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Biodiversity education is widely considered a necessary component of protecting global biodiversity by helping to change harmful attitudes and actions. BioBlitz events, rapid surveys of all living ...

Many radiologists are interested in providing affordable care to underserved populations but are unsure how to accomplish it. We present a model for providing imaging services to the underserved with an emphasis on the challenges we encountered and strategies we used to overcome them. In partnership with our medical school's student-run free clinic, we developed a community-based ultrasound service that provides diagnostic ultrasound examinations to an uninsured urban population to address the need of timely access to care and integrated follow-up care. Image storage and reporting were fully integrated with our existing imaging informatics and electronic medical record systems. Radiology residents play a central role in the operation of the service while gaining hands-on ultrasound experience, in partnership with volunteer sonographers, radiology attendings, and medical students.

Background We report our medium-term outcomes of the balloon spacer in treating irreparable massive rotator cuff tears (MRCT). Methods Twenty-two patients (17 male:5 female; mean age 68.2 years) had a balloon spacer arthroscopically inserted between September 2013–May 2017 after failing non-surgical management or rotator cuff repair. Oxford Shoulder Scores (OSS) were collected prospectively at baseline and prior to reverse total shoulder replacement (rTSR) or at most recent follow up for those with the balloon spacer still in-situ. Results A significant OSS improvement at mean follow-up 31.4 months (5–63) was found analysing all patients who had a balloon inserted (23.6 vs 29.6; p Conclusion The balloon spacer is effective in a minority of patients in the medium term. The majority either convert to rTSR or remain symptomatic with the risk of failure higher in those who are older with a low baseline OSS.

Purpose The global financial crisis (GFC) has undermined the legitimacy of orthodox neo-classical economic assumptions, which nevertheless continue to frame the philosophical assumptions of teaching in business schools. The purpose of this paper is to make a case in favour of an expansion of the business school curriculum to incorporate behavioural economics. The paper will also contend that behavioural economics can be connected to social economics, as they are both heterodox in this study and analyse economic phenomenon outside of a neo-classical framework. The aim is to contribute to arguments for an expanded curriculum, beyond the framing assumptions of neo-classical rationalism. This paper will also support its case by reviewing behavioural economics to make the case that this literature can be connected to social economics. This assertion is based on shared connections, including the importance of Kantianism in behavioural economics and in social economics. These connections will be discussed as a common point of reference points, or ties that can serve to broker links between these two economic paradigms. Practical implications (if applicable) the GFC presents an opportunity to re-shape the business school curriculum to acknowledge the centrality of socio-economics and behavioural economics, and consequently to offer an alternative to the dominant ontological assumptions – taken from the economic understanding of rationality – that have previously underpinned business school pedagogy. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents an inter-disciplinary teaching case, which incorporates socio-economic and behavioural economics perspectives. The teaching case concerned a socio-economic understanding of corruption and white-collar crime. It was also inter-disciplinary to include inputs from business history and criminology. The teaching case developed an appreciation among students that corruption, white-collar crime and entrepreneurship can be analysed within a social economics and behavioural economics lens. Findings The teaching case example discussed an alternative socio-economic and behavioural economics understanding to core areas of the MBA curriculum with the potential to be included in other academic disciplines. This enabled students to apply a behavioural economic approach to white-collar crime. The findings derived from this case study are that behavioural economics has the potential to enhance the teaching of socio-economics. Originality/value The originality of this paper is to apply behavioural economics to a socio-economic teaching case, in core subject areas of the MBA curriculum.

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link. This article provides a review of research into global philanthropy and the disruptive practices of new technology companies. In this article we detail how “Big Tech” has created a new marketization of philanthropy, based on its sectoral values of innovation, entrepreneurialism and focus on financial and performance metrics. Consequently, we argue for a new ontology of philanthropy that acknowledges marketization as its guiding principle. The study examines and compares different market-focused, philanthropic paradigms, which have evolved through the business values of Big Tech and examines their moral motivations. The topic is viewed through the lens of ‘hybrid organizations’; a model for non-profit entities and social businesses which, in turn, are seeking a market-oriented pathway of balancing the twin demands of managing mission and money. A conceptual framework is then provided to inform practitioners in non-profit organizations about the issues and risks of engaging with the new types of philanthropy, to which we collectively refer as ‘disruptive philanthropy’. The article concludes by recommending further research into the ethics of Big Tech to understand the true motivations behind its philanthropic practices at a time when the sector is under intense governmental and media scrutiny.

Intensive management practices have been widely shown to reduce the diversity and abundance of insects in agricultural landscapes. This loss has attracted considerable public and scientific interest, owing partially to the importance of insects in supporting ecosystem functions. The relative importance of diversity and abundance in underpinning ecosystem functioning, however, has not been widely explored. We examined the relative importance of diversity and abundance in ecosystem functioning using a model system of three widespread species of dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea). We used a design that manipulated species richness, while also standardizing dung beetle abundance at two levels. We predicted that individual species would contribute unequally to ecosystem functioning, functioning in multi-species assemblages could be reliably predicted from single-species assemblages, and that loss of abundance would more strongly affect functioning than loss of diversity. Comparisons of functioning among three species showed that individual species contributed unequally to dung removal. In most cases multi-species assemblages provided higher levels of dung removal than predicted by single-species assemblages, demonstrating evidence of complementarity. The average effect of species richness loss had no significant effect on dung removal. In contrast a 33% loss of insect abundance corresponded to a 29% reduction in dung removal. Our work provides empirical evidence that loss of insect abundance, a widely occurring response to agricultural intensification, can have stronger consequences for ecosystem functioning than reductions in species richness. Further efforts should confirm whether this relationship is consistent across other ecosystem functions. Should this be observed, ecosystem functioning arguments could be useful in motivating agricultural producers to participate in practices such as agri-environment schemes which have potential to simultaneously conserve the diversity and abundance of insects in agroecosystems.

Background The shoulder is the least constrained of all joints of the body and is more susceptible to injury including dislocation. The rate of recurrent instability following primary stabilization procedure at 10 years of follow-up ranged from 3.4 to 20%. There is a lack of evidence in the literature regarding use of labral tape and anchors for anterior stabilization despite the growing market for this product. We describe the outcomes of 67 patients who underwent knotless arthroscopic anterior stabilisation under awake anaesthesia using 1.5 mm LabralTape with 2.9 mm Pushlock anchors for primary anterior instability by a single surgeon. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected outcome data for adult patients undergoing anterior stabilisation for primary traumatic anterior shoulder instability between 2013 and 2016 at two centres. Patients with > 25% glenoid bone loss, engaging Hill Sach’s, and multidirectional instability were excluded. All cases underwent surgery using awake anaesthetic technique. The surgical technique and post-operative physiotherapy was standardized. Outcomes were measured at 6 months and 12 months. Results Of the 74 patients in our study, 7 were lost to follow up. Outcomes were measured using the Oxford Instability Shoulder Score (OISS) and clinical assessment including the range of motion. The OISS showed statistically significant improvement from a mean score and standard deviation (SD) of 24.72 ± 2.8 pre-surgery to 43.09 ± 3.5 after the procedure at 12 months with good to excellent outcomes in 66 cases (98.5%). The mean abduction was 134.2 ± 6.32 and external rotation was 72.55 ± 5.42 at 60–90 position at 12 months. We report no failures due to knot slippage or anchor pull-out. Conclusion Our case series using the above technique has distinct advantages of combining a small non-absorbable implant with flat, braided, and high-strength polyethylene tape. This technique demonstrates superior medium term results to conventional suture knot techniques for labral stabilization thereby validating its use.

The article will present two strategic cases of financial fraud that demonstrate the recurring reference points that conmen use to facilitate their white-collar crimes. The cases are constructed fr...

Purpose This paper aims to report a case history delivered to MBA students that developed their understanding of corruption and also enhanced their ability to be able to contribute to the anti-curriculum agenda. This case history method selected was innovative, as it was constructed from multi-disciplinary archival sources. The case focus was the egregious affinity fraud of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities (BLMIS), with court documents taken from “United States V. Bernard L. Madoff And Related Cases USAO-SDNY”, including court sentencing records, victim impact statements and the defendant’s “Plea Allocution”. The case study aimed to enhance students’ ability and inclination to recognise and oppose corrupt practices. The longer-term ambition of the case was to contribute to developing the students’ moral awareness, character and facility for self-reflection, in terms of responding to corruption. The case study exercise also addressed rising societal expectations for more robust responses to corruption, in terms of illustrating how business school pedagogy can be expanded to emphasise the centrality of ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR) to economic life. The case history was analysed within Carroll’s CSR pyramid and also with themes derived from the developing area of behavioural ethics, including a deontological, justice for its own sake and focus. Design/methodology/approach This research used the qualitative case method (Stake, 2000; Yin, 2004, 2010, 2011) to investigate lived experience from the viewpoint of those being studied and to provide the case history “experience”, using an analytical lens developed from Carroll’s CSR pyramid (1991) and from behavioural ethics research. Furthermore, following Chell’s recommendation, the case history of the BLMIS fraud was chosen – “[…] for analytical purposes to produce insight into the phenomena in question” (2008). The case was constructed from archival sources, including court records of the sentencing of Bernie Madoff. Findings The findings of the research are that students gained knowledge and understanding of the nature and practice of corruption, as well as developing their understanding of the anti-corruption agenda. The case also facilitated students to develop their moral awareness, character and facility for self-reflection with reference to corruption. In sum, the findings are that case histories, using archival sources, in this instance taken from the court records, have the potential to enhance teaching and learning in business ethics and responsible management education. Research limitations/implications A limitation of this research is that it is reporting on one instance of a classroom delivery of the case study. In consequence, a recommendation for future research is for CSR and ethics focussed educationalist to conduct similar case study teaching to add to and complement the conclusions reached in this paper. Originality/value This paper is original in detailing and reflecting on a case history teaching example of global corruption. This case history teaching method was innovative, as it was constructed from archival sources taken from court records to include victim impact statements and the defendant’s “Plea Allocution”.

Author(s): Mamidipalli, Adrija; Hamilton, Gavin; Manning, Paul; Hong, Cheng William; Park, Charlie C; Wolfson, Tanya; Hooker, Jonathan; Heba, Elhamy; Schlein, Alexandra; Gamst, Anthony; Durelle, Janis; Paiz, Melissa; Middleton, Michael S; Schwimmer, Jeffrey B; Sirlin, Claude B | Abstract: PURPOSE:To determine the relationship between hepatic proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and R2* in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS:In this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-compliant, Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved, cross-sectional study, we conducted a secondary analysis of 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams performed as part of prospective research studies in children in whom conditions associated with iron overload were excluded clinically. Each exam included low-flip-angle, multiecho magnitude (-M) and complex (-C) based chemical-shift-encoded MRI techniques with spectral modeling of fat to generate hepatic PDFF and R2* parametric maps. For each technique and each patient, regions of interest were placed on the maps in each of the nine Couinaud segments, and composite whole-liver PDFF and R2* values were calculated. Pearson's correlation coefficients between PDFF and R2* were computed for each MRI technique. Correlations were compared using Steiger's test. RESULTS:In all, 184 children (123 boys, 61 girls) were included in this analysis. PDFF estimated by MRI-M and MRI-C ranged from 1.1-35.4% (9.44 ± 8.76) and 2.1-38.1% (10.1 ± 8.7), respectively. R2* estimated by MRI-M and MRI-C ranged from 32.6-78.7 s-1 (48.4 ± 9.8) and 27.2-71.5 s-1 (42.2 ± 8.6), respectively. There were strong and significant correlations between hepatic PDFF and R2* values estimated by MRI-M (r = 0.874; P l 0.0001) and MRI-C (r = 0.853; P l 0.0001). The correlation coefficients (0.874 vs. 0.853) were not significantly different (P = 0.15). CONCLUSION:Hepatic PDFF and R2* are strongly correlated with each other in vivo. This relationship was observed using two different MRI techniques. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:418-424.

Erik Scott’s book Familiar Strangers begins with a tantalizing paradox: How did Georgians, a small people numerically, come to play a role as internal diaspora out of all proportion to their numbers in the Soviet Union from start to finish? I argue that in the thread that ties together the many examples of Georgian ethnic strategies (including the changing, but continuous, presence of Georgians in political and cultural life of the Soviet Union), Scott rightly focuses on the varied affordances of the Georgian table, both the “edible ethnicity” of Georgian food and wine but also the traditions of hospitality centered on this commensality and the forms of networking arising from it, which took hold in Soviet Culture beginning with Stalin. When Soviet citizens became guests at the Georgian table, a paradoxical inversion of guest-host relations occurred, so that the whole Soviet Union became, in effect, the guests of Georgian hosts. As Scott argues, it was precisely through making their own food, drink, and attendant rituals of hospitality central to Soviet rule and Soviet life that Georgians moved from being metaphoric ethnic guests in a host society to hosts within the imperial capital itself.

Purpose To determine potential associations between histologic features of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and estimated quantitative magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) parameters. Materials and Methods This prospective, cross-sectional study was performed as part of the Magnetic Resonance Assessment Guiding NAFLD Evaluation and Treatment (MAGNET) ancillary study to the Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network (NASH CRN). Sixty-four children underwent a 3T DWI scan (b-values: 0, 100, and 500 s/mm2) within 180 days of a clinical liver biopsy of the right hepatic lobe. Three parameters were estimated in the right hepatic lobe: apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), diffusivity (D), and perfusion fraction (F); the first assuming exponential decay and the latter two assuming biexponential intravoxel incoherent motion. Grading and staging of liver histology were done using the NASH CRN scoring system. Associations between histologic scores and DWI-estimated parameters were tested using multivariate linear regression. Results Estimated means ± standard deviations were: ADC: 1.3 (0.94–1.8) × 10−3 mm2/s; D: 0.82 (0.56–1.0) × 10−3 mm2/s; and F: 17 (6.0–28)%. Multivariate analyses showed ADC and D decreased with steatosis and F decreased with fibrosis (P < 0.05). Associations between DWI-estimated parameters and other histologic features were not significant: ADC: fibrosis (P = 0.12), lobular inflammation (P = 0.20), portal inflammation (P = 0.27), hepatocellular inflammation (P = 0.29), NASH (P = 0.30); D: fibrosis (P = 0.34), lobular inflammation (P = 0.84), portal inflammation (P = 0.76), hepatocellular inflammation (P = 0.38), NASH (P = 0.81); F: steatosis (P = 0.57), lobular inflammation (P = 0.22), portal inflammation (P = 0.42), hepatocellular inflammation (P = 0.59), NASH (P = 0.07). Conclusion In children with NAFLD, steatosis and fibrosis have independent effects on DWI-estimated parameters ADC, D, and F. Further research is needed to determine the underlying mechanisms and clinical implications of these effects. Level of Evidence: 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017.

To use 3D pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (3D PCASL) and dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced (DSC) perfusion MRI to differentiate progressive disease from pseudoprogression in patients with glioblastoma (GBM).Thirty-two patients with GBM who developed progressively enhancing lesions within the radiation field following resection and chemoradiation were included in this retrospective, single-institution study. The updated modified RANO criteria were used to establish progressive disease or pseudoprogression. Following 3D PCASL and DSC MR imaging, perfusion parameter estimates of cerebral blood flow (ASL-nCBF and DSC-nrCBF) and cerebral blood volume (DSC-nrCBV) were calculated. Additionally, contrast enhanced volumes were measured. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare groups. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and area under receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) analyses were used to evaluate performance of each perfusion parameter and to determine optimal cut-off points.All perfusion parameter measurements were higher in patients with progressive disease (mean, 95% CI ASL-nCBF 2.48, [2.03, 2.93]; DSC-nrCBF = 2.27, [1.85, 2.69]; DSC-nrCBV = 3.51, [2.37, 4.66]) compared to pseudoprogression (mean, 95% CI ASL-nCBF 0.99, [0.47, 1.52]; DSC-nrCBF = 1.05, [0.36, 1.74]; DSC-nCBV = 1.19, [0.34, 2.05]), and findings were significant at the p 0.0125 level (p = 0.001, 0.003, 0.002; effect size: Cohen's d = 1.48, 1.27, and 0.92). Contrast enhanced volumes were not significantly different between groups (p 0.447). All perfusion parameters demonstrated high AUC (0.954 for ASL-nCBF, 0.867 for DSC-nrCBF, and 0.891 for DSC-nrCBV), however, ASL-nCBF demonstrated the highest AUC and misclassified the fewest cases (N = 6). Lesions correctly classified by ASL but misclassified by DSC were located along the skull base or adjacent to large resection cavities with residual blood products, at areas of increased susceptibility.Both 3D PCASL and DSC perfusion MRI techniques have nearly equivalent performance for the differentiation of progressive disease from pseudoprogression in patients with GBM. However, 3D PCASL is less sensitive to susceptibility artifact and may allow for improved classification in select cases.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:45:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-12-01 Rufford Foundation Landscape structure and crop management directly affect insect communities, which can influence agriculturally relevant ecosystem services and disservices. However, little is known about the effect of landscape structure and local factors on pests, natural enemies, and biological control services in the Neotropics. We investigated how environmental conditions at local and landscape levels affect Leucoptera coffeella (insect pest), social wasps (natural enemies), and the provision of biological control services in 16 Brazilian coffee plantations under different crop management and landscape contexts. We considered microclimatic conditions, coffee plantation size, and management intensity at the local level; and forest cover, landscape diversity, and edge density at the landscape level. Pest population, wasp communities, and biocontrol services were monitored in wet and dry seasons when L. coffeella outbreaks occur. We found that the amount of forest in the surrounding landscape was more important for explaining patterns than the local environment, landscape diversity, or landscape configuration. In both seasons, L. coffeella was negatively affected by forest cover, whereas biological control and richness and abundance of social wasps increased with increasing forest cover at multiple spatial scales. Moreover, biological control was positively correlated with wasp abundance during pest outbreaks, suggesting that social wasps are important natural enemies and provide pest control services within coffee plantations. We provide the first empirical evidence that forest cover is important for the maintenance of social wasp diversity and associated pest control services in a Brazilian coffee-producing region. Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Ecologia Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab (LEEC) UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Aplicada (Interunidades) CENA - Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba Instituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE) Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto Department of Plant Food and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Agriculture Dalhousie University Biology Department Saint Mary’s University School for Resource and Environmental Studies and College of Sustainability Dalhousie University Departamento de Ciências Florestais ESALQ/USP - Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Ecologia Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab (LEEC) UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro Instituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE) Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto Rufford Foundation: RSG reference 18799-1

Melorheostosis is a rare non-hereditary sclerosing bone dysplasia which predominantly affects the appendicular skeleton. Although melorheostosis is typically recognized as an osseous lesion, associated soft-tissue components have been reported. Advanced imaging with MRI may allow for more complete evaluation of these soft tissue components; however, there is little information regarding their MRI characteristics which may lead to confusion with malignant processes. We present a case of melorheostosis in a 32-year-old woman with an associated paraarticular enhancing soft tissue mass and emphasize discriminating this from soft tissue sarcoma.

PurposeTo evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of 2D and 3D hepatic MRE with rigid and flexible drivers at end-expiration and end-inspiration in healthy volunteers.Materials and methodsNine healthy volunteers underwent two same-day MRE exams separated by a 5- to 10-min break. In each exam, 2D and 3D MRE scans were performed, each under four conditions (2 driver types [rigid, flexible]×2 breath-hold phases [end-expiration, end-inspiration]). Repeatability (measurements under identical conditions) and reproducibility (measurements under different conditions) were analyzed by calculating bias, limit of agreement, repeatability coefficient (RC), reproducibility coefficient (RDC), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), as appropriate.ResultsFor 2D MRE, RCs and ICCs range between 0.29-0.49 and 0.71-0.91, respectively. For 3D MRE, RCs and ICCs range between 0.16-0.26 and 0.84-0.96, respectively. Stiffness values were biased by breath-hold phase, being higher at end-inspiration than end-expiration, and the differences were significant for 3D MRE (p&nbsp

Macrocyclic lactones (MLs) are a class of chemical compounds administered to livestock for parasite control. These compounds are poorly metabolized and are predominately excreted in dung.When coprophagous insects such as dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) are exposed to ML residues, lethal and sublethal effects are often observed. Indirectly this can lead to ML residues impairing ecosystem functions that underpin production. A strategy to reduce these negative effects involves selecting compounds that offer lower risk to non-target invertebrates such as the ML moxidectin.Considering two dung beetle species with differing sensitivities to agricultural intensification, we asked whether exposure to moxidectin residues influenced survival, reproductive output, and functioning (short- and long-term estimates of dung removal).When exposed to moxidectin, adults of the sensitive species (Geotrupes spiniger Marsham) experienced a 43% reduction in survival. In contrast, survival of the non-sensitive species (Aphodius rufipes L.) was unaffected. We were unable to determine whether exposure affected reproductive output of either species.We found little evidence to suggest moxidectin impaired dung removal. We found however, that high densities of a species with relatively low functional importance (A. rufipes) can compensate for the loss of a functionally dominant species (G. spiniger). Over a longer timeframe, earthworms fully decomposed dung irrespective of moxidectin residues.

Social capital has as its key element the value of social relationships to generate positive outcomes, both for the key parties involved and for wider society. Some authors have noted that social capital nevertheless has a dark side. There is a moral element to such a conceptualisation, yet there is scarce discussion of ethics within the social capital literature. In this paper ethical theory is applied to four traditions or approaches to economic social capital: neo-capitalism; network/reputation; neo-Tocquevellian; and development. Each is considered in detail and subject to ethical analysis by the application of utilitarianism, Kantianism, justice and rights, and ethic of care. Accordingly, the assumption that social capital is either value-neutral or a force for good is critiqued, and a framework for understanding social capital from an ethics perspective is presented.

This paper draws upon archive material to explore the reasons for the absence of any drugs education films, or ‘mass-mediated drugs education’, during the immediate post-war period in Britain. The term ‘mass-mediated drugs education’ is used to refer to any drugs education messages communicated via the mass communication technologies of the twentieth century—the ‘high modern age’. While this might appear a rather narrowly defined interest in media history, the evidence offered in explanation provides some important insights into the assumptions made about mass media by British policy-makers and political elites during the ‘high modern age’ of mass communication. In contrast to Britain, during the same period in the United States, a plentiful supply of drugs education films was generated through the energies and interests of state agencies and moral entrepreneurs. Many of the US films of the ‘reefer madness’ era of the 1930s and the short ‘social guidance’ films of the fifties and sixties still remain in c...

PurposeTo compare agreement between region-of-interest (ROI)- and parametric map-based methods of hepatic proton density fat fraction (PDFF) estimation in adults with known or suspected hepatic steatosis secondary to chronic liver disease over a range of imaging and analysis conditions.Materials and methodsIn this IRB approved HIPAA compliant prospective single-site study, 31 adults with chronic liver disease undergoing clinical gadoxetic acid-enhanced liver magnetic resonance imaging at 3T were recruited. Multi-echo gradient-echo imaging at flip angles of 10° and 50° was performed before and after administration of gadoxetic acid. Six echoes were acquired at successive nominally out-of-phase and in-phase echo times. PDFF was estimated with a nonlinear fitting algorithm using the first two, three, four, five, and (all) six echoes. Hence, 20 different imaging and analysis conditions were used (pre/post contrast x low/high flip angle x 2/3/4/5/6 echoes). For each condition, PDFF estimation was done in corresponding liver locations using two methods: a region-of-interest (ROI)-based method in which mean signal intensity values within ROIs were run through the fitting algorithm, and a parametric map-based method in which individual signal intensities were run through the fitting algorithm pixel by pixel. Agreement between ROI- and map-based PDFF estimation was assessed by Bland-Altman and intraclass correlation (ICC) analysis.ResultsDepending on the condition and method, PDFF ranged from -2.52% to 45.57%. Over all conditions, mean differences between ROI- and map-based PDFF estimates ranged from 0.04% to 0.24%, with all ICCs ≥0.999.ConclusionAgreement between ROI- and parametric map-based PDFF estimation is excellent over a wide range of imaging and analysis conditions.

Aims: This article reports on findings to emerge from a project examining YouTube ‘drug videos’ in the light of an emerging literature on the relationship between YouTube and health education. The aim of this article is to describe the variety of discourses circulated by the ‘drug videos’ available on YouTube and to consider the implications of these for mediated drugs education. Method: The method used is a content analysis of a sample of 750 ‘drug videos’ in which both video text and loader comments are used to code ‘drug discourses’. Findings: The findings point to the circulation of a variety of ‘drug videos’ of which official drugs education materials represent only a small proportion. The ‘drug videos’ created by YouTube users circulate a variety of ‘drug discourses’ including the ‘celebratory’ or hedonistic but also ‘cautionary’ videos intended to ‘warn’ or ‘discipline’ but others offer an ‘amateur’ or ‘vernacular drugs education’ while still others develop ‘consumer discourses’ which evaluate substances and technologies of intoxication as commodities. Conclusions: The findings suggest that in the symbolic environment of YouTube drugs education

One of the most notable features of the recent and continuing global banking crisis has been the failure of financial journalism, together with the global news agencies, to alert us to the signs of imminent catastrophe, thus confounding over-simplistic models of journalism as an efficient system of antennae monitoring the external environment. With a handful of honourable exceptions, most financial journalists and most international news agencies simply failed to report much of the emerging evidence of the growing possibility of collapse. Various explanations have been proposed for this failure including the complexities of the evidence, the manipulative power of financial public relations, and the difficulties of undertaking investigative journalism when newsrooms cut staff. This article, drawing on a theoretical framework for analysing exchange relationships between journalists and their sources first developed in Manning (2001), argues that a more fully developed explanation needs to explore the ways in which a distribution of political and symbolic power shaped relationships between financial correspondents, news agencies and the key information flows operating within global financial systems.

Objectives The mechanisms of upper limb injuries in road traffic accidents have not been widely investigated or understood. The present study was designed to obtain more specific information on upper limb injuries sustained by front seat occupants involved in front- and side-impact collision car accidents. Its purpose was to identify injuries that are a priority for prevention and further research. Methods Hospital records, radiographs and, where appropriate, crash data were reviewed. Data were analyzed to identify the frequency and severity of upper limb injuries, the mechanism of injury and the impairment sustained, in accordance with the American Medical Association guide. The total financial costs for NHS management, as well as that relating to the upper limb injury, were calculated. Results Sixty-two cases were reviewed (34 males), with a mean (range) age of 44 years (18 years to 83 years). There were 20 clavicle fractures of which 18 were right sided, and often attributed to a ‘seat-belt effect’. There were also 17 wrist and 13 forearm fractures. The median (range) upper limb Abbreviated Injury Score was 2 (2 to 4) and the overall Injury Severity Score was in the range 1 to 50 (median 6). In terms of impairment, the upper extremity sensory deficit was in the range 0% to 9% and motor deficit 0% to 22.5%, giving up to 5% sensory and 13.5% motor ‘whole person impairment’. The mean treatment cost for upper limb management was £2200 compared to a mean total injury treatment cost of £11,000 per person. Discussion The present study has served to identify the range and subsequent costs (impairment and financial) of upper limb injuries in road traffic accidents. These data will be used by researchers to advance the design of current and future car crash dummies in the upper limb and to allow accurate finite element remodelling. These data may be used in support of legislative changes in the future.

The risk of recurrent instability, subsequent to primary traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation that has been managed conservatively, is highest in young patients. The overall risk is 58%, with up to 87% of problems being noted within 2 years. The majority of young patients sustain an anterior glenoid labral detachment (Bankart lesion) leading to instability problems. This comprehensive literature review explores the evidence for both conservative and surgical management in young patients sustaining a primary traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation. There is no consensus on length or type of shoulder immobilization for conservative management. The initial evidence suggesting that immobilization in external rotation is beneficial has subsequently been contradicted. A prolonged period of immobilization has also failed to show any benefit. The randomized control trial evidence shows a consistent and significant reduction in recurrent instability risk with acute stabilization surgery. The gold standard surgical approach of open stabilization (Bankart repair) is now closely matched in outcome by contemporary arthroscopic stabilization. Significant bone defects must be excluded as these lead to failure of soft tissue stabilization surgery (Bankart repair) and require a tailored management strategy. Young males, including those involved in contact sports and overhead activities, have the highest instability risk and would gain the greatest benefit from acute stabilization surgery.

Background An experimental study was carried out to assess the influence of Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of the humeral head, neck and greater tuberosity in seven pairs of fresh frozen humeri on the pull out strength of the Ultra-Fix Anchor (Stryker, Inc, USA) and the standard intra-osseous sutures used to repair rotator cuff tears. Method An anchor and a transosseous suture were placed in a trough, created with a 6 mm burr in the cuff footprint of each humeral head by the same specialist shoulder surgeon (L.N.). The technique for intra-osseous suture and anchor localisation were standardised using a 5 Metric (No 2) braided polyester suture (Ethibond, Ethicon, UK). Both fixation methods were subjected to tensile testing with the humeri mounted at 30° of abduction corresponding to the direction of anatomical pull of the supraspinatus muscle. Results and discussion There was a significant linear correlation (p = 0.007) between Ultra-fix anchor pull-out strength and humeral head BMD as well as between bone suture failure strength and humeral neck BMD (p = 0.015) There was no correlation between the BMD of the greater tuberosity and failure strengths of both fixation methods. (p = 0.23 for anchor and p = 0.29 for bone suture) The Ultra-fix anchor was significantly stronger in pull-out when compared to the bone suture (p = 0.05). Conclusion The mean pull-out strength of the Ultrafix rotator cuff anchor is significantly higher when compared to the traditional bone suture technique for anchorage into a proximal humerus trough (141.7 N and 111.6 N, respectively).There is a significant correlation between the total BMD of the proximal humerus (head, neck and greater tuberosity regions) and the pull-out strength of both the anchor (p = 0.039) and bone sutures (p = 0.024).

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the growing literature bridging social capital (SC) and knowledge management (KM). The paper seeks to identify the causal factors for this recent research into the connection between SC and KM, and also to explicate the relationship between the most relevant neo‐capital theories and KM. Further, the paper aims to argue that Granovetter's and Coleman's socially embedded understanding of market activity is the most relevant for examining the SC and KM interface. Finally, the paper seeks to offer guiding approaches drawn from SC literature for enhancing KM performance.Design/methodology/approachThe paper reviews the SC literature from a KM perspective.FindingsFirst, interest in SC from KM scholars is driven by a number of inter‐linked causal factors. Second, SC is significant for KM purposes and can be understood as being complementary to and parallel with other intangible capitalisations, such as human capital (HC) and intellectual capital (IC). Third, there are a number of guiding notions that organisations can adapt to construct and enhance SC for KM purposes. However, SC processes are complicated and context‐dependent and therefore resistant to micro‐management and “one size fits all” prescriptions.Originality/valueThe paper examines the broader context of the SC and KM interdisciplinary meeting place. It argues for an “embedded” theoretical understanding of SC that is most relevant for KM performance, and also explicates the parallel nature of neo‐capital theories from a KM perspective. The paper also suggests a number of guiding approaches that organisations can adapt to analyse and develop their SC for KM purposes.

Discourses about Georgian churches have since the nineteenth century treated the material quality of'ancientness’ associated with existing churches as being among their essential defining properties. This paper first explores how different material qualisigns of churches, including oldness and qualisigns attendant on oldness, allow churches to be interpreted as secular objects, by ordering them with theatres (as expressive of'civilization'), the natural landscape (expressive of an aesthetics of the sublime) or other monuments, including texts (expressive of culture). One result of such discourses is that the contemporary Orthodox Church finds it difficult to have ‘new’ churches accepted as being churches at all. These nineteenth‐century discourses thus provide a context for the complex and contested reception of old and new Orthodox churches, as well as other religious structures, such as mountain shrines, which have a more ambiguous relation with Orthodoxy.

The Darial Pass through the Caucasus today, as in the nineteenth century, provides the main viable route between Russia and Georgia, along what is now called the Georgian Military Highway. The journey from Vladikavkaz in modern North Ossetia into Georgia follows the Terek River, which flows north from Mount Kazbek (Georgian: Qaz(i)begi, Mqinvari; lit. "Glacier") into Russia, while the southern flanks of the route follow the Aragvi River, flowing south toward Tbilisi (Fig. 1). This journey from Vladikavkaz to Tbilisi and vice versa runs across some very well traveled literary terrain for European, Russian and Georgian Romantics, whose overlapping narratives in genres from fairy tale to travel account, lyric verse to adventure tale gave the landscape a peculiar ambivalence where fact and fancy were intertwined.' Indeed, the Darial Gorge itself has sometimes

This chapter seeks to draw together insights from the earlier debates about fan cultures and the politics of taste with more recent commentaries on fan practices and digital technologies. It will first consider the suggestion that the recent proliferation of zombie cultural artefacts is a product of the post 9/11 ‘cultural consciousness’ or whether we need to look beyond the properties of particular zombie texts to the wider cultural infrastructures, particularly fan cultures and the digital ‘paratexts’ (Kackman et al., 2011, p. 2) that exist in interdependence with zombie texts. The ‘almost straight to DVD’ film Zombies of Mass Destruction (Hamedani, 2009) will be discussed as a case study and means of exploring the importance of online fan practices in zombie culture because as a self-conscious ‘zomedy’ it has provoked interesting and extreme fan reactions.

Purpose. To compare the subjective outcome of acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) reconstruction using the modified Weaver-Dunn procedure versus the Surgilig synthetic ligament. Methods. 55 patients aged 19 to 72 (mean, 42) years underwent ACJ reconstruction of Rockwood grade 3 (n=38), grade 4 (n=8), and grade 5 (n=9) using the modified Weaver-Dunn procedure (n=31) or the Surgilig synthetic ligament (n=24), based on the surgeon's preference. The mean period from injury to surgical treatment was 39 months. Subjective outcomes were assessed before and after surgery using the Oxford Shoulder score and Nottingham Clavicle score. The time required to return to work and sports was also recorded. Results. After a mean follow-up period of 40 months, the mean Oxford Shoulder scores improved from 28 to 42 in the Weaver-Dunn group (p=0.009), and from 26 to 45 in the Surgilig group (p=0.007), whereas the respective mean Nottingham Clavicle scores improved from 53 to 81 (p=0.047) and from 51 to 93 (p=0.023). The Surgilig group achieved significantly better postoperative Oxford Shoulder score (p=0.008) and Nottingham Clavicle score (p=0.007), and could also return to work (14 vs. 6 weeks, p±0.001) and sports (25 vs. 12 weeks, p±0.001) sooner than the Weaver-Dunn group. Three patients in the Weaver-Dunn group and one patient in the Surgilig group had persistent pain and/or functional deficit with evidence of ACJ dislocation. Conclusion. Chronic ACJ reconstruction using the Surgilig synthetic ligament achieved better Oxford Shoulder score and Nottingham Clavicle score and earlier return to work and sports, compared with the modified Weaver-Dunn procedure.

Background Risk factors for mortality after proximal humeral fracture, including socioeconomic status, are poorly defined. This retrospective review of prospectively collected data defines the epidemiology and predictors of mortality in association with proximal humeral fractures. Methods Patients who sustained proximal humeral fractures were identified from fragility fracture and trauma databases between May 2001 and September 2012. Results In total, 1880 patients with a mean age of 69 years and a male to female ratio of 2 : 3 were identified. Socioeconomic distribution is skewed towards the lowest and highest quintiles. Low-energy mechanisms caused 88% of fractures. Men sustain fractures when they are aged 10 years younger and via higher-energy mechanisms. In total, 536 patients (29%) died within the study period with a 1-year mortality of 9.8%, rising to 28.2% at 5 years. Female gender, increasing age, pathological fracture and increased number of co-morbidities were independent variables for increased mortality. Conclusions The present study, which was conducted over an 11-year period, is the first to combine the epidemiology and risk factors for mortality with socioeconomic rank. One-year mortality risk is twice that of the background matched population. Patient counselling with respect to increased mortality should be considered, especially in higher-risk elderly females with multiple co-morbidities.

VETS are often quite sensitive about having their consultations analysed, but the process can be a very worthwhile one, for the individual and the practice as a whole. Consultations are where the work, patient and client care, and income for the practice are first determined. Being proactive in developing and maintaining consultation skills, and gathering evidence to show that skills are improving, can reduce client complaints. The process need not be an especially formal one. Paul Manning draws on findings from his own research into veterinary consultations to stimulate practitioners to think about how effective they are being in the consulting room.

Iacobucci’s article noted that Circle has provided a good dermatology service in Nottingham, but it missed three crucial facts.1 Firstly, dermatologists employed by Nottingham University Hospitals (NUH) have been working for Circle since 2008 and were required to transfer employment to us only in 2013, thanks to a change in national law. Secondly, the independent review noted that dermatology …

Sociolinguistic debates about the fate of the Welsh language have since at least the mid-20th century posited the relationship between language and political economy as a central factor in the death or rebirth of the Welsh language since the Industrial Revolution. Such studies have been concerned primarily with empirical head counts of actual speakers and the movements of populations and distributions of languages as determined by political economic independent variables. This article argues that the relationship between language and political economy was also crucially and consequentially construed in the 19th century in terms of “imagined” exemplary speakers of Welsh. In the imagined voice of the Welsh slate quarrier, Welsh elites of the 19th century found a “modern” Welsh-speaking figure who participated in industry while remaining Welsh, both linguistically and culturally, thereby associating the Welsh language itself with the desirable properties of modernity, particularly industrial productivity, and this allowed it to be imagined as a language at home in modernity.The research for this paper was made possible by a Reed College faculty grant and the friendship and generosity of Dylan Morgan and his family. Versions of this material have been presented at the AAA in San Francisco and Bard College, and I would like to thank my fellow participants and audiences there for their helpful comments. I would like to thank Richard Bauman, Mario Bick, Steve Coleman, Elizabeth Duquette, David Garrett, Alex Hrycak, and Rupert Stasch for comments and encouragement, as well as Jane Hill and the anonymous reviewers provided by Language in Society. Errors are my own.

The presence of local Cornish places-names in medieval Cornish drama on biblical themes is perhaps the most salient feature of these texts. This paper suggest that the deployment of place-names from the locality of performance must be understood in the context of textual largesses for good or evil services from which these localities take on moral valuations. Within the context of a semiotic ideology of medieval realism, gifts of Cornish land in biblical drama thus serves metapragmatically to mediate between cosmological order of the text and the actual order of the context of performance, strongly regimenting the possible contexts of performance and imbuing the context with transcendent values. The parochial locality of the plays is thus performatively transformed by opposing the immediate locality of regions (associated with good biblical characters) to more distant regions (associated with evil biblical characters).

Equations are derived for the exact identification of a transmission line discontinuity that can be represented by an equivalent circuit consisting of one or more cascaded, series-inductive, parallel-capacitive, and series-transmission-line elements. Equations are presented for determining frequency domain return loss from time domain reflectometer data and the frequency limitations for this method of discontinuity evaluation are discussed.

The R/V ROBERT D. CONRAD uses a mix of systems for mid-ocean navigation during geological and geophysical research cruises: GPS, Transit Satellite, Rho-Rho Loran-C, Two-Axis Doppler Speed Log, and Gyro Compass. These systems have complementary error-spectra characteristics. GPS has high long period (>10 minute) accuracy, but can show unrealistic ship velocities when consecutive one-minute readings are used. The infrequent transit satellite fixes have only long period accuracy. Loran-C has high medium period accuracy (< hours). The speed log and Gyro show high short period (< hour) accuracy, but currents and wind introduce long period errors.