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Background: Mechanical neck pain (MNP) is the most common type of pain confined in the posterior aspect of neck, also known as nonspecific or simple neck pain affecting two thirds of the general population at some time in their lives. Prevalence: Neck pain is most common muscular skeletal condition affecting up to 70% of individual and 5% to 10% of adults having a disabling neck pain problem. Neck pain is more common in women than men. The prevalence of neck pain in the general population has been reported to be 15% for men and 23% for women. Objectives of the Study: To find out the effect of Post Isometric Relaxation (PIR) along with Deep Neck Flexor (DNF) exercises in reducing pain and disability and improving ROM in patient with sub-acute mechanical neck pain. To find out the effect of Deep Neck Flexor exercise alone in reducing pain and disability and improving ROM in patient with sub-acute mechanical neck pain. To compare whether Post Isometric Relaxation (PIR) along with Deep Neck Flexor exercises or Deep Neck Flexor exercises alone are effective in reducing pain and disability and improving ROM in patient with sub-acute mechanical neck pain Methods: Study included 30 patients with lateral epicondylitis between ages 30-50 years. The subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups: Group-A and Group-B. Group A (n = 15) was treated using Cyriax physiotherapy, group B (n = 15) was treated with movement with mobilization. Patients were treated for 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Outcome measures are NPRS (Numeric Pain Rating Scale) and DASH (The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand). Results: The results of the study indicate that there were highly statistically significant improvement in functional disability on NDI, cervical lateral flexion(Right & Left), rotation (Right & Left) ROM and reduction in pain on VAS in Group-A as compared to Group-B. There was no significant difference observed when the groups were compared for cervical flexion and extension ROM. Conclusion: From the result it is concluded that Post isometric relaxation with DNF exercise is effective in mechanical neck pain. Key words: Mechanical neck pain (MNP), Post Isometric Relaxation (PIR), Deep Neck Flexor (DNF) exercise.

There is limited evidence on various clinical aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with haematological cancers. The risk factors, prognosis, and outcome of patients with haematological cancers with coexistent COVID-19 need to be explored in different subsets of population. A single-institutional prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary level medical institute in North India. The clinical details of the recruited patients having haematological malignancies and diagnosed with COVID-19 between 15 March 2020 and 31 May 2021 were prospectively collected through the electronic patient database system. The outcomes with respect to 28-day and 56-day mortality and the associated risk factors for prognostication were analysed. Of the 5750 hospital admissions (inpatient and day-care) during the study period, two hundred and forty-two patients (4.2%) were diagnosed with COVID-19. Acute leukaemia was the most common haematological malignancy, seen in 117 (48.3%) patients. Eighty-nine (36.8%) patients had moderate-to-severe COVID-19 while 153 (63.2%) patients presented with mild infection. The 28-day and 56-day mortality rates in our cohort were 13.3% and 19.8% respectively. Amongst the risk factors associated with poor outcome, the severity of COVID-19 (HR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.16-10.35; p = 0.04), presence of secondary infection (HR = 2.1, 95% CI 2.45-21.3; p = 0.023), and need for invasive mechanical ventilation (HR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.8-18.43; p = 0.01) were prognostically significant on multivariate log rank analysis. The risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection does not increase with haematological malignancies; however, the outcome remains poor in patients with severe COVID-19, requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation, and pre-existing bacterial/fungal infection at presentation.

This study was conducted with the aim to assess the clinico-pathological profile, treatment outcomes and the challenges faced in Low Middle Income Countries (LMIC) during management of pediatric Burkitt lymphoma cases on intensive chemotherapy protocol. This was a single center retrospective analysis of pediatric Burkitt lymphoma cases (age18 years) managed uniformly with Lymphomes Malins B (LMB) 96 chemotherapy protocol between January 2015 and September 2019. 40 cases were analyzed with a median age 11.5 years (range 4-18 years) and male: female ratio =4.7:1. Patients belonging to different LMB risk groups were: A-3 (7.5%), B-31 (77.5%), and C-06 (15%). 25 (62.5%) patients had abdominal disease at presentation. The survival analysis of different treatment risk groups showed statistically significant difference in mean Overall Survival (OS) between group A-100%, group B- 87%±6.1% and group C-44.4%±16.2%; (

Darvyadi Raskriya is a combination of herbal drugs mentioned in Ayurvedic classic Sharangdhar Samhita. The formulation is believed to cure ocular complaints like Netra Daha, Ashru, raag and Ruja if prepared following appropriate methods. Material and Methods: For making the application of drug more convenient present study has been undertaken with the aim to modify Darvyadi Raskriya into ointment form and to develop the physicochemical profile of the final product. This form was designed in two steps viz. preparation of Ghana Satva from decoction of herbal drugs and mixing powdered Satva with Goghrit and paraffin wax used as a base for attaining the final product. The prepared drug was evaluated for organoleptic study, physicochemical study, pH value and also the product was subjected for microbial contamination test. It was tested in analytical laboratory and results were documented. Result and Discussion: The result shows the organoleptic character and sterility of the product. Conclusion: Darvyadi Raskriya ointment was prepared by following the method described in Sharangdhar Samhita. This paper presents the analytical study of the formulation.

Summary HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist even during effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Although the cause of HAND is unknown, studies link chronic immune activation, neuroinflammation, and cerebrospinal fluid viral escape to disease progression. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that specific, recall immune responses from brain-resident memory T cells (bTRM) could activate glia and induce neurotoxic mediators. To address this question, we developed a heterologous prime-central nervous system (CNS) boost strategy in mice. We observed that the murine brain became populated with long-lived CD8+ bTRM, some being specific for an immunodominant Gag epitope. Recall stimulation using HIV-1 AI9 peptide administered in vivo resulted in microglia displaying elevated levels of major histocompatibility complex class II and programmed death-ligand 1, and demonstrating tissue-wide reactive gliosis. Immunostaining further confirmed this glial activation. Taken together, these results indicate that specific, adaptive recall responses from bTRM can induce reactive gliosis and production of neurotoxic mediators., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • Heterologous prime-CNS boost induced HIV-1-specific bTRM, which persisted long term • Recall responses from HIV-specific bTRM induced tissue-wide reactive gliosis • bTRM induced-reactive gliosis likely has cumulative neurotoxic consequences, Immune System Disorder; Immunology; Neuroscience; Virology

Background Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE) is a common adverse event seen with many chemotherapeutic agents as well as targeted therapies which is very debilitating for the patient. To the best of our knowledge there are only a few cases of PPE reported with methotrexate infusion to date. Case and conclusion We report a case of Burkitt Lymphoma, who developed severe PPE with methotrexate infusion and responded very well with conservative management and dose reduction in subsequent cycles.

Radio over fiber (RoF) technique has revolutionized communication industry with its high data transmission rate and ability to carry the radio signal with speed of light. It finds its application in wireless local area networks (WLANs) due to easy of deployment and low cost. This paper utilizes alternate mark inversion (AMI) technique in wave length division multiplexing (WDM) scheme to further enhance data carrying capacity of the system. It is observed that proposed AMI-WDM scheme is better technique for providing high data rates and is confirmed via SNR, Q factor and eye diagrams.

Background Peripheral neuropathy is currently the most common neurological complication in HIV-infected individuals, occurring in 35–50% of patients undergoing combination anti-retroviral therapy. Data have shown that distal symmetric polyneuropathy develops in mice by 6 weeks following infection with the LP-BM5 retrovirus mixture. Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated that glial cells modulate antiviral T-cell effector responses through the programmed death (PD)-1: PD-L1 pathway, thereby limiting the deleterious consequences of unrestrained neuroinflammation. Methods Using the MouseMet electronic von Frey system, we assessed hind-paw mechanical hypersensitivity in LP-BM5-infected wild-type (WT) and PD-1 KO animals. Using multi-color flow cytometry, we quantitatively assessed cellular infiltration and microglial activation. Using real-time RT-PCR, we assessed viral load, expression of IFN-γ, iNOS, and MHC class II. Using western blotting, we measured protein nitrosylation within the lumbar spinal cord (LSC) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Histochemical staining was performed to analyze the presence of CD3, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule (Iba)-1, MHCII, nitrotyrosine, isolectin B4 (IB4) binding, and neurofilament 200 (NF200). Statistical analyses were carried out using graphpad prism. Results Hind-paw mechanical hypersensitivity observed in LP-BM5-infected animals was associated with significantly increased lymphocyte infiltration into the spinal cord and DRG. We also observed elevated expression of IFN-γ (in LSC and DRG) and MHC II (on resident microglia in LSC). We detected elevated levels of 3-nitrotyrosine within the LSC and DRG of LP-BM5-infected animals, an indicator of nitric oxide (NO)-induced protein damage. Moreover, we observed 3-nitrotyrosine in both small (IB4+) and large (NF200+) DRG sensory neurons. Additionally, infected PD-1 KO animals displayed significantly greater mechanical hypersensitivity than WT or uninfected mice at 4 weeks post-infection (p.i.). Accelerated onset of hind-paw hypersensitivity in PD-1 KO animals was associated with significantly increased infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, macrophages, and microglial activation at early time points. Importantly, we also observed elevated levels of 3-nitrotyrosine and iNOS in infected PD-1 KO animals when compared with WT animals. Conclusions Results reported here connect peripheral immune cell infiltration and reactive gliosis with nitrosative damage. These data may help elucidate how retroviral infection-induced neuroinflammatory networks contribute to nerve damage and neuropathic pain.

OBJECTIVE: To study the health and health related quality of life of children living with HIV infected parents using Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) ™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales. METHODS:The study was conducted from January 2013 to October 2014 at S.N.Medical College, Agra , ART centre and pediatrics OPD. The Pedsql generic core version 4.0 was administered to 300 children in the age group of 8-18 years living with HIV infected parents and 300 controls who visited the pediatric OPD for minor ailments. RESULTS:In this study it was found that children living with HIV infected parents had lower mean weight(26.89 vs 30.76 kg), height(1.09 vs 1.35metres) and body mass index (15.73 vs 17.16) compared with controls.The percentage of children not attending the school for more than six months was also significantly higher in the study group ( 32% vs 15% in controls.Their Pedsql scores were lower in emotional, social and school domains as compared with the controls. CONCLUSION:These findings are along expected lines, it is vital to establish a baseline of socioeconomic and physical parameters of such children in Indian context. This knowledge is vital to plan a meaningful policy intervention and to measure its efficacy. These findings can guide in the development of future interventions that promote care and support of children living in HIV/AIDS affected families. we feel more such studies are required in future to realise the big picture. DOI: 10.21276/AABS.1532

Sangam dalit women participated in information communication technologies for development, which they seem to be more convinced about. Sangam Radio has created an environment of development with the infusion of ICT in their developmental approach. They could able to sustain with this approach because of their community participation. Their participation at all levels reflects that it is not difficult to access, adapt and generate knowledge with this technology. India can take advantage of its inherent capital among society i.e. social capital on many development interventions like community radio, to sustain. Radio is still seen more close to communities and when it empowers people to own and operate, radio becomes community radio. Community radio narrows the social and geographical distances. It makes communities to believe in shared destiny and lead them towards common objective of development. In the process gradually people starts thinking beyond societal discrimination and differences and they knit together towards their community’s betterment. When community radio fails, in most of the places due to financial crises and competition, social capital can let it survive. Hence it can be said that social capital is the most vital capital, which is creating community radio, with its inherent attributes of social trust. On the other hand it would not be wrong in arguing that, community radio is facilitating towards fostering social capital.

Sentiment Analysis is the procedure of computationally deciding if a bit of composing is certain, negative or nonpartisan. It's otherwise called supposition mining, inferring the sentiment or frame of mind of a user. In this paper, an attempt has been made to propose analysis method for sentiment of twitter dataset. In proposed method polarity of each tweet is calculate to distinguish whether tweet is positive or negative. A sentiment polarity is the emotions of user such as angry, sad, happy and joy. The proposed mechanism has been implemented in Python.

The programmed death (PD)-1/PD-L1 pathway is a well-recognized negative immune checkpoint that results in functional inhibition of T-cells. Microglia, the brain-resident immune cells are vital for pathogen detection and initiation of neuroimmune responses. Moreover, microglial cells and astrocytes govern the activity of brain-infiltrating antiviral T-cells through upregulation of PD-L1 expression. While T-cell suppressive responses within brain are undoubtedly beneficial to the host, preventing cytotoxic damage to this vital organ, establishment of a prolonged anti-inflammatory milieu may simultaneously lead to deficiencies in viral clearance. An immune checkpoint blockade targeting the PD-1: PD-L1 (B7-H1; CD274) axis has revolutionized contemporary treatment for a variety of cancers. However, the therapeutic potential of PD1: PD-L1 blockade therapies targeting viral brain reservoirs remains to be determined. For these reasons, it is key to understand both the detrimental and protective functions of this signaling pathway within the brain. This review highlights how glial cells use PD-L1 expression to modulate T-cell effector function and limit detrimental bystander damage, while still retaining an effective defense of the brain.

Background: The purpose of this study was to study the association of anatomical variations as risk factors in affecting specific sinuses in cases of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).Methods: It is an observational study carried out from June 2018 to May 2019. 61 patients of CRS were included in this study. The diagnosis of CRS with or without nasal polyposis was made as per diagnostic guidelines of the task force on chronic rhinosinusitis. Each of them was assessed by nasal endoscopy and computed tomography (CT) imaging for diagnosis and evaluation of anatomical risk factors.Results: A total of 61 patients of CRS were examined. Presence of various anatomical variants in relation to CRS were studied. We studied CT paranasal sinuses of the 61 patients, since each patient has 2 of each groups of sinuses, a total 122 group of sinuses are assessed in this study. On analyzing, we found, a significant association between deviated nasal septum (DNS) and maxillary sinusitis. Agger nasi cell and frontal and ethmoid (anterior and posterior) sinusitis, concha bullosa and maxillary sinusitis and over pneumatized ethmoid bulla and anterior and posterior ethmoid sinusitis. Other anatomical variants encountered, had no significant association with diseased sinuses (p value >0.01).Conclusions: The study showed that, there is a strong relationship between the presence of diseased sinus and some anatomical variants. It is suggested that besides anatomical variations, other clinical parameters should also be taken into account for the etiology of sinusitis.

The most common neurological complication in patients receiving successful combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is peripheral neuropathic pain. Data show that distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP) also develops along with murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS) after infection with the LP-BM5 murine retrovirus mixture. Links between cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) and peripheral neuropathy have been established in animal models using nerve transection, chemotherapy-induced pain, and various other stimuli. Diverse types of neuropathic pain respond differently to standard drug intervention, and little is currently known regarding the effects of modulation through CB2Rs. In this study, we evaluated whether treatment with the exogenous synthetic CB2R agonists JWH015, JWH133, Gp1a, and HU308 controls neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation in animals with chronic retroviral infection. Hind-paw mechanical hypersensitivity in CB2R agonist-treated versus untreated animals was assessed using the MouseMet electronic von Frey system. Multicolor flow cytometry was used to determine the effects of CB2R agonists on macrophage activation and T-lymphocyte infiltration into dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and lumbar spinal cord (LSC). Results demonstrated that, following weekly intraperitoneal injections starting at 5 wk p.i., JWH015, JWH133, and Gp1a, but not HU308 (5 mg/kg), significantly ameliorated allodynia when assessed 2 h after ligand injection. However, these same agonists (2x/wk) did not display antiallodynic effects when mechanical sensitivity was assessed 24 h after ligand injection. Infection-induced macrophage activation and T-cell infiltration into the DRG and LSC were observed at 12 wk p.i., but this neuroinflammation was not affected by treatment with any CB2R agonist. Activation of JAK/STAT3 has been shown to contribute to development of neuropathic pain in the LSC and pretreatment of primary murine microglia (2 h) with JWH015-, JWH133-, or Gp1a-blocked IFN-gamma-induced phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3. Taken together, these data show that CB2R agonists demonstrate acute, but not long-term, antiallodynic effects on retrovirus infection-induced neuropathic pain.

Research problem is that the local content are important for India‘s development and the key determinants of successful mobile interface diffusion for local content creation. There is enormous amount of local knowledge and information available with rural people in India but it has been hardly realized for developmental purpose. There are several mobile users in India along with the fact they have ample of local knowledge and information but due to lack of user-friendly interface of mobile they are not able to create content. On other hand the organizations do not consider the users at the bottom of pyramid while designing and promoting mobile interface. They consider only few determinants and implement in their own design process, without user participation. Therefore policy issue is how to fit Indian users with contextual mobile interface design and promotion while achieving inclusive development.

A Data Acquisition System (DAQs) is an indispensable part to receive, store and further analysis of data. This paper focuses on Data Acquisition from multiple channels using Dual Data Rate (DDR) techniques. Multiple Channels of data source which are source synchronous are initially configured using Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) commands. The Proposed technique gives an advantage of storing data received from multiple channels in parallel form. The proposed approach is divided into two parts. First is to acquire data from multiple channels of single data source into XILINX sparten-6 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) followed by storing the same onto high speed storage device such as Static Random Access Memory (SRAM).

AIM: To compare the coagulation parameters in patients with preeclampsia and eclampsia with normotensive pregnant patients in Nainital district of Uttarakhand state. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From January 2012 to June 2013, coagulation indices including platelet count, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), bleeding time (BT) and clotting time (CT) were measured in 100 patients with preeclampsia and eclampsia and compared with 100 normotensive pregnant women. The patients with coagulopathies were excluded. RESULT: In pre- eclampsia and eclampsia, decrease in platelet count (157.18±56.66 lacs/cumm) was highly significant (p

To review the frequency of iatrogenic urological injury during obstetric and gynaecological operations carried out between January 2009 to January 2013 at Government Medical College, Haldwani. Each case was reviewed for predisposing factors, location, type of injury, time of injury, method of recognition and management. 12 injuries were documented in 1063 gynaecological procedures and 3079 obstetric procedures. All were bladder injuries and occurred while separating the bladder. Pelvic adhesions was the most common factor. INTRODUCTION: The reproductive and urinary tracts in women are closely related anatomically and embryologically. Injury to the urinary tract involves injury to the ureters, bladder and urethra (1). The overall rate of urinary tract injury associated with pelvic surgery in women is associated with pelvic surgery in women is approximately 1% (2). Bladder injury is more common than ureteral injury (3). However, the exact incidence of these injuries is difficult to ascertain. Urological injuries in gynaecological surgeries result due to difficult surgery, active infection, endometriosis, enlarged uterus, previous pelvic surgery, pelvic adhesions, ovarian neoplasms, distorted pelvic anatomy, cervical fibroids, broad ligament fibroids, tubo-ovarian mass, advanced malignancies, previous surgery. Such a history should caution on risk of injury and suggest for further preoperative evaluation (4, 5). Diagnosis of urological injuries can be made intraoperatively or postoperatively. Majority of bladder injuries are diagnosed intraoperatively. Intraoperative identification of urological injuries enables prompt repair and is associated with decreased morbidity.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of respiratory infections in humans. Although it is usually associated with mild acute respiratory infections such as sore throat, pharyngitis, rhinitis and tracheobronchitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of M. pneumoniae among the patients of respiratory tract infection (RTI) in hospitalized patients. A total of 290 patients were included and one specimen of throat and Nasopharyngeal swabs from each patient was taken. The mean age of the patients was 34.5 (±9.80) years and 57.2% were males. The prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae was significant higher (15.5%) among NPS samples compare with throat (7.9%) samples (RR=0.51, 95%CI=0.32-0.82, p=0.005). The prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae was found to be decreased with increase in the age of the patients among both throat and Nasopharyngeal swabs, however, this was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). The prevalence was higher among male patients compared with female among both throat and Nasopharyngeal swabs, and this was statistically significant (p

Data acquisition is the most demanding application for the acquisition and monitoring of various sensor signals. The data received are processed in real-time environment. This paper proposes a novel Data Acquisition (DAQ) technique for better resource utilization with less power consumption. Present work has designed and compared advanced Quad Data Rate (QDR) technique with traditional Dual Data Rate (DDR) technique in terms of resource utilization and power consumption of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) hardware. Xilinx ISE is used to verify results of FPGA resource utilization by QDR with state of the art DDR approach. The paper ratiocinates that QDR technique outperforms traditional DDR technique in terms of FPGA resource utilization.

DPSO-FOHA I and DPSO-FOHA II algorithms, based on multilevel thresholding are proposed in this paper. Optimal multilevel thresholds for colored images are maximized by using Otsu's between class variance functions. The Darwinian principle has been used to improve the value of fitness function along with the concept of fractional calculus, which optimizes it in lesser number of search iterations. Comparative analysis is presented between existing and proposed algorithms for performance assessment using standard deviation, PSNR, SSIM and computational search time of CPU. Experimental results depict that DPSO-FOHA II outperforms DPSO-FOHA I and another state of art methods in terms of PSNR, SSIM, fitness function and computational time.

Segmentation is the process by which image is divided in to certain parts or regions in such a way that each part and region share a distinct property in common. This paper compare various segmentation approaches applicable to gray scale images. A comprehensive analysis has been done to choose best power and time efficient scheme from available state of art algorithms. SAD approach along with heuristic based segmentation as well as Fuzzy based clustering methods has been used for Depth estimation of stereo images. A case of selective blurring is also introduced that can be applied to remove undesired portion of images.

The paper presents a brief overview of advanced X-ray Powder Diffraction technique and its usage for material characterization and in the analysis of Portland cement. It is an efficient and effective means of keep a check on the quality control. Its salient features promote its wide range use. XRD serves as the basic tool to identify the phase abundance in Portland cement to correlate the performance with composition. It has a number of applications that caters to industrial and academic research that ultimately enriches the development of Science and Technology.

Analytical method development and validation are the continuous and inter-dependent task associated with the research and development, quality control and quality assurance departments. Analytical procedures play a critical role in equivalence and risk assessment, management. It helps in establishment of product-specific acceptance criteria and stability of results.Validation should demonstrate that the analytical procedure is suitable for its intented purpose. Design of experiment is a powerful tool for the method characterization and validation. Analytical professionals should be comfortable to use it to characterize and optimize the analytical method. An effective analytical method development and its validation can provide significant improvements in precision and a reduction in bias errors. It can further help to avoid costly and time consuming exercises.

The review presents a brief overview of advanced X-Ray Powder Diffraction Technique. It is an indispensable method of material investigation, characterization and quality control. It has many salient features and advantages that promote its wide range use. It has numerous applications that cater to industrial and academic research that ultimately enriches the growth and development of Science and Technology.

In recent years, there have been a tremendous increase in interest, research and development in the natural fiber, biopolymers and polymers materials for their use in bio-composite, packaging, agriculture, medicine etc. Many scientists are modifying traditional materials to more user-friendly and novel polymer composites out of naturally occurring materials. Low recycling rates and the high volume of non-degradable plastics have shortened dramatically the life expectancy of current commercial landfills and increased the demand of biodegradable plastic packaging materials. A number of biological materials may be incorporated into biodegradable polymer materials like cellulose, starch and fiber extracted from various plants. The aim behind these judicious and planned efforts are to procure andpromote the biodegradable polymer materials that would reduce the need for the synthetic polymer production while reducing the pollution at a lower cost . This paper provides an insight to the progress in process in the field of the utilization of natural fiber and biodegradable polymer.

The increasing environmental concerns and depletion of petroleum resources has forced the researchers around the globe to find new green and advanced materials. In present review, a particular interest was focused on composites, advantages of natural fiber over glass fiber and the effective use of lignocellulosic natural fibers as reinforcement in composites.

Nature and natural resources has offered the mankind with precious gifts for survival and maintenance but with the ever increase in population, pollution and deforestation the sustenance of natural resources is in suspicion. A major part of the land on earth provides us with renewable biomass that mostly degrades with time. Graft copolymerization is a chemical technique to improve the properties of the waste biomass and modify its properties while sustaining the inherent trait. With the advancement of science and research many efforts have been made to modify and improve the synthesis, characterization and evaluation techniques for a better scientific and industrial achievements. The review explores a brief overview of this magnificent engineering, its types and factors that has helped to provides with outstanding results.

Bioremediation is a need of time and a wise means to utilize biological waste. Naturally occurring biopolymers like collagen, gelatine, clipids, fats, chitin that is processed into chitosan, can be easily modified. Microbial biopolymer feedstocks are major source of Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Polyhydroxy Alkanoates (PHA).

The incidence of ovarian tumor complicating caesarean section was about 1 in 200 caesarean births while ovarian tumors complicated termination of pregnancy in 1 of 594 procedures. Any type of Ovarian mass can be encountered during pregnancy, but the most common are cystic. Because pregnant women are usually young, malignant tumors are relatively uncommon. A patient third gravida with previous 2 caesarean sections presented in an emergency with complaints of persistent pain in abdomen for last 7 days with gestational age of 35 weeks and 3 days. Emergency Caesarean section was done to deliver an alive male baby of 2.25 Kg with good Apgar score. Intraoperative finding was suggestive of a huge multiloculated left ovarian mass of approximately. 40×30×15 cm weighing 20 Kg with straw coloured mucinous fl uid. Up to 3 liters of fl uid aspirated before delivering the cyst out of the abdomen. Left salpingoopherectomy was done and specimen sent for histopathological examination that showed Mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary. Post operative period remain uneventful.