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The COVID-19 crisis has had a profound effect on higher education, especially medical education due to its sensitive nature, dealing with people's life and wellbeing. This study presented a crisis management model of how to direct medical education during crises. A qualitative design was used via a focus group among 83 medical education administrators at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Four major challenges emerged regarding medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic including "The health and wellbeing of faculty members and students"; "Spatial constraints"; "Time constraints", and "Access to resources". A total of 13 strategies were suggested to tackle the challenges, including virtualization, technological support, empowerment, participation, sharing, helping, integration, compression, omission, flexibility and diversity, severance, protection; and monitoring. For a sustainable educational pathway in medical education, personalized approach to education via the incorporation of technology is essential. This provides opportunities to tackle the issues caused by the crisis, by provision of any time and anywhere approach to education via flexible technologies/platforms adjusted based on the audiences. The scope of crisis management expands not only on individual and academic levels but also on social and global relations.

Originally founded in 1885, Gwanghyewon later became the Severance Hospital (named after philanthropist Louis Severance, who supported and funded the construction of a modern hospital) and Yonsei University College of Medicine. The Department of Neurosurgery at Severance Hospital was established in 1957, and its residency program began in 1961. Currently, the Department of Neurosurgery has 34 professors and 17 fellows; specialties include vascular, functional, pediatric, tumor, skull base, and spine neurosurgery. With its state-of-the-art neurosurgical facilities and services, the Department of Neurosurgery has developed into a department of excellence within the Yonsei University Health System. In this vignette, the authors present a historic overview of the Department of Neurosurgery.

Artikel ini menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi kebijakan luar negeri Iran terhadap Arab Saudi pascaeksekusi mati Nimr al-Nimr pada tahun 2016. Nimr al-Nimr adalah ulama Syiah yang dihormati di Timur Tengah. Iran sebagai negara dengan populasi penganut mazhab Syiah terbesar di dunia bereaksi keras atas tindakan Arab Saudi tersebut sehingga hubungan kedua negara memburuk, bahkan berujung pada pemutusan hubungan diplomatik. Pertanyaan penelitian yang diajukan adalah faktor-faktor domestik apakah yang memengaruhi kebijakan tersebut? Dalam riset ini, periset menggunakan metode riset kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data melalui wawancara pada sejumlah pakar Timur Tengah dan menelaah literatur, dokumen, dan media massa. Dalam menganalisis, periset menggunakan teori dari Mintz dan DeRouen mengenai tiga faktor domestik yang memengaruhi kebijakan luar negeri suatu negara, yakni kepentingan ekonomi, peran opini publik, dan siklus elektoral. Hasil riset ini adalah kebijakan luar negeri yang diambil Iran pascaeksekusi mati Nimr Al Nimr sangat terkait dengan kepentingan ekonomi, terutama terkait pelaksanaan ibadah haji; sejalan dengan opini masyarakat Iran yang sangat menghormati Nimr Al Nimr; dan pertimbangan siklus elektoral, dimana kebijakan yang diambil Rouhani berpengaruh pada kemenangannya dalam pemilu tahun 2017.

Diplomatic buildings are considered a model representing the civilization of a country withinthe host country ,They represent bridges between countries,The aggression against it by elements belongingto the host country reflects negatively on the relations between the two countries, which is represented bythe severance of relations and may reach the outbreak of war between them ,Accordingly, the primary taskin planning these buildings is related to achieving their requirements represented by the security component,in addition to the symbolic, environmental and ideological component .Therefore, the security aspect is anessential element in the planning and design of these buildings .As a result of the rise in terrorist attacksagainst these buildings in a number of countries, in addition to the lack of local studies on the securityindicators of these buildings, The need appeared to adopt more studies on planning and design indicatorsand the security safety of diplomatic buildings ,This, in turn, requires an extensive study of indicators thatmost meet the security and diplomatic safety requirements By studying the security of these buildings andidentifying the most important elements required to secure them ,As the goal of the research lies in extractingindicators of security decisions for diplomatic buildings, and diagnosing indicators for assessing theirsecurity level .Where attacks against embassy buildings are confronted by risk management and evaluationthat determine the mechanisms to respond to these risks ,And how to take preventive measures to preventdanger ,by designing the defensive ranges of the diplomatic building from the perimeter of the building toits internal parts ,Whereas, the physical security measures of the building are among those preventivemeasures aimed at preventing threats and dangers through defensive ranges and consisting of securitymeasures and insurance elements .Therefore, this research will give great attention to security design criteriaand to identify mechanisms in the field of measuring the safety and security of diplomatic buildings againstterrorist threats, in order to determine the best design alternatives.

The introduction of advanced technologies requires restructuring the labour market and redistributing the workforce. Therefore, the study of the demand for workers in the digital economy is necessary for preventing unemployment. We examine the impact of advanced technologies on unemployment in Russian regions. The transition to a new technological wave and the development of advanced technologies will differently affect the unemployment among various categories of population depending on their educational level. Using the combination of spatial analysis, statistical and econometric methods, we identified clusters of high-tech, medium-tech, and low-tech regions of the Russian Federation, described the impact and confirmed the proposed hypothesis. We have discovered that most Russian regions have a low potential to transition to a new technological wave. Simultaneously, in high-tech regions with sufficient potential to develop a new technological wave, digital economy does not require a large number of employees with university education. Moreover, such regions are experiencing an acute shortage of people with vocational education. Currently, selected Russian regions have resources, potential and reserves to develop the sixth technological wave, while others provide human resources. This situation leads not only to deepening regional differentiation but also to severance of economic relations between regions, hindering their interaction in the new conditions. The obtained results can be used to support proposals and measures for regulating labour market processes to develop scientific, technological and economic potential of the country.

ZusammenfassungAm 19.02.2019 kam es nach Durchtrennung eines 110-kV-Kabels zu einem großflächigen Stromausfall im Berliner Bezirk Treptow-Köpenick. Nachfolgend waren ca. 30.000 Haushalte ohne Strom; betroffen waren ca. 70.000 Menschen. Der Stromausfall dauerte mehr als 24 h an und stellte alle Beteiligten vor eine Vielzahl von Herausforderungen. Es wurde der Führungsstab (operativ-taktisch) einberufen, in dem auch medizinische Schwerpunkte fortlaufend identifiziert und reevaluiert werden mussten. Hierbei handelte es sich mitunter um die Identifikation von besonders gefährdeten Patienten wie beispielsweise heimbeatmeten Patienten oder Patienten mit Kunstherz. Weiterhin mussten einzelne Pflegeheime evakuiert werden. Im Verlauf war es notwendig, aufgrund des Ausfalls der Stromversorgung im Schadensgebiet, eine Intensivstation bzw. „Intermediate-care“-Station mit 23 Patienten zu evakuieren. Krankenhäuser müssen sich im Rahmen von Vorplanungen auf derartige Szenarien einstellen. Weiterhin müssen seitens der zuständigen Behörden Vorplanungen erfolgen, die die besonderen Bedürfnisse von vulnerablen Gruppen beinhalten.

This two-part article aims to compare and analyze the Czech and Polish legal regulations on the termination of employment due to organizational changes adopted by the employer. In particular, the analysis deals with the extent, to which the compared legal regulations protect the employee and the durability of his employment, and (on the other hand) the employer's right to freely conduct business activity by managing his enterprise and deciding on the composition of his workforce. The first part of the article contains a comparison of selected aspects of the basic legal regulation of termination of employment in both countries and the presentation of the conditions for the application of organizational reasons for termination of employment, focusing mainly on the Czech regulation and its judicial interpretation. The second part of the article aims to compare the previously described Czech approach with its Polish counterpart, as well as to compare other socio-legal tools of employee protection related to the main topic, such as the application of the provisions on collective redundancies and mandatory severance pay, special protection of various groups of employees against dismissal, obligatory consultations with trade unions, etc. On this background, the authors also formulate certain proposals for legislative changes in the subject area.

This research is the implementation of tax planning for the costs of the welfare of employees to minimize the burden of taxes owed to the tax at PT. Pertani (persero) Medan. The analysis of this research used descriptive technique analysis data. The data were collected and arranged, then conducted an analysis of the data. Descriptive analysis of data collected in the form of numbers. This is due to the quantitative method. PT. Pertani has done the implementation of tax planning on employees welfare costs but the effort is not maximized because there are still policies related to the costs of employees welfare which is a costs that can not be charged as a deduction of company's gross income (non deductible) . The company policy regarding of employees welfare costs, among others are : PT. Pertani doesnt bear outcome added tax according to section 21 pph about employees.The company establishes its own clinic where the costs incurred by the company for the provision of doctors and the provision of medicines to employees can not be deducted from gross income.

Urban barriers are often a consequence of the unplanned expansion of transport infrastructures, housing growth nearby existing transport infrastructures, and the vehicular traffic itself. This process, also known as “community severance”, is a problem that affects the travel patterns of the population and causes negative impacts to adjacent communities, but it is not easy to assess. As an alternative to the costly technologies and restricted-access data sometimes used to analyze urban barriers, we propose an analytical approach that assesses community severance levels by classifying the quality of Pedestrian Crossings on Urban Streets (the PeCUS index). Additionally, the approach is used to identify possible inequities nearby the different classification groups regarding demographic data. We used the chi-square (χ2) test of independence and the standardized Pearson residuals to indicate deficits and excesses of residents regarding the demographic characteristics studied surrounding the urban streets. We found the following evidences of associations: residents with low-income or those aged up to 19 tend to live close to the worst crossings, whereas residents with permanent mobility constraints or the elderly tend to live near the crossings with the best classifications. Therefore, the study shows that the assessment of community severance by the analysis of the PeCUS index is feasible. Moreover, it reveals that the distribution of residents surrounding the distinct classes of quality of crossings is equitable for vulnerable social groups, except for low-income or young residents.

Aim - the search, analysis and systematization of historical facts concerning the formation and evo-lution of the world medical standartization; severance of its certain long-standing models for the optimization of settling and introduction of the existing, and future analogs, particularly, in the clinical audit format. Material and Methods. In order to study the medical standard as a historical component the fol-lowing methods were used: bibliographic, historical, analytical and methods of systematization and comparison. Results and Discussion. As a result of the conducted research the main historical events in the world development of the medical standartization starting from 1500 up till nowadays were col-lected. In order to study the evolution of the medical standartization, the analysis of the normative documents that have regulated the process of standartization, especially the Doctor's statute(s) in Russia, Minimal standard of the medical equipment and works of the American college of surgeons, was carried out. The scientific works that initiated the introduction of the clinical audit in the Health Care system in Ukraine, Turkey, the USA and Great Britain were throroughly analyzed. Conclusions. The improvement of quality as to rendering the medical aid is a job priority in the health care systems in many countries. For that reason, the search for its optimization was and is still retrieved for many centuries. The territorial formation of medical standartization is associated with England, Russia and the USA, but the occurrence of clinical audit is connected with Ukraine, Turkey, the USA and Great Britain. The foundations of the medical standardization was lauched in 1500 year, while the clinical audit - in 1854 year. The medical standartization is a reflection of the history of development of the organization of health care system, that's why the expertness (knowl-edge) of historical stages concerning the setting and the introduction of medical standartization may give a new impulse in its improvement and development under present-day conditions of reforma-tion in the medical sphere in Ukraine. The earlier beginning of implementation of the medical stan-dartization in the health care system in different countries makes it possible to actualize its introduc-tion into the clinical audit format, that, in its turn, allows to improve the quality of rendering the medical aid. Key words: medical standartization, clinical audit, quality of medical aid

Background Aspects of community severance (the separation of people from goods, services, and each other by busy roads or other transport infrastructure) have been linked to poor health and wellbeing, but few studies have examined the overall relationship between community severance and health. We created a novel index for community severance and estimated its association with the self-rated health of adults in Great Britain. Methods Data were collected from a nationally-representative online panel survey of 4,111 participants, February-July 2016. To construct an index, polychoric factor analysis (suitable for ordinal variables), was conducted on four survey items related to the perceived impact of roads on ability to walk locally: 1) traffic volume, 2) traffic speed, 3) availability of crossing points, and 4) adequate crossing time. Community severance index scores were negatively skewed, and were thus categorised into four groups (lowest 40%, second, third and highest). Logistic regression was used to examine the association of community severance with self-rated health (‘good’ (very good/good) vs. ‘poor’ (fair/bad/very bad)), adjusting for potential confounders (age, income, employment status). We also examined effect modification of the severance and self-rated health association by environment type (urban/not urban) and the presence of a car in the household. Results Polychoric factor analysis confirmed that it was appropriate to combine the four survey items into a single index (Cronbach’s Alpha=0.86; Keiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy= 0.76, all factor loadings >0.74). After controlling for confounding factors, being in the highest community severance index group was associated with higher odds of reporting poor self-rated health (Odds Ratio: 1.79, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.48–2.17) compared with the lowest scoring group. There was a dose-response gradient, with those in the second and third highest groups having increased odds of reporting poor self-rated health, though of lower magnitude ((OR 1.21, 1.01–1.45) and (OR 1.41, 1.16–1.71) respectively). Conclusion We found an inverse association between community severance index and self-rated health. This suggests that to improve health, local governments and road authorities should take steps to reduce community severance through traffic reduction and calming, pedestrian prioritisation, and the installation of well-designed crossing points.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and robotic technologies have become nearly ubiquitous. In some ways, the developments have likely helped us, but in other ways sophisticated technologies set back our interests. Among the latter sort is what has been dubbed the ‘severance problem’—the idea that technologies sever our connection to the world, a connection which is necessary for us to flourish and live meaningful lives. I grant that the severance problem is a threat we should mitigate and I ask: how can we stave it off? In particular, the fact that some technologies exhibit behavior that is unclear to us seems to constitute a kind of severance. Building upon contemporary work on moral responsibility, I argue for a mechanism I refer to as ‘technological answerability’, namely the capacity to recognize human demands for answers and to respond accordingly. By designing select devices—such as robotic assistants and personal AI programs—for increased answerability, we see at least one way of satisfying our demands for answers and thereby retaining our connection to a world increasingly occupied by technology.

Promotion of active travel is a fixture in transport policy and planning. Yet, this paper argues, walking and the availability of comprehensive and accessible pedestrian environments have an importance for mobility justice and sustainability which is not currently recognised. The paper investigates how and why walking provision matters for justice, and explores what this means for decision-making affecting mobility systems and the built environment. It begins with an argument that a coherent conception of mobility justice would be simultaneously concerned with environmental and social implications of transport since both affect people’s physical lives, welfare and flourishing. That requirement frames the types of mobility systems which could be compatible with justice, and points to a need for prioritisation of active travel far beyond current policy and practice. Specifically, the need for environmental sustainability coupled with social inclusion creates a case for systematically prioritising provision for walking over other mobility. This means the removal of all forms of barriers to walking so that no one is excluded by severance, impassable surfaces or lack of safety.

One form of strategy to convey the beauty of Indonesian products is through promotion. Promotion is an effort of the marketer in informing and encouraging other people or parties who are interested in making transactions products or services that they market. Interpersonal communication is a form of communication that is often used in promotions through word of mouth marketing activities. The interpersonal relationship that starts from the beginning, continues with the stage of involvement, then the stage of intimacy. The next two stages constitute relationship decline, namely destruction and severance. The socialization of the role of interpersonal communication in enhancing the promotion of traditional weaving in the representatives of the people of the weavers of Kanekes Village, Baduy is expected to provide increased understanding and knowledge about interpersonal communication, in an effort to carry out promotions and provide plenary services for both Overseas and Nusantara tourists visited.

We examine the association between CEO severance pay (i.e., payment a CEO would receive if s/he is involuntarily terminated) and corporate tax planning activities. We find that CEO severance pay is positively associated with corporate tax planning, consistent with CEO severance pay providing contractual protection against managers' career concerns and thereby inducing otherwise risk-averse managers to engage in incremental levels of tax planning. This result holds under an instrumental variable approach and propensity score matching, and survives alternative measures of CEO severance pay and corporate tax planning. Finally, we find that severance pay provides stronger tax planning incentives in situations where managers are expected to face greater career concerns—when they are less experienced, when they face stronger shareholder monitoring, and when they manage firms with higher idiosyncratic volatility. Overall, our results suggest that CEO severance pay represents a form of efficient contracting with otherwise risk-averse managers.

Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag wird untersucht, ob Vorstandsabfindungen von börsennotierten Unternehmen durch die Empfehlung 4.2.3 Abs. 4 Satz 1 des Deutschen Corporate Governance Kodex in der Fassung vom 7. Februar 2017 in ihrer Höhe begrenzt werden. Die dort vorgeschlagene Vereinbarung einer Begrenzung der Abfindungshöhe im Anstellungsvertrag entfaltet jedoch bei der vorzeitigen Vertragsbeendigung mittels eines Aufhebungsvertrags keine rechtliche Bindungswirkung. Die Analyse umfangreicher empirischer Daten zu Entsprechenserklärungen aller CDAX-Unternehmen in den Jahren 2010 bis 2014 zeigt, dass signifikant mehr als 20 Prozent der Unternehmen die Vereinbarung der empfohlenen Obergrenze ablehnen. Des Weiteren kann für die tatsächlichen Abfindungsrelationen vorzeitig ausgeschiedener Vorstandsmitglieder von DAX-Unternehmen in den Jahren 2010 bis 2014 gezeigt werden, dass die empfohlenen Obergrenzen trotz anderslautender Entsprechenserklärungen mehrheitlich überschritten wurden. Auf Basis der empirischen Ergebnisse wird eine Gestaltungsempfehlung für die Praxis abgeleitet, welche der Empfehlung zu einer stärkeren Wirkung verhelfen kann.

Cities can be characterized as distributions of accessibility. Two elements in the urban fabric that influence this distribution of accessibility are motorways and railways. These are powerful connectors in urban traffic systems but can also create strong barriers on a local scale. Based on a literature review, the negative effects of these barriers-also called severance-on social inclusion, health, and access to workplaces are described. Furthermore, it is pointed out that barrier effects are determined by three elements: transport infrastructure, built environment and people's wishes and needs. Two morphological indicators are presented with which some of the barrier effects identified in the literature review can be quantified. One indicator is related to proximity to facilities, measured by network distance. The other relates to accessible offer of facilities, measured as the number of facilities within a given metric radius from each residential address. The indicators are demonstrated in a case study in Gothenburg, Sweden, where a four-lane motorway and railway tracks form substantial restrictions on the urban development of a former harbor area in the center of the city. In the case study the consequences of placing the infrastructure in tunnels is assessed. The analyses show how the increases in proximity to facilities and in accessible offer of facilities are spatially distributed in non-linear patterns. These results demonstrate the importance of taking into account transport infrastructure, built environment and people's wishes and needs when assessing barrier effects. The case study indicates the potential of the proposed indicators for inclusion in a method for the quantification of barrier effects.

This paper examines suitable conceptual and model frameworks for identifying, measuring and evaluating the effects on the community, both positive and negative, of transport investments. It is concerned with the changing nature of these effects (or 'impacts') over time: eg, at the stages of policy generation, preliminary planning, construction or implementation and eventual commissioning; and at the various stages in the operating life of a policy or investment. It is concerned also with the wider questions of conflict and competition, alienation, disamenity and severance which the implementation of major transport plans can bring about within an otherwise stable community.

This report provides an ex ante assessment of the distributional effects of introducing portable severance pay accounts in Spain based on micro-simulations. In the current system, permanent workers who are dismissed from their job are entitled to 20 days of severance pay per year of service, which is relatively high by OECD standards. The report considers a reform that replaces the current severance payment system with individual saving accounts financed through periodic contributions by employers. The report focuses on two versions of the reform that keep constant respectively the total compensation in case of dismissal (“constant benefit”) or the expected costs for firms of employing a permanent worker (“constant-cost”). Importantly, the analysis in the report does do not take account of the behavioural responses of firms and workers to the reform.

A cap that limited exit payments made to public sector workers to £95 000 (€109 000; $132 000) has been lifted after a legal challenge from the BMA. In October last year the UK parliament approved government plans to place a £95 000 cap on exit payments—which include redundancy payments, severance packages, and other payments made as a result of terminating …

The closure of Bangunsari prostitution localization had a major impact on the economic point of view and lives of the social community in the Bangunsari area and its surroundings. The efforts carried out by Surabaya City Government in providing severance pay and skills training to ex-localization of the prostitution community have not yet restored their economic conditions. The purpose of this community service is to improve the economic independence of the affected community members through strengthening their self capacity. The method used in this community service is the Asset-Based Community-driven Development (ABCD) approach. The results of this Community Service are that the community members: can finally be economically independent by developing assets through the culinary, able to market the product through social media, develop participation in community service programs that have been held, and live a better social life after the closure of prostitution localization at Bangunsari.

The Jungian coaching and consulting approach can form a strong meta-structure which provides safety for uncertainty and discovery within its boundaries. In the last case study, in-depth coaching and consulting took place with individuals, groups (executive, operational, support and specialist) and the organization as a whole. Personal analytic coaching helped to identify and address personal barriers, often dealing with symbolic material from the personal and collective unconscious. Jung’s Word Association Test was selectively used to identify personal complexes which affected thinking and behaviour. The loss of soul is often labelled as mental illness and its rediscovery can become the province of the Jungian coach and consultant. According to Jung, there is a fundamental split in human nature, a severance from the experience of wholeness. Archetypal at its core, it is apparent at different recursive levels in time and space.

The emergence of new technologies, especially digital transformation, influences the entire society, including the medical aspects. Therefore, the concept of digital hospital has been emerging. Here we present the Yongin Severance Hospital, which has developed various novel solutions to serve as foundations for the establishment of a digitally innovative hospital. Further strategies have also been provided to implement consistent and long-term planning.

Inclusivity is a core commitment of the New Urban Agenda of UN Habitat (adopted in 2016). Moreover, the Rail Sustainable Development Principles call for railway developments that are customer-driven, putting rail in reach of people, providing an end-to-end journey, being an employer of choice, reducing our environmental impact, being carbon smart, supporting the economy, optimising the railway, and being transparent (RSSB, Rail Sustainable Development Principles. RSSB, London, 2016). However, research suggests there is still a long way to go before “we live and work in an inclusive world” (Clarkson J, Coleman R., Appl Ergonomics 46:235–247, 2015). To consider this problem, this review searched for on-line library sources employing keywords including transport, inclusivity, circulation, severance, level of service, pedestrian movement within journal articles, conference papers, theses, books, and government papers. The review commences with a review of older views and goes on to critically assess potential innovations in contemporary scholarly literature. Earlier research discusses general factors that influence station design include context, location, platform, train length, depth of construction, geological, engineering, and property constraints, and passenger demand (Harding J., Investigating the built environment: survey of inclusive design attitudes within London’s Tube Stations. The Departments of Engineering and Architecture Cambridge/The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, 2011). This critical review considers the scholarly literature concerning inclusive design issues in transport buildings. It explores (i) gaps in canonical pedestrian movement theory affecting inclusivity, particularly vertical severance (VS), (ii) the size, shape and selection of circulation elements affecting Level of Service (LOS), and (iii) key measures of crowdedness and inclusivity. Potential innovations identified include, new ‘designerly ways of knowing’ about lack of inclusivity, and, the use of computer simulation using Agent Based Modelling (ABM) to probe how different circulation arrangements affects the movement of agents over time. Anticipated benefits include a strengthened ‘transport chain’, less VS, enhanced empathy, and improved user experience and safety. More research is needed in this field, particularly owing to the significant cost and time in developing urban railway projects. This review identifies key research questions that require further investigation. It argues that more interdisciplinary design research will result in safer and more inclusive stations that contribute more to society. It is hoped that this review contributes to this slowly growing body of knowledge of inclusivity within the field of transport.

Mine hoist are an essential part of an underground mine. In addition to extracting the ore from the mine, this machine transports the miners from the surface to the various underground levels of the mine. The two main hazards to which minors in the cage are exposed to are rope severance and loss of control of the hoisting machine. In both cases, the risk is the crashing of the cage at one end of the shaft. Hoisting accident and fatalities are rare but still happen despite the use of safety catches to retain the cage in the event of rope severance. The objective of this article is to improve mine hoist safety and to prevent the crash of a cage (of more generally any conveyance) at the shaft boundaries. Fault Trees (FT) are used to analyze the accidents scenarios of a cage crash in a shaft. Two generic fault trees are presented: one based on rope severance and the other based on loss-of-control of the conveyance. Results of the study indicate that, in the case of a rope severance, most of the root causes are based on secondary failure of the safety catches. In the case of a loss-of-control of the conveyance, most of the root causes are based on command failures that prevent the cage from stopping before reaching the shaft boundaries. This article suggests general mitigation measures and recommends the use of machinery safety standards in order to improve the reliability of hoisting machines.

İnsanlar doğal olarak yaşamlarının büyük bir bölümünü, işleri ve aileleri arasında bir denge sağlayarak geçirmektedirler. Ancak günümüzde bireylerin giderek artan ihtiyaç ve istekleri için daha çok çalışmaya başlamasıyla birlikte iş ve aile için üstlenilmiş olan roller arasında bir dengesizlik ortaya çıkmaktadır. Roller arasında ortaya çıkan bu taşmalar nedeniyle meydana gelen iş-aile çatışmaları, çalışanları çeşitli konulardan etkilemekte olup, söz konusu etkilerden biriside çalışanın işten ayrılma niyeti üzerinedir. İşten ayrılma niyeti, çalışanın işini bırakması ile ilgili düşüncesini ifade etmektedir. Çalışmada iş-aile çatışması ile işten ayrılma niyeti arasındaki ilişkinin boyutu ve yönü tespit edilerek, çözümüne ilişkin öneriler getirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çalışma, Balıkesir ili Edremit İlçesi’nde bulunan 4 ve 5 yıldızlı konaklama işletmeleri ile seyahat acentalarında görev yapan 200 personel araştırmanın evreni olarak belirlenmiştir. Örneklemi ise Edremit İlçesindeki konaklama işletmeleri ve seyahat acentelerinde görev yapan 120 personel oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada, Carlson vd. (2000) tarafından geliştirilen iş-aile çatışması ölçeği ile Reychav ve Weisberg'den (2009) tarafından oluşturulan işten ayrılma niyeti ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Yapılan araştırmayla çalışanların yaşadığı iş-aile çatışmalarının, işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiş ve turizm sektörü açısından iş- aile çatışması ile işten ayrılma niyeti arasında pozitif yönde ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır.

Yonsei Dermatology celebrated its centennial in 2017, marking 100 years since Kung Sun Oh established the first Department of Dermatology and Urology in Korea in 1917. Following the footsteps of Kung Sun Oh, a pioneer of Korean dermatology, its members united and worked to provide the best medical service and achieve academic milestones in dermatology. Over the past hundred years, Yonsei Dermatology has played a pivotal role in the advancement of medical science and academia in Korea. The main activities of the department include medical care, education, and dermatologic research. Its research activities have encompassed a wide spectrum of dermatologic manifestations from skin immunology and pathology to introduction of newly developed treatment technologies. As Kung Sun Oh was the first Korean professor of dermatology at Severance Medical School and a passionate educator, we continue to serve his will by nurturing medical students and dermatology specialists to serve as global medical leaders. The Kung Sun Oh Memorial Lecture, first hosted in 1977, was the beginning of mutual international academic exchange in the field of dermatology in Korea. The memorial lecture has played a major role in advancing the academic status of Korean dermatological science by inviting distinguished dermatologists from around the world as guest lecturers. Yonsei Dermatology has played a key role in the history of modern medicine and dermatology in Korea over the last 100 years and continues to make an impact.

Increased US oil and gas production has created opportunities and challenges for local governments. Through interviews with roughly 250 local officials, we evaluate the fiscal effects of this development in 21 regions across every major US oil and gas producing state during “boom” and “bust” periods. Growing oil and gas production has increased local government revenues through a variety of mechanisms, including property taxes, sales taxes, severance taxes, and more. Industry activity has also increased costs and demand for local services led by road damage, water and wastewater infrastructure, and a range of staff costs including emergency services and law enforcement. Despite volatility in revenues and service demands, our interview results show that 74% of local governments have experienced net fiscal benefits, 14% reported roughly neutral effects, and 12% reported net fiscal costs. Local governments in highly rural regions experiencing large-scale growth have faced the greatest challenges. To further improve future outcomes, local officials can plan for impacts, state policymakers can re-examine revenue policies, and operators can pursue collaboration with local governments.

Purpose This paper aims to explore some of the practical challenges boards face in setting chief executive officer (CEO) pay to show why the failure to see considerable overlap between pay and performance may not be due to poor governance. Design/methodology/approach This paper critically explores the different types of pay reported in public sources (actual vs realized) and the types of performance measures used in CEO pay research. This paper then conceptually reviews the broader governance responsibility of boards, particularly the hiring and firing of CEOs and the impact these decisions have on CEO pay. Findings The authors suggest that much of the lack of overlap between pay and performance may be because of misaligned timing of the pay and performance measures, differences between internally promoted and externally hired CEOs and severance packages of fired CEOs. They conclude that the lack of overlap may not signal failure on the part of boards, but rather may reflect the risk and uncertainty those boards face in hiring and firing of CEOs. Research limitations/implications The analysis shows how using publicly available sources of pay and performance data ignores the practical challenges that boards face in setting pay, and suggests greater care be given to future research purporting to show that boards are failing in their governance responsibilities. Practical implications CEO pay may not be as misaligned with performance as many researchers conclude, but may be due to the risks and uncertainty inherent in governance. Social implications The distributive justice critique of CEO pay may not be valid. Originality/value As opposed to simply mining public databases, this paper more accurately describes some of the variables that impact how boards set CEO pay.

A private company has several options in the job market, such as hiring, outsourcing, or dismissing employees. The management flexibility of dismissing employees, even without just cause, provides an economic benefit for companies. By addressing real options, this study aims to measure the effects of this flexibility on the employer's decision to hire more employees as well as to invest in the more productive employees through graduate incentives. This article evaluates the adverse impacts of labor laws that restrict this flexibility, such as the Severance Indemnity Fund (FGTS) fine and the prior notice of termination of employment, in order to find out how much the employee adds value to the company and, consequently, to its salary. Using this methodology, this study also evaluates, from the employer's perspective, the relevance and value maximization of the company's financial support programs for employees taking graduate courses. Results show that severance costs reduce the net value of the employee to the employer. Should these costs be disconsidered and the benefit in value transferred to the employee this could be equivalent in a 4.5% increase in salary. Likewise the possibility of investing in graduate course at the correct moment but only for the more productive employees can increase their net value significantly, doubling the net value of the employee to the employer. Resumo As empresas privadas têm diversas opções no mercado de trabalho tais como contratar, terceirizar ou dispensar empregados. A flexibilidade gerencial de poder demitir empregados, mesmo sem justa causa, gera um benefício econômico para as empresas. Usando a abordagem de Opções Reais, neste trabalho procurou-se mensurar os efeitos desta flexibilidade na decisão do empregador em contratar mais empregados, assim como, investir nos empregados mais produtivos por meio de programas de pós-graduação. Nesta pesquisa avaliou-se os efeitos adversos das leis trabalhistas que restringem essa flexibilidade, tais como a multa do FGTS e do aviso prévio, de forma a determinar o quanto o empregado adiciona de valor para a empresa e, consequentemente, ao seu salário. Utilizando essa abordagem procurou-se avaliar pela ótica do empregado, a relevância e maximização de valor criada pelos programas de incentivo a cursos de pós-graduação. Os resultados mostraram que os custos de demissão reduzem o valor do empregado para o empregador. Ao desconsiderar estes e transferindo os benefícios diretamente ao empregado, resultaria em incremento de 4,5% no salário deste. Outrossim, a possibilidade de investir numa pós-graduação no momento oportuno, mas somente para os empregados mais produtivos, pode aumentar valor do empregado de forma significativa, duplicando este para o empregador.

Omnibuslaw, are a legal product to simplify legislation which is previously, reputed overlapping, with make efficiency process/change information regulations, to delete ego sectoral. However in the formation process, and legalization break Government Regulation Number 12 of the Year 2011, concerning Formating Government Regulations, and be in conflict of interest business politic from oligarchy network available at Parlement, where 55 % (fifty-five percent) member of Parliament is a businessman so that the product of law salted fulfilled with interest authority party and the winner of selection. And if studied further, it will be found articles that are not in favor of the workforce, such as the article on outsourcing, there is no limit on the types of work that may use outsourcing, then all types of work in the main job or main work in a company can use outsourced employees. Thus, the workforce no longer has clarity on wages, health insurance, pension insurance, and job security. The Specific Time Work Agreement system is not explicitly regulated regarding the period, it is only stated that it will be regulated in a Government Regulation or technical rules derived from the Law, Long Leave is submitted to work agreements, company regulations, or work agreements together so that the legal certainty needs to be questioned. Concerning wages for severance pay in the Omnibus Law, workers who are affected by the termination of employment or stop working for other reasons may now no longer receive severance pay.Keywords: Power; Political Instristing; Political Law, Law Product.

The article examines the opportunities for socio-economic integration of Azerbaijan and Russia through the development of agricultural exports. It is shown that today there are both factors hindering such integration, as well as the prerequisites for it, associated with the long-standing socio-economic relations of these countries, including in agriculture. The severance of economic ties in the 1980s hindered the marketing and production of many types of agricultural products in Azerbaijan. Today the situation is changing, the growth of agricultural production raises the issue of using the potential of economic ties with Russia. Conclusions are drawn that the development of such ties in the sphere of agriculture can affect the improvement of the socio-economic status of the rural population, as well as the prospects for socio-economic integration of Azerbaijan and Russia.

Background Everyday activities, such as walking or cycling, may be a feasible and practical way to integrate physical activity into everyday life. Walking and cycling for transport or recreation in the area local to a person’s home may have additional benefits. However, urban planning tends to prioritise car use over active modes. We explored the cross-sectional association between living near an urban motorway and local walking and cycling. Methods In 2013, residents living in an area (a) near a new urban motorway (M74), (b) near a longstanding urban motorway (M8), or (c) without a motorway, in Glasgow, Scotland, were invited to complete postal surveys assessing local walking and cycling journeys and socio-demographic characteristics. Using adjusted regression models, we assessed the association between motorway proximity and self-reported local walking and cycling, as well as the count of types of destination accessed. We stratified our analyses according to study area. Results One thousand three hundred forty-three residents (57% female; mean age: 54 years; SD: 16 years) returned questionnaires. There was no overall association between living near an urban motorway and the likelihood of local walking or cycling, or the number of types of local destination accessed by foot or bicycle. In stratified analyses, for those living in the area around the new M74 motorway, increasing residential proximity to the motorway was associated with lower likelihood of local recreational walking and cycling (OR 0.63, 95% CI: 0.39 to 1.00) a pattern not found in the area with the longstanding M8 motorway. In the area near the M8 motorway residential proximity was statistically significantly (p = 0.014) associated with a 12% decrease in the number of types of destination accessed, a pattern not found in the M74 study area. Conclusions Our findings suggest that associations between living near a motorway and local walking and cycling behaviour may vary by the characteristics of the motorway, and by whether the behaviour is for travel or recreation. The lack of associations seen in the study area with no motorway suggests a threshold effect whereby beyond a certain distance from a motorway, additional distance makes no difference.

Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies transform our lives into a more convenient and advanced ones. The revolutionary transformation arise in healthcare and medical fields. IoT devices make it feasible to examine patient status in daily lives. Clinicians say that continuous examination of patient status out of the hospital should be valuable to manage target disorder or disease. Moreover, engineers expect that AI techniques could find novel treatments for the disorder or disease based on huge amount of daily patient data. We have investigated such technology-supported methodologies with an urologist in Severance Hospital for better treatments to patients who have nocturnal enuresis.

The Texas Legislature should sever the wind estate. The severance of wind estates is a current and common practice within Texas; however, neither the Texas Judiciary nor Texas Legislature has spoken regarding the validity of severed wind estates. The Texas Supreme Court aligned the ownership of groundwater to the ownership of minerals in 2012 and again in 2016. The Court’s decisions regarding groundwater supported a uniform approach to determining the property interests of financially valuable and fugitive natural resources. This method of determining ownership of groundwater differs from the approaches other states have utilized to determine ownership of financially valuable and fugitive natural resources. The Court also supported the historic approach Texas has taken to promote private property rights and the right to contract concerning one’s property when upholding the validity of severed groundwater estates. The ownership theories the Court applied to groundwater indicates how the Texas Legislature, or Texas Judiciary, should act regarding the ownership of wind. This Article analyzes property rights in the wind above the surface estate and aligns the wind estate with groundwater and mineral estates, supporting the position wind estates should be severable property estates. Texas leads the nation in the production and development of wind energy, and due to this robust industry in Texas there are millions of dollars at stake in wind development and lease payments to landowners. Though Texas leads the nation in production and development of wind energy, neither the Texas Supreme Court nor Texas Legislature has provided any clarity to the property interests at stake in wind. The two cases that have addressed the severance of wind estates have analogized the wind estate to the mineral estate or groundwater estate. The validity of wind estates needs to be addressed in Texas due to the financial gains, or losses, affecting the Texas landowner if legislation is passed validating, or invalidating, the severance of wind. If legislation is passed validating the wind estate, or legislation is passed similar to legislation passed by other states proactively invalidating wind severance while honoring the previously severed wind estate, wind estates will exist. The determination of the priority of the wind estate compared to the mineral, groundwater, and surface estates will have to be determined. The application and understanding of common law doctrines such as the dominant estate doctrine, first in time; first in right doctrine, and the accommodation doctrine provide clarity to the priority of the respective estates. The Texas Supreme Court holdings in Coyote Lake Ranch v. City of Lubbock, as well as Edwards Aquifer Authority v. Day, applied the jurisprudence previously applied to mineral estates to groundwater estates. This Article analogizes the principles recently applied to groundwater estates and how they can, and should, be applied to the wind estate. This Article also explores the relationship between the mineral, groundwater, and wind estate as mutually dominant estates and the respective relationships with the surface estate. Currently, there is no academic article providing an analysis of how Coyote Lake Ranch and Day provide a foundation to determine the ownership of the wind above one’s property. Thus far, only a few scholarly articles address the severance of wind estates in Texas. The analyzation and determination of priority of wind, mineral, and groundwater estates as mutually dominant estates have not been the focus of any scholarly article thus far. My Article fills this substantial gap in the scholarly literature and provides readers with legal and practical reasons the wind estate should be considered a severable property interest that is equal in dignity to the mineral and groundwater estates.

This paper examines how corporate governance reporting corresponds to actual conduct regarding severance payment caps for prematurely departing members of companies’ executive boards in Germany. For this purpose, we first evaluate the declarations of conformity for all companies listed in the CDAX between 2010 and 2014, which we use to determine conformity and deviation rates, and analyse reasons for deviation. In a further full survey, we assess the compensation amounts of all severance payments made and published by DAX companies to their executive board members who were prematurely terminated, which allows us to compare the respective severance ratio with the cap recommended by the German Corporate Governance Codex (GCGC). We find that more than 20% of companies listed in the CDAX declared deviation in the declaration of conformity, and one-third of all deviations were justified by a rejection of the normative decision of the recommendation. Moreover, in 57% of actual severance cases where DAX companies had previously declared their compliance, the cap was exceeded; yet, none of the companies that had exceeded the cap in a severance case disclosed this in the following declaration of conformity. In the years under review, for the majority of severance cases in companies listed in the DAX, the GCGC’s cap did not have any factual binding effect. Finally, in most cases the corporate reports deviated from reality and therefore could not serve as a suitable basis for decisions by the capital market.

Introduction Transport infrastructures and motorized vehicle traffic in urban areas often act as barriers to walking and cycling. The present study introduces the characterization of this process, also known as “community severance”, caused by a railway in a Brazilian medium-sized city. Moreover, it also investigates the equity in the distribution of residents, regarding demographic characteristics, along the railway and around the different types of railroad crossings and segments without railroad crossings. Materials and methods Based on census data related to permanent mobility constraints, income level, gender and age, we georeferenced the data and estimated the number of residents living around the railway. In addition, the types of railroad crossings and segments without railroad crossings were classified by means of a qualitative assessment, according to an ordinal scale of relevance. Furthermore, we used the chi-square (χ2) test of independence and standardized Pearson residual to verify evidence of associations between the variables and to understand the nature and strength of dependence between each category of the variables. Results The results provide evidence of associations between the variables and indicate deficits and excesses of residents with certain demographic characteristics in the railway surroundings. They also show that residents with some difficulty in walking or climbing stairs or aged over 60 tend to live nearby the best railway crossings, while residents aged up to 19 tend not to live nearby the best railway crossings. On the other hand, low-income residents (less than R$ 1200.00) tend to live nearby the worst railroad crossings. Conclusions The research indicates that the distribution of the number of residents along the types of railroad crossings and segments without railroad crossings is equitable for residents with permanent mobility constraints, by gender and for the elderly, whereas it is not equitable for low-income residents and aged up to 19 years old.

The Italian Jobs Act introduced a subsidy for new hirings as well as a new open ended labor contract based on graded security, with severance payments increasing with tenure, while phasing out the compulsory reinstatement of workers in the case of unfair dismissals applied until March 2015. Simple models of job creation and destruction predict that hiring subsidies and lower firing costs unambiguously increase hirings. Moreover, lower firing costs associated with graded security should also increase layoffs. These effects need not to be uniform across the size distribution of firms, especially when firms of different size are treated differently by the policy changes as in the case of the Jobs Act. On the one hand, the hiring subsidy was proportional to wages, but had a cap, hence was more generous for small firms- typically paying lower wages than large firms – making them particularly responsive along the job creation margin. On the other hand, the reduction in firing costs applied mainly to large firms concentrating on them the adjustment along the job destruction margin. To investigate empirically the effects of the Italian Jobs Act, we draw on a unique dataset covering the universe of private firms in Italy having at least once 10–20 employees in the two years prior to the reform of January 2015. We find evidence of a substantial increase in open ended hirings, and in the transformation of fixed-term into open ended contracts, in the aftermath of the Jobs Act. The effects of the Jobs Act on firings- conversely- are much smaller, and are concentrated on large firms, while small firms react more intensively- creating new open ended contracts- to the hiring subsidy.

Christianity played an important role in modern higher education in Korea. The oldest university in Korea is the Yonhee Professional College founded by Underwood, an American Christian missionary. Also the first medical school, Severance Medical School, was founded by a Christian missionary. Christian educational institutions have historically had a significant impact on Korean society in terms of the independence movement, enlightenment, literacy, and modern knowledge.

Recent cohorts in various developed countries take a longer time to form their own household and display lower rates of home ownership than older cohorts. Previous literature has linked these developments to higher job instability, especially among youths. We exploit the large differences in firing costs across contract types in the Spanish labor market to identify the causal link between sharp changes in the risk of job loss and the timing of different forms of household formation among youths. Our identification strategy uses variation in regional incentives for firms to promote high firing cost contracts between 1997 and 2009. Using data from the 2002-2014 waves of the Spanish Survey of Household Finances, we document that an increase of 1% in the stock of workers with an open-ended contract increases the probability of forming a new household by a similar magnitude (especially through renting new accommodation). The results are consistent with the predictions of precautionary saving models, whereby individuals exposed to the risk of job loss postpone their consumption of housing services.

Transport is an essential component of the progress and growth of cities and urban areas but has a large negative and inequitable impact on human health. Current knowledge on the health impacts associated with urban transport shows that traffic is causing premature mortality and a large burden of morbidity through nine key pathways: (1) motor vehicle crashes, (2) human physical inactivity, (3) climate change, (4) social exclusion, (5) community severance, and traffic-related environmental exposures including (6) air pollution, (7) noise, (8) green space reduction, and (9) local temperature rises. These exposures and their health effects are not proportionally distributed, notably varying by income and race, whereby lower income and ethnic minority populations are disproportionately negatively affected. Further, these groups exhibit a variety of other factors that make them more vulnerable to adverse environmental exposures including poor diet, suboptimal health care, stress, and violence exposure. Other important vulnerable groups include children and the elderly. In this chapter, we present a conceptual model linking urban and transport planning, environment, and health. We synthesize the key traffic-related exposures and their health effects to frame the issues related to health impact assessment. We review equity issues and the need to incorporate them in health impact assessments. In a case study, we describe a quantitative health impact assessment of traffic-related air pollution and children's asthma in one of the 10% most deprived local authorities in the United Kingdom. We finally give recommendations on how future quantitative health impact assessments can explore equity issues more explicitly and systematically. We conclude that there is an urgent need to reduce the health burden of urban transport and pay particular attention to the uneven burden among different populations.

This research was conducted on PT. Mitra Agung Swadaya Pks Kelayang Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the provision of allowances on employee performance in PT. Mitra Agung Swadaya Pks Kelayang, Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu. And allowances are part of compensation and compensation is payment in the form of money and / or goods given for achievements and / or awards in a work relationship or after the end of a working relationship based on a structured, open, fair and proper system. Compensation can be in the form of salary or wages, honoraria, allowances, insurance, bonuses, incentives, severance pay, and other forms of compensation. Compensation can. Compensation can be used for 2 (two) basic objectives, namely 1) to attract and retain quality Human Resources and 2) to motivate employees to achieve higher performance levels. The research was conducted using qualitative methods, namely existing data in an organization and quantitative, namely research that describes the impact of providing allowances on employee performance in PT. Mitra Agung Swadaya Pks Kelayang, Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu. By analyzing the data using Instrument Test, Multiple Regression, Correlation Coefficient, Classical Assumption Test and Hypothesis Test which will be assisted by using SPSS version 24. Outputs that are targeted are accredited National Journal Scientific Publications and as teaching materials in Human Resource Management and Management courses Remuneration.

Jejungwon hospital, the first modern healthcare facility to be built in Korea, was built at Jaedong in 1885 and moved to Gurigae in 1887. Finally, it was moved to Dodong, outside the Namdaemun Gate, and its name was changed to Severance Hospital. The Jaedong Jejungwon hospital was located at a former house of HONG Youngsik, and it was expanded by renovating existing buildings and constructing new buildings in 2 years. The Gurigae Jejungwon hospital, which was located near Myeongdong Cathedral, was bigger than the Jaedong Jejungwon one and even provided residence to doctors. Jejungwon hospital was a good example of the healthcare facilities that were available in early modern Korea; however, due to a lack of historical materials, it is not easy to analyze the buildings of Jejungwon hospital. Recently, several architectural drawings made by Japanese and photographs taken by foreigners in the early 20th century were discovered, which help us to understand the buildings of the Jejungwon hospitals in Jaedong and Gurigae. This study analyzes the locations and layouts of the buildings of Jejungwon hospital and, furthermore, traces the history of Jejungwon hospital following its relocation. The Jaedong Jejungwon hospital was located at 35 Jaedong, as already known. By analyzing the architectural drawing of Kyeongseong Women's High-School Dormitory, the exact size of the existing building of Jaedong Jejungwon was calculated as 12m × 3.9m. Since the relocation of Jejungwon hospital to Gurigae in 1887, the remnants of Jejungwon buildings were used as Gwangjewon (1900-1907); a vaccine-manufacturing plant (1907-1910); and, finally, the dormitory of Kyeongseong Women's High School(1910s-1950s). The Gurigae Jejungwon hospital was assumed to be located at 193, 2nd street of Koganecho () and 4, 1st street of Meijicho (). In particular, the residence of Avison, which was built after 1894, was located at 4, 1st Street of Meijicho, the place with the highest elevation compared to surrounding areas. After 1905, Stevens, a foreign affairs adviser, lived there for one year, following which the Korean government office for agriculture and industry took over the place. The buildings that were used as the hospital at 193, 2nd street of Koganecho were transformed into the Daedong Japanese Club. By analyzing the newly found research materials, it is possible to examine and revise the previous research on the Jaedong Jejungwon and Gurigae Jejungwon hospital buildings. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the buildings of Jejungwon hospital in Jaedong and Gurigae have been reused as healthcare facilities over the years.

Although theory suggests its importance, empirical evidence on the relation between exogenous termination risk and contracted compensation packages is limited. This study takes a different approach by exploring determinants of contracted annual compensation and severance packages for city managers. Results indicate that managers exposed to greater exogenous political risk— i.e., those employed by municipalities where voters are more likely to recall elected officials—are 6 %–11 % more likely to receive severance, and receive, on average, 12 %–24 % more severance pay, but do not receive more annual compensation. Additional analyses suggest that the relation between contracted municipal severance and political risk primarily exists in states without restrictions on voters’ ability to file recalls and in municipalities with strong public sector unions. Findings also suggest that municipalities with greater expected agency problems between managers and citizens offer significantly more contracted annual compensation and severance pay.

Scholars have spoken of Tender Is the Night as marking Fitzgerald's most “mature” representation of World War I in his fiction. This article, however, argues that all of the main facets of Fitzgerald's depiction of World War I in Tender Is the Night can be identified in his first novel, This Side of Paradise. Amory Blaine, like Dick Diver, is given to questioning the significance of the war, concluding as he does that it has resulted in a profound and irrevocable severance between his and preceding generations. Amory and Dick are further linked by the ways in which their self-conception is simultaneously challenged and empowered by World War I. Although divorced from the stability of the pre-war world, Amory and Dick appropriate the war, as they understand it, as a powerful new means of conceptualizing themselves and the generation to which they belong. The article concludes by arguing that This Side of Paradise and Tender Is the Night are further connected by Fitzgerald's incorporation of characters that hold readings of the war that contrast with those offered by the protagonist, a strategy that accentuates the subjectivity of Amory and Dick's views.

Bulldozer fatalities are usually due to accidental crushing of the body at the workplace. However, severance of the skull cap simulating a chopping injury to head is rare in the literature. Medico-legal investigation may be posed with different challenges when carrying out an autopsy of a victim with this devastating head injury. The police will seek an opinion about the type of weapon responsible for the injuries, the nature of injuries produced and manner of death. In the present case, the victim was hit at dusk by a protruding part of the bulldozer blade as he crossed in front of a bulldozer that was approaching his tractor from the opposite side of the road. His skull cap was severed and he died instantly. This report considers the circumstances of his death, its mechanisms and strategies for preventing such deaths.