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Endometriosis is most common disease in the reproductive age group. The aim of our study is to known prevalence of endometriosis among first - , second - , and third - degree relatives in a group of patients with varying symptoms related to endometriosis undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy. We analyzed the prevalence of endometriosis among first - , second - , and third - degree relatives in a group of patients with varying symptoms related to endometriosis under - going diagnostic laparoscopy. METHODS : Eighty Six Patients with varying symptoms related to endometriosis undergoing laparoscopy w ere enrolled. Patients were evaluated about presence of symptoms of endometriosis such as chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and dysmenorrhea in all first - degree relatives (i.e., mother, sisters, and daughters), as well as in all second - and third - degree re latives (aunts, cousins). RESULTS : Mean age of the patient was 29.22±4.28 years. The complaints of the patients were in the order of pelvic pain (86/86, 100%)> dysmenorrhea (76/86, 89%) >dyspareunia (51/86, 60%) >infertility (26/86, 30%). We found that 30.24 % of 1st degree relatives, 10.47% of 2nd degree, 1.16% of 3rd degree and 2.33% of combination of 1st and 2nd degree relatives having familial patterns. CONCLUSION : there is a good association of familial endometriosis and symptoms in first degree family me mbers than the other family relatives.

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) has a prevalence of 30-40 % post-febrile urinary tract infection (UTI). If not detected early and treated, renal scarring, hypertension, and renal failure may occur. Micturating cystourethrography (MCU) is an invasive procedure associated with radiation exposure. Hence, this study aimed at evaluating the utility of ureteric jet Doppler waveform (UJDW) as a screening tool in detecting VUR, and at assessing the feasibility of performing it in children aged 2-4 years.Any child 2-18 years old who needed an MCU was included. Exclusion criteria were active UTI, indwelling catheter, and inability to drink the required amount of fluid. The UJDW was performed prior to the MCU.One hundred eighty-two ureteric units were analyzed. Sensitivity and specificity of UJDW in detecting VUR was 80.3 and 87.9 %. Twenty-three children (45 ureteric units), aged 2-4 years were compared with 73 children (137 ureteric units), aged 5-18 years. Sensitivity and specificity of UJDW in detecting VUR in 2-4 years was 77.3 and 91.3 %, respectively; while in children ≥5 years, it was 81.8 and 87.1 %, respectively.UJDW has a uniformly high specificity regardless of age or etiological groups, making it a good tool for follow-up. UJDW is a feasible technique, even in children aged 2-4 years.