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Background: A febrile seizure have negative impacts for children and parents if mismanagement. A febrile seizure in children of disorder causing fear of cognitive development and achievement in their school as increase the risk of attention deficit hyperactifity disorder (ADHD). The purpose of this community service activity is to improve knowledge and skills on the emergency management of fever-convulsed children at home with the Health Belief Model approach. Methods: Community service activities are conducted through education and small group discussions are created by facilitators. Results: The result of this community service activities showed the increased the value of test weighted pre (65) and post (80). Increased knowledge parents as first responder in children with febrile seizure are needed to increade the ability home emergency first aid for children having a febrile seizure. Conclusion: Community service activities was applied the evidence based practice of health belief model in home emergency first aid for children having a febrile seizure.

Background Stunting describes the condition of chronic malnutrition in children under the age of five, especially in the first 1000 days of life, so that it has an impact on increasing morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between passive smoking and stunting in children 25–59 months old. Method This cross-sectional study used a stratified random sampling technique in 123 children 25–59 months old. Exposure of cigarette smoke is assessed from the length of exposure to cigarette smoke using The Secondhand Smoke Exposure Scale questionnaire. Results Bivariate statistical test with Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact Test showed the relationship of stunting to length of cigarette smoke exposure (p-value Conclusion Length of exposure of more than 3 h a day increases the risk of stunting by 10,316 times. Public policy needs to provide health education in the community and family about the effects of cigarette smoke exposure on the increased risk of stunting in children.

This research is motivated by demand for gender equality that accommodates level of community participation and eliminates dominance of men over women in development, especially with the passage of Presidential Instruction No. 9 of 2000 on Gender Mainstreaming in National Development. It is demanded leader of institutions/ministries to integrate aspirations and experiences, the needs and problems of women, men and children in planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating all policies, programs and activities in various fields of development. In line with the central government, local governments of Kebumen also support the program where each SKPD includes gender responsive programs. This research was taken place in Kebumen as one of the poorest districts in Central Java, with research object were the Education and Culture Office and Health Office since the two agencies most clearly included gender responsive programs. The research used method qualitative, with descriptive analysis, data collection methods in form of interviews with 6 informants, as well as literature study and observation. The size of the budget shows that policy makers understand the program with government programs. It shows that Kebumen District are care about gender responsive programs.

The aromatase enzyme is an enzyme that converts testosterone to estrogen. This means that by administering aromatase blockers, testosterone levels increase and estrogen levels decrease. The problem faced is how the spermatogenesis process occurs because estrogen is needed as well in the process. This study aimed to evaluate the histopathological features of the testes due to the administration of natural aromatase blockers (NAB). Fifteen male Bangkok chickens were divided into 5 groups, namely: control group (C); testosterone continues (Tc 0.4 mg/bird/day); natural aromatase blockers 33 (NAB 3.3 g/bird); natural aromatase blockers 66 (NAB 6.6 g/bird); zinc (Zn): 0.45 mg/kg body weight (BW). The oral treatment was given for 35 days. The results showed that NAB did not affect wattle growth, but significantly affected testicle weight (p-value < 0.05). The NAB 66 group had the heaviest testis weight, followed by zinc, continuous testosterone, NAB 33 group, and the control group. This results was confirmed by HE staining on the testes which showed the thickness of the thickest spermatogenic and spermatid cell layers in the NAB 66 group. It was concluded that giving NAB did not harm the spermatogenesis process.

Background and Objective: Syzygium aromaticum is an immunomodulator with the main active compound eugenol which can stimulate the function of lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage production. Lymphocytes play an important role for body protection against infection. This study aims to analyze the effect of S. aromaticum extract to increase proliferation of lymphocytes, lymphoblasts and macrophage production in Balb/c mice infected with Salmonella typhimurium. Methodology: Mice strain Balb/c were divided into 4 groups: treatment group infected with S. typhimurium and control group (without treatment) to tested the activity of peritoneal macrophages. The treatment group was administrated by S. aromaticum leaf extract (15 mg, 75 mg, 150 mg/kgbw) for 12 days. Results: S. aromaticum leaf extract increased the proliferation activity (p < 0.001) at dose of 15, 75, and 150 mg/kgbw, increased lymphocytes at dose 150 mg/kgbw (p < 0.05), increased the activity of macrophage ROI secretion at dose of 150 mg/kgbw (p < 0.05), and increased in lymphoblast (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Administration of S. aromaticum leaf extract increased the proliferation activity of lymphocytes, lymphoblasts and ROI secretion of macrophagesin Balb/c mice infected with S. typhimurium.

This study aims to investigate the performance of a lab-made electronic nose coupled with chemometric tools for detecting Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) inoculated in media. The pathogenic E. coli and S. Typhimurium play a significant role as the agent causing food-borne diseases, posing a threat to human health worldwide. Some advanced analytical instruments like RT-PCR and GC-MS are often used for detecting such pathogenic bacteria. Unfortunately, they are not suitable for rapid and routine measurements because of time-consuming, require experts, and complicated sample preparation. Otherwise, electronic nose (e-nose) has been reported to be successful for profiling volatile compounds released by various biological materials. The e-nose comprised eight types of metal oxide gas sensors connected with a data acquisition system and chemometric tools. For this purpose, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) was applied for signal pre-processing and feature extraction to all datasets collected by the sensor array in the e-nose. Furthermore, chemometric tools are used for classification models of all extracted features, including linear and quadratic discriminant analysis (LDA and QDA) and support vector machine (SVM). As a result, SVM showed the highest performance, enabling identifying E. coli and S. Typhimurium inoculated TSB with an accuracy of 99% and 98%, respectively. Among the chemometric tools, the e-nose-SVM also resulted in the highest accuracy in differentiating E. coli from S. Typhimurium of 84%. These results motivated e-nose to have a high prospect to rapidly detect such bacteria for food safety and quality control inspection, particularly potential quarantine products.

Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) and Full Duplex Single Channel (FDSC) at mm-Wave are key technology of future advanced wireless communications. Self-interference is the main problem in this technique because big number of antennas. This paper proposes dual-cross-polarized configuration to reduce self-interference between antennas. We conduct some computer simulations to design the antenna and to verify self-interference effect of the designed antenna. Computer simulation shows that the proposed design has lower Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC). This result is achieved because dual-cross-polarized technique can reduce coupling between an-tennas. We found that bit-error-rate (BER) performances of the proposed antenna is better than single polarized antenna indicating that the designed antenna is well design to reduce self-interference effect between antennas.

Quasi-Cyclic (QC) Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes having capability of incremental redundancy (IR) with extended parity (EP) have been standardized as channel coding schemes for the fifth telecommunication generation (5G) New Radio (NR). This paper analyses the behaviour of QC-LDPC codes of 5G NR based on Base Graph 1 (BG1) to ensure the performance for further practical development and applications. In this paper, we consider a single carrier transmission under additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels. We use Extrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) chart to evaluate and predict the performances as well as the behaviour of the QC-LDPC codes. We reveal the mechanism of IR and the decrease of channel coding rate due to the use of EP. When all EPs are transmitted, the EXIT chart keeps open at about 3 dB lower in E b /N 0 compared to the case of without EP, which is indicating that EP can be optionally transmitted depending on the condition of the channels leading to the changes of channel coding rates.

This paper proposes Telkom University 5G channel model under foliage effect. The channel model is obtained from series of computer simulations by considering operating frequency of 3.3 GHz, bandwidth of 40 MHz, and real-field parameters of Telkom University environments. We also present the performances evaluation including the outage performance evaluated under Telkom University 5G channel model with and without foliage effects. The bit error rate (BER) and block error rate (BLER) curve of cyclic-prefix orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) numerology zero with 5G New Radio (NR) complex-binary phase shift keying (C-BPSK) and Polar codes are presented in this paper to validate the outage performance of Telkom University 5G channel model. We found that the Telkom University 5G channel model has 16 paths for the case of model without foliage effect and has 8 paths for the case when foliage effect is taken into account. The results show that foliage attenuation causes performance degradations indicated by worse outage performance and smaller number of paths at 3.3 GHz frequency. The obtained outage performance from the proposed Telkom University 5G channel model is expected to be a reference for 5G system implementation in Telkom University and Indonesia such that an optimal 5G system implementation in Telkom University and Indonesia can be achieved.

Jembrana disease constitutes the main concern in cattle industry especially in Indonesia and Australia as it has caused important economic losses due to mortality of cattle. The pathology of the disease is unusual for a lentivirus infection as it is associated with a severe, often lethal disease syndrome and a short incubation period in cattle. For lack of efficient medical treatment of JDV-infected cattle, vaccination may therefore constitute an effective measure for the prevention or eradication of Jembrana disease. Up to date, only one type of vaccine has been reported and tested. It is based on inactivated, tissue-derived virus antigens (Tabanan/87 isolate, JDVTAB/87). This review summarize show current Jembrana disease vaccine was developed as well as evaluated and how these information might be useful in future vaccine design.

Increasing data rate and high performance is the target focus of wireless communication. The multi carrier on multi-hop communication system using relay's diversity technique which is supported by a reliable coding is a system that may give high performance. This research is developing a model of multi user and two scheme of multi carrier CDMA on multi hop communication system with diversity technique which is using Alamouti codes in Rayleigh fading channel. By Alamouti research, Space Time Block Code (STBC) for MIMO system can perform high quality signal at the receiver in the Rayleigh fading channel and the noisy system. In this research, MIMO by STBC is applied to single antenna system (Distributed-STBC/DSTBC) with multi carrier CDMA on multi hop wireless communication system (relay diversity) which is able to improve the received signal performance. MC DS CDMA on multi hop wireless communication system with 2 hops is better performing than MC CDMA on multi user without Multi User Detector. To reach BER 10-3 multi hop system with MC CDMA needs more power 5 dB than MC DS CDMA at 5 users using Alamouti scheme for symbol transmission at the relay.

Device-to-device (D2D) communication not only expected to leverage the energy efficiency in the devices side but also on the network side. The previous works usually only address the energy efficiency of device discovery, which is an important process in D2D, in device side. In this work, we addressed the energy-efficiency of a network element during D2D device discovery. First, we adapted energy calculation for base station energy efficiency in independent device discovery. Second, we also adapted energy calculation for base station energy efficiency in network-assisted device discovery. Third, we conducted simulation to examine base station energy efficiency in both cases. Our simulation result shows that base station energy efficiency can be maximized by utilizing independent device discovery with multiple CHs in a cluster.

In this paper, we propose the usage of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) as a flying mobile base tower station for discovering Device-to-Device (D2D) devices in the disaster area. In a disaster area, energy consumption of both devices and network become an important constraint. Therefore, there is a need to establish wireless network communication in large area rapidly under the condition of infrastructure failure. The previous works does not calculate the energy consumption of the UAV and consider the use cases of UAV flight path for specific disaster condition, e.g. flood, earthquake, etc. The objective of this paper is to provide UAV flying paths that can adapt according to disaster condition which satisfy the UAV energy constraint. We enhance four schemes for the UAV flying paths: O-path, Rectangular path, ZigZag-path, and S-path. This enhancement reduces the flight path gap area and lead the increasing of covered area. To examine the best UAV flight path for certain disaster cases, several simulations were performed and discussed. The results show that for distributed damage pattern, the optimum UAV flying pattern is an S - path because of its large coverage area (covering around 80 percent of total devices in altitude 100 m). Otherwise, for centralized damage pattern, the optimum UAV flying patterns are O, Rectangular, and Zigzag path because of its short flight duration and less energy consumption (eight times smaller than the S - path in altitude 100 m).

Massive MIMO technology can increase capacity, data rate, and link reliability significantly without additional bandwidth or transmission power. Most of the previous study on Massive MIMO systems are using low frequency (2.6 GHz). This frequency is not suitable for future broadband technology, because IoT devices will use high frequency and possible cell coverage would be smaller. This work proposes Massive MIMO transceiver antenna that can be implemented in high frequency (60 GHz). This system provides broadband wireless communication which gives high capacity, high data rate and wide bandwidth. In this works the number of antennas is 64×64. Antennas can be set adaptively to capacity. In this case all of the antennas as a receiver are functioned to get redundancies and 32 antennas as transmitter adjusted to the required capacity. Configuration of antenna has been set to eliminate the mutual coupling effect. The system utilizes full duplex single channel (FDSC) which use the same frequency and time to transmit and receive data. In FDSC, bandwidth can be minimized, but self interference effect appeared and disturbing the system performance of Massive MIMO. The effect of self interference for Massive MIMO transceiver antenna simulated from 10% to 100%. The proposed system provides the channel capacity ≈ 390 bits/s/Hz or ≈ 39× spectral efficiency of SISO system. The simulation result shows that mutual coupling effect ≈ 0. The Massive MIMO have a tolerance of 20% self interference effect, however it could decrease 20% channel capacity as well.

Millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) at 60 GHz is a candidate of advanced wireless communications for indoor environment. Mm-Wave massive MIMO antenna with lower frequency with sectoring technique has been proposed in previous research. Also dual polarized configuration for MIMO in lower frequency and lower number of antenna. Massive MIMO at 60 GHz mm-Wave is not evaluated yet in these previous research. In this paper, dual polarized mm-Wave massive MIMO has been proposed. Antennas are modeled in circular disk proximity coupled planar array. Bandwidth of dual polarized configuration is 4.349 GHz, wider than 4.303 GHz in single polarized configuration. Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) of dual polarized configuration is 25 times lower compared to single polarized configuration. Dual polarized configuration shows better performance both in bandwidth and ECC compared to single polarized configuration.

In the uplink system, different carrier frequency offsets (CFO) of different users at the receiver resulting multiuser interference (MUI) and thus degrade the performance of Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) system. In the previous study, Modified Minimum Mean Square Error Frequency Domain Equalization (Modified MMSE-FDE) has been proposed by Agnihotri which results in a better performance than the conventional MMSE. However, the achieved Bit Error Rate (BER) is not smaller than 10−2 for Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) below 20. This paper proposed a new algorithm to improve Modified MMSE-FDE performance in mitigating multiuser interference (MUI) in single cell MC-CDMA system, that is called as Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation-Minimum Mean Square Error Frequency Domain Equalization (CFO Estimation-MMSE FEQ). CFO Estimation-MMSE FEQ takes into account the rest of MUI as well as Modified MMSE-FDE to design equalization coefficient, but CFO Estimation-MMSE FEQ uses CFO estimation that is not on Modified MMSE-FDE. The value of CFO is estimated and regenerated in the receiver and then used to estimate MUI. In order to get signal processing more efficient, CFO Estimation-MMSE FEQ only takes the real trace of equalization coefficient matrix. MC-CDMA with CFO Estimation-MMSE FEQ has better performance than MC-CDMA with Modified MMSE-FDE. However, the complexity of CFO Estimation-MMSE FEQ is higher than Modified MMSE-FDE. By taking only the real trace of equalization coefficient matrix, the complexity of CFO Estimation-MMSE FEQ is getting simpler than taking the whole of equalization coefficient matrix. Furthermore, CFO Estimation-MMSE FEQ that takes only the real trace of equalization coefficient matrix is 2.9 % more efficient than CFO Estimation-MMSE FEQ that takes the whole of equalization coefficient matrix.

The response of estrus can be enhanced by providing PGF2α and a combination of PGF2αGnRH so that the time of mating using Artificial Insemination (AI) can be held precisely. This study aims to compare the response of estrus synchronization using PGF2α compare to PGF2α-GnRH. Twenty female cattle Ongole Crossbreds, 4-6 years, BCS average of 3-4 were used in this research. Cattle were selected based on their luteal phase at the days of 7 to 18 by rectal examination. Then, all of the cattle were injected by cloprostenol® with a dose of 500 ug intrauterine. Ten of the animals were injected by 2.5 mL of Fertagyl® intramuscularly after 48 hours then continued observing and response estrus detection. The onset of estrus using PGF2α was detected on 75.94 ± 0.78, while 41.57 ± 28.40 hours for PGF2α-GnRH Using statistical, there was a significant difference (P

The aims of the research were to confirm the short estrous cycles and determine the blood level ofestradiol 17-β and ovarian follicukar dynamics in these cases. The research was conducted using sevenBali cattle, approximately 2 years of age, kept in healthy condition with normal estrous cycles.Observation of estrus symptoms was performed daily. Ovarian follicles was examined and measuredusing ultrasonography started at the estrus day. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein, bloodsample collection and ultrasonographical examination of the ovaries were performed daily in the sametime. Serum level of estradiol 17-β was performed using EIA. The short cycle estrus were observed in 4Bali cattle (n=7) among natural estrous cycle. They have only one wave ovarian follicular developmentwhereas the maximal size of ovarian follicles ovulation likes the normal cycle The duration of shortestrous cycle was 7-10 days with normal usual estrus behavior. The peak of blood serum level was107.77 ± 55.94 pg/ml when the diameter dominant follicle of short estrous cycle was reached 10.5 ±0.38 mm. It can be concluded that the short estrous cycles may occur in Bali cattle after puberty amongnormal cycles.

The campus citizen in Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) less has to care about and behaved awareness of energy, especially electricity. UNNES has a vision with a conservation perspective, to support this vision, the campus citizens must care and behave energy-saving. The research objectives are: analyzing the concern and management of electrical energy on the UNNES campus. The study was conducted on the campus of UNNES, with variable electricity consumption, energy-saving behavior, concern for energy, and electricity management. Data collection techniques include observation, documentation, interviews (with campus citizen and leaders). Data analysis was done by descriptive, comparative analysis, and calculations. The results of the study support one of the pillars of clean energy conservation on UNNES Campus. Database for supporting energy conservation in the form of physical aspects of energy and non-physical aspects. Forms of energy conservation from non-physical aspects of electricity use include caring and energy-saving behavior, energy consumption, and energy management. The formulation of the concept of electricity energy management can supports conservation on the UNNES campus. It is hoped that through this concept, the leaders of work units at UNNES will always monitor electricity use in their work environment, and remind citizens to always care for and save energy.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of transport 12 hours on haematological and some biochemical responses of local Indonesian sheeps. Ten adults (2.0-2.5 years) male local Indonesian sheeps BW adult 30-40 kg were transported by L-300 pickup truck starting at 3:00 pm to 3:00 am on the d 2 without stopping. Jugular blood were collecte-d at 7 am (-8 h pre- transportation as baseline), 15:00 immadiately after (0 h), 19:00 (4 h), 23:00 (8 h) , 03.00 (12 h ), and at 11.00 d 2 (+8 h) post- transportation as recovery period). Under the conditions of the present study, transport of local Indonesian sheeps significantly increased glucose during 4 h transport (P 0.05). Our findings showed that transportation 12 h affected eosinophil during 0 h and glucose metabolism during 4 h of transportation, but did not any affect on some haematology and dehydration responses in local Indonesian sheeps.

Data consumption increased sharply, all triple play services such as Voice, Data-Internet & Video can be performed on one communication path, even fiber optic has also bandwidth limitations, previous studies tried to maintain the fairness among the users, but there is no fairness of service therefore the allocation of data transmission must be optimized as their needs. A Passive Optical Communication in downstream direction are presented. We proposed to modify current burst methods to scheduling distribution SC on system OFDM from OLT to ONU by utilize FDMA to allocating SubCarrier based on the services are applied. Significant gain of bandwidth efficiency up to 60% obtained when link is being congest.

This paper presents finite-length performance analysis for wireless super-dense networks comprising two multiway relays (SDN-2MWR) to support full data-exchange among massive number of users/devices over Rayleigh fading channels. In practice, finite-length analysis is important since the networks should serve users/devices with low latency indicated by short number of time-slots. Due to the nature of massive number of users/devices, where scheduling over massive number of users (usually in hundred or thousand) is difficult, we exploit random access with a capability of error correction resembling low density parity check (LDPC) codes. In this paper, we show that the dynamic of Rayleigh fading is even beneficial to generate two independent graphs captured by the first and the second relay without requiring all users send messages independently to each relay. Independent graphs are essential in SDN-2MWR to ensure the probability of successful decoding as high as possible and to significantly reduce error-floor in finite-length setting. Based on the theoretical network capacity bound indicating the maximum achievable traffic supported by the networks, we found that for SDN-2MWR a significant gain closer to the bound with lower packet-loss-rate (compared to the dense network with a single relay) is achievable without assuming ideal independent graph even with simple degree distributions without irregularity.

Digestive dysfunction is a common symptom of diabetes. Diabetes can lead to the loss of enteric neurons as well as nerve dysfunction and gastrointestinal complications. There has been no complete report of mienteric nitrergic of small intestines on hyperglycaemia condition, so the purpose of this study was to assess changes of nitrergic neural profile of small intestines on hyperglycemic Wistar strain rats (Rattus norvegicus). Twelve rats were adapted for 3 days, then they were randomly divided into 3 groups namely group I (K-1, as control), group II (K-2), and group III (K-3). Before treatment all rats were fasted for 12 hours, rats K-1 were induced with 1.0 ml of buffer citrate single peritoneal dose; rats K-2 were induced with 40 mg streptozotocin (STZ)/ kg body weight of single peritoneal dose; and rats K-3 were induced with 45 mg STZ /kg body weight of single peritoneal dose. On the 1st and 5th days after STZ induction, blood was collected through the coccigea vein to measure blood glucose levels and weigh the weight. On the day 5th the rats were uthanated with a high dose of ketamine, dissected and taken small intestines (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) for staining with Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d). Morphometric changes of nitrergic neurons of the small intestine segments were observed. The results showed that on the 5th day increased blood glucose levels of the K-2 and K-3 groups were significantly higher than K-1 (P 0.05). The number of neurons in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of K-2 group increased higher than that of K-1 and K-3 groups. These results indicate that in hyperglycaemic states, the number of nitrergic neurons increases (K-2 group), and there is a significant decrease in the number of neurons (group K-3) compared with K-1 and K-2 groups (P

Coral trout is a highly economical grouper species and a very prospective marine fish culture in Indonesia. Hormonal is an important physiological factor of marine fish larvae including thyroid hormone which plays an important role during the larval stage. On the other hand, the appropriate of zooplankton as live feed is the key success of larvae rearing in aquaculture. In order to support the aquaculture success, it is important to understand the thyroid structure, as a basic knowledge of thyroid studies. The effects of different kinds of live feed on thyroid structure of coral trout larvae was studied using three feeding schemes: copepods (A), copepods + rotifers (B) and rotifers (C). Histological observation of 15, 20, 25 and 30 days old larvae samples was done by Haematoxylin-Eosin staining. The observation included the number of thyroid follicles, also the length and width of thyroid follicles. The results indicated that larvae A had greater in number, bigger in size and more active thyroid follicles...

Improvement of information technology especially in telecommunication system support wireless communication system must provide high data rate service. OFDM is the system that have high data rate and had been used as the method to overcome multiple channel effect But the weakness of OFDM system is PAPR. Large PAPR causes non linear distortion of signal and non orthogonal of sub carrier that caused performance of OFDM system will decrease. Recently, it has been developed a system as an alternative to OFDM system called OWDM (Orthogonal wavelet division multiplex). Basic idea of OWDM is replaced Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) with the Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform (IDWT) for generating orthogonal sub-carrier. Like IDFT on OFDM systems, function of IDWT on OWDM system is modulator, while demodulator process used DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) on OFDM and DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform) on OWDM. This paper will compare the performance between OWDM and OFDM system on fading Rayleigh channel. Simulation both of system resulted same performance on multipath Rayleigh fading channel but different PAPR value PAPR of OWDM system is smaller than OFDM system. Thus OWDM techniques can be chosen as an alternative method to overcome the problems of the high PAPR value in OFDM techniques.

LTE-Advanced and Femtocell are deployed by cellular operators to improve the coverage and capacity to respond the demand for higher data rates in wireless networks. Integration of femtocell into cellular network faced interference between femtocell and macrocell. Several scenarios based on Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) methods have been proposed to mitigate this interference, including integer fractional fraction reuse (FFR), soft frequency reuse (SFR), frequency frequency reuse orde-3 (FFR-3) and optimal static fractional frequency reuse (OSFFR). The study proposes Distributed Fractional Frequency Reuse scenario to mitigate interference and improve performance simultaneously. Distributed fractional Frequency reuse (DFFR) is an improvement of OSFFR by allocating sub-bands proportional and it is reused for each sector.

The most up-to-date application and many numbers of users need higher access speeds and lower latency of wireless communication. As a result, mobile companies need more capacity and higher efficiency to give the high quality service to the customers. LTE has been designed to get broader channels up to 20MHz, with low latency and packet optimized radio access technology. The peak data rate envisaged for LTE is 100 Mbps in downlink and 50 Mbps in the uplink. To support the simultaneous use of legacy and new systems, mobile companies need to give a better radio system, especially in central Phnom Penh city of Cambodia. The purpose of this study aims to designs, simulates, analyzes and expose the state of the art of map planning LTE radio system. Special focus is laid on radio link budget along with broad coverage area and capacity. The outcomes cover the interference limited coverage calculation, the traffic capacity calculation and radio frequency assignment. The implementation is attained on the software platform for the LTE Radio Planning and also can see the simulation antenna in Google Earth. The study will show a detailed LTE radio dimensioning procedure such as coverage area and capacity in Phnom Penh city. The simulation and analysis of the coverage by signal level and overlapping zone also a part of this work.

Rapid development of Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) requires improvement of system capacity. MU-MIMO is considered as a benefit solution as its ability to enhance the system capacity without additional bandwidth. However, the implementation of MU-MIMO creates interference problem that is Multi User Interference (MUI). Thus in order to suppress the MUI, precoding technique is needed before the signal is transmitted. Linear precoding is suitable to be implemented due to its low complexity yet it has lower capacity than non-linear. One of linear precoding methods is Block Diagonalization (BD) which has flexible configurations so, the capacity can be increased. In purpose to obtain performance enhancement of BD, this study focuses on improving performance and finding the best configuration of BD for BER performance. The research accomplished by analyzing the effect of the change of numbers between transmitting and receiving antenna; and analyzing performance of BD towards different channel response. The result of this research is the performance improvement of BD is in line with adding the number of received antennas on user and reducing the number of transmitting antennas. In addition, better performance can be achieved by implementing BD in lower LOS factor. Therefore, performance of BD in i.i.d Rayleigh is better than Rician channel. By using BD {1,1}×2 configuration, the best performance of BD can be achieved.

It will be diffcult to use either omnidirectional or fixed beam antenna due to the high propagation losses caused by atmospheric absorption at mmWave for 5G mobile communication. Several studies have been conducted recently using butler matrix which is part of switchable antenna with some advantages such as simple, minimal cost, low loss, etc. Previous studies also have designed vivaldi array antenna at 28 GHz which provides a fix beam directional radiation pattern with narrow beam that requires real phase setting. However, there has been no research using vivaldi antenna with butler matrix, whereas it has some advantages such as wide bandwidth, high gain, high directivity, etc. This paper proposed 4x4 butler matrix integrated with vivaldi antenna by using phase shift of 45 . The design is developed on a single layer of Rogers RT5880 with dielectric constant 2.2 and thickness 0.254 mm. Best results of simulation were picked for overall system at 28 GHz, and the results of antenna as follows: the return loss was below -10 dB, the realized antennas gain was 10.2 dB with unidirectional radiation pattern and bandwidth antenna of 6 GHz that covers from 25 GHz to 31 GHz. The butler matrix average phase di erent between output port are -44.106°, 137.38°, -137.66°, 43.95° with phase err°r °f 0.894°, 2.38°, 2.66°, 1.06°. Antenna array that has been given di erent phase by butler matrix is able to shift radiation pattern on the input port successively with range of beam that can be achieved equal to 185o.

The discussion was conducted at PT. XYZ which produces automotive components and motorcycle products. The company produced X123 type cylinder head which is a motor vehicle forming component. The disturbances in the production system has affected the company performance in achieving the target of Key Performance Indicator (KPI). Currently, the determination of the percentage of safety stock of cylinder head products is not in accordance to the control limits set by the company (60% - 80%), and tends to exceed the control limits that cause increasing the inventory wastage in the company. This study aims to identify the production system disturbances that occurs in the production process of manufacturing components of X123 type cylinder head products and design the control model of disturbance to obtain control action and determine the safety stock policy in accordance with the needs of the company. The design stage has been done based on the Disturbance Control Model which already existing and customized with the company need in controlling the production system disturbances at the company. The design of the disturbances control model consists of sub-model of the risk level of the disturbance, sub-model of action status, sub-model action control of the disturbance, and sub-model of determining the safety stock. The model can assist the automotive company in taking the decision to perform the disturbances control action in production system cylinder head while controlling the percentage of the safety stock.

Wireless communication now has been focus to increase data rate and high performance. The multi carrier on multi-hop communication system using relay's diversity technique which is supported by a reliable coding is a system that may give high performance. This research is developing a model of multi carrier CDMA on multi hop communication system with diversity technique which is using Alamouti codes in Rayleigh fading channel. By Alamouti research, Space Time Block Code (STBC) for MIMO system can perform high quality signal at the receiver in the Rayleigh fading channel and the noisy system. In this research, MIMO by STBC is applied to single antenna system (Distributed-STBC/DSTBC) with multi carrier CDMA on multi hop wireless communication system (relay diversity) which is able to reduce the complexity of the system but the system performance even can be maintained and improved. MC CDMA on multi hop wireless communication system with 2 hops is performing much better than Single Input Single Output (SISO) system (1 hop system). Power needed for 1 hop system to have the same quality as 2 hops system to reach BER 10 -3 is 12 dB. And multi hop system needs orthogonal symbol to send from relay than original symbol to reach better performance. 12.5 dB power up is needed for multi hop system which sent same symbol as transmitter than relay system which sent orthogonal symbol.

Alteration of user's speed and direction to the base station cause Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO). CFO is able to damage orthogonality among subcarriers and decrease system performance significantly. There are several researches already focused on ICI mitigation, however most of them only employed restricted inputs for CFO in order to generate Inter Carrier Interference (ICI). This research proposes modified dynamic CFO resulted from Doppler shift and oscillator accuracy tolerance. The CFO value takes user's velocity and random user's direction as well as involving oscillator instability. The main purpose of this research is to reduce CFO in dynamic propagation nature in various users' velocities using Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) method. The result showed that those dynamic CFO values can be reduced using EKF method and thereby enhance OFDM system performance, in this case Mobile WiMAX 802.16e. Besides, this proposed system has the adaptability upon different CFO values by adjusting better improvement for higher speed and worse oscillator's quality.

OFDM technology in Broadband Wireless Access has some disadvantages, one of which is Intercarrier Interference (ICI) caused by carrier frequency offset (CFO). Moreover, in high-mobility communication, Doppler effect from user shift causes CFO that affects the impairment of orthogonality among subcarriers, and obviously degrades OFDM performance. This research used Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) as scheme of ICI reduction by deploying CFO estimation and making CFO correction using estimation value in earlier iteration. This method requires preamble in every beginning of frame for estimation purpose prior to the delivery of the information. This method works optimally in slow time varying channel. Differing from other researches, this research sets CFO dynamically using certain stretches of CFO value in order to approach real condition. The result of the research shows that OFDM with EKF is able to improve OFDM system performance significantly by reducing ICI coefficient value in the system and maintain the stability of system, even under dynamic CFO condition. For instance, in condition CFO = 15% with QPSK mapper, the system gain improves as high as 2 dB for BER performance 10 -5 . Whereas, under worse condition (i.e. CFO = 30%) and with similar parameters, OFDM system is able to produce almost 6 dB gain. Besides, EKF scheme can deliver reliable performance in different mappers.

One of the wireless communication technologies, especially Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) is Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX). WiMAX communication system tend to use OFDM and MIMO systems in order to provide high data rates, minimizing bandwidth and fading effects. This work presents the design and implementation of OFDM with 512 subcarriers and 2×2 STBC MIMO transceiver for WiMAX 802.16e standard. The design consists of (Space Time Block Code) STBC, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT / IFFT) for subcarrier division, mapping and de-mapping symbols, and system integration using high level design tool based on VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) on FPGA. Module is targeting on a specific Kintex 7 XC7K325T-FBG900 FPGA. Since the module implemented and tested, bits are received in ideal conditions (no noise) is no error. Bit rate is attained 28,3 Mbps for operating frequency clock of FPGA 100 MHz. Refer to the WiMAX 802.16e standard which needs minimum data rate is 4 Mbps, this system can be applied. OFDM-STBC module require around 1-9 % of the available logic memory resource.

PAPR is the ratio of peak power of the signal with average power. Large PAPR value causes difficulty in the implementation of power amplifier device and higher cost of implementation. Recently it has been developed a system as an alternative to multicarrier OFDM system called OWDM (Orthogonal wavelet division multiplex). Basic idea of OWDM is replaced Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) with the Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform (IDWT) for generating orthogonal sub-carrier. Like IDFT on OFDM systems, function of IDWT on OWDM system is modulator, while demodulator process used DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) on OFDM and DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform) on OWDM. One of the weaknesses of OFDM is high PAPR value, so in this study the PAPR value of OFDM and OWDM system will be compared. Simulation PAPR in OWDM and OFDM systems show that more number of sub-bands cause higher PAPR value, but PAPR of OWDM is smaller than OFDM system.

The development of wireless communication systems is focusing to provide a link with a high capacity and good quality. The multi-hop communication system using relay's diversity with a reliable coding is designed to fulfil the above requirements. Using multi-user WCDMA system, this research applies the above multi-hop technique using a relay with Alamouti code which can be defined as Distributed-Space Time Block Code or D-STBC. Therefore it does not need multi antenna but act like MIMO and that is why it is also called virtual MIMO using a cooperative multi-hop system. The simulation results show that the 2×1 virtual MIMO multi hop system performs better than a single hop system. Targeting BER of 10-3, the multi hop system give 12 dB gain compared with a single hop system.

Commuter Rail Line is one of the mean of public transportation in Jakarta andsurrounding areas. Passenger distribution maps (origin and destination passengers ) isrequired as a basis for policy formulation PT.KCJ to increase capacity in accordance withthe targeted services in the amount of 1.2 million passengers per day. Payload capabilitycurrently only 440,000 passengers per day. The purpose of this study is to design asimulation model mapping the movement of passengers . Method to determine the patternof passenger movement in each station using simulated data promodel.Input simulation aretime arrive , trains departure time, travel time between stations , the number of tap -in andtap- out . In the current study focused on the Bogor - Jakarta Kota during peak hour was at6:09 pm departure from Bogor. Simulation results show that number of passengers whoare most tap -in Bogor until Pasar Minggu , and the number of passengers who did mosttap - out begins from Manggarai until to Jakarta Kota .

In the future, wireless access system will operate in high data rate transmission and high mobility environment, to support private and public access. For such an environment, it is necessary to develop a system that has a higher spectrum efficiency and is able to mitigate selective fading problems. A novel multiple-output differential unitary space-time frequency (DUSTF) coding scheme is proposed to overcome those problems. The implementation of this inner coding scheme is unified with MIMO system, so that the scheme has a good spectrum efficiency. The differential space-time modulation in this proposed scheme is intended to operate in a non-coherent channel transmission scheme and to guarantee the system performance. In order to combat the selective fading problems, the multi-carrier space frequency scheme is utilized in the proposed scheme. In general, simulation result shows that the MIMO wireless system with the multiple-output DUSTF coding scheme in a non- coherent channel transmission scheme provides a good system performance. The proposed scheme can outperforms other previously published inner coding scheme for high mobility and high SNR. The system also achieves a good channel capacity.

The movement of the users may decrease the quality of the information signal because this movement can affect the channel propagation conditions in unpredictable manner. This case can be occured on mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.18m) system. Mobile WiMAX is able to serve users with high mobility. The capability of the system to serve users with high mobility should be balanced with a quality of the information signal. To overcome this problem, AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding) can be applied. Applying AMC technique, the quality of the information signal can be maintained. Another way to overcome these problems is the application of different types of MIMO or AMS (Adaptive MIMO Switching). Implementation of combination techniques of AMC and AMS in mobile WiMAX systems was able to improve system performance in terms of BER and SNR. When the user velocity was 3 km/hr, to achieve a BER of 10−3 with AMC-AMS system required a SNR of 55.37 dB. When the uservelocity of 60 km/hr, to achieve a BER of 10−3 with AMC-AMS system required a SNR of 58.47 dB.

In the future, wireless broadband communication systems will not only be used for private access, but also public access with high data rate. The problems in transmitting high data rate at high speed mobility are how to provide wide bandwidth in rapidly changing channel condition, to mitigate selective fading problems, to estimate response of the channel, and to solve degradation of signal performance. We propose a comprehensive solution for those problems, i.e. modified MC-CDMA inner coding system model in MIMO wireless systems. We also consider that this system can accommodate multi user with multi services, various bandwidth usage, QoS or channel response for every user. The simulation result shows that the MIMO wireless system with the proposed inner coding in non coherent channel transmission scheme provides a good system performance. The proposed scheme can outperform other previously published inner coding schemes for high mobility, high Eb/N0 and multi user conditions.

Ergonomic risk at work stations with type Seated Work Control was one of the problems faced by Transjakarta bus driver. Currently "Trisakti" type bus, one type of bus that is used by Transjakarta in corridor 9, serving route Pinang Ranti - Pluit, gained many complaints from drivers. From the results of Nordic Body Map questionnaires given to 30 drivers, it was known that drivers feel pain in the neck, arms, hips, and buttocks. Allegedly this was due to the seat position and the button/panel bus has a considerable distance range (1 meter) to be achieved by drivers. In addition, preliminary results of the questionnaire using Workstation Checklist identified their complaints about uncomfortable cushion, driver's seat backrest, and the exact position of the AC is above the driver head. To reduce the risk level of ergonomics, then did research to design the cabin by using a generic approach to designing products. The risk analysis driver posture before the design was done by using Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA), Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA), and Quick Exposure Checklist (QEC), while the calculation of the moment the body is done by using software Mannequin Pro V10.2. Furthermore, the design of generic products was done through the stages: need metric-matrix, house of quality, anthropometric data collection, classification tree concept, concept screening, scoring concept, design and manufacture of products in the form of two-dimensional. While the design after design risk analysis driver posture was done by using RULA, REBA, and calculation of moments body as well as the design visualized using software 3DMax. From the results of analysis before the draft design improvements cabin RULA obtained scores of 6, REBA 9, and the result amounted to 57.38% QEC and moment forces on the back is 247.3 LbF.inch and on the right hip is 72.9 LbF.in. While the results of the proposed improvements cabin design RULA obtained scores of 3, REBA 4, and the moment of force on the back is 90.3 LbF.in and on the right hip is 70.6 LbF.in. This indicated improvement cabin design can reduce ergonomic risk with lower scores on several parts of the body.

Wireless broadband access system will operate in high mobility and high data rate environment It is necessary to consider a system that is applied with or without perfect channel information, having more spectrum efficiency, and mitigating selective fading problems. We propose an MC CDMA multilevel coding system model that capable to solve those problems. We consider to this system accommodate various bandwidth usage, QoS or channel response for every user. From the research results, it is concluded that in general the MC CDMA multilevel coding scheme will provide a good performance with high speed user in non coherent channel transmission scheme.

Sufficient conditions for the success of the robotic control of assembly are presented. The assembly is modelled as a discrete event system using Petri nets. The abstraction of assembly to the discrete event system highlights the changes in the state of contact as the key points to control in the assembly process. Using this abstraction, sufficient conditions on the velocity commands are developed which guarantee successful parts mating. A method to derive robot velocity commands satisfying these conditions is derived. The method is then applied to a dual peg-in-the-hole problem. >