drug system was initially established during the “11th 5-Year” period, which has laid the foundation for the formation of a drug supply security system. During the “12th 5-Year” period, positive progress has been made in consolidating and improving the essential drug system and promoting reform in the field of drug production and circulation.

This forward-looking volume offers insights into the globalization of the Chinese economy and its accession to the WTO. The contributors provide updated accounts of recent developments in the Chinese economy and examines the implications of China's accession for the rest of the world.

There are likely to be many factors which have together shaped the current pattern of growth and equity in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Among them are the foundations laid in the pre-1978 era, especially in respect of land-related institutional reforms and social sector investments. These factors successfully complemented the subsequent export and foreign direct investment FDI promotion strategies the PRC followed in the post-1978 years. However, given the large size of the PRC, while these strategies have helped to kick-start its economic take-off, the long-run growth of the country cannot depend on it.

Lin′s exit right hypothesis and the debate between Lin and his critics are discussed in this contribution. Lin′s interpretation of the causes of the Chinese agricultural crisis in the 1960s is questioned, and his productivity estimates are found to be inconclusive and not to provide a sound basis on which to make inferences about work incentives in collectives. However, the debate has raised important issues for further study. In particular, a more varied taxonomy of membership characteristics may be in order, and the incredibility of a retaliatory-shirking trigger strategy modeled by Dong and Dow may provide the answer to widespread mutual shirking in China′s collectives. J. Comp. Econom., June 1993, 17(2), pp. 540-559. University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.