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Objective: To assess knowledge, attitude and practice regarding oral health among patients visiting dental OPD in hospitals of district Malir, Karachi. Study Design and Setting: A cross-sectional study was conducted at dental outpatient departments of two hospitals of district Malir, Karachi. Methodology: A total of 393 participants were randomly interviewed by the principal investigator with the help of structured questionnaire developed specifically for the study after obtaining written informed consent over the study of 6 months. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS version 21. Inferential analysis was performed using chi-square test whereas binary logistic regression was used to develop a risk assessment model for the study outcome. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: Overall 31.8% of the study participants had adequate knowledge, 25.2% had adequate attitude whereas 32.2% had adequate practices with regards to oral health. Furthermore, multivariable analysis revealed that higher qualification of the study participants had significant positive associations with adequateness of all of the knowledge, attitude and practices of the study participants regarding oral health at p-value of

A cross-sectional survey was conducted from February 2016 to September 2016 to assess knowledge, attitude and practices regarding implants among women of childbearing age visiting Reproductive Health Services Center, Civil Hospital,Karachi. A total of 396 adult non-pregnant married females of child bearing age, from 18 to 49 years old, were interviewed using a structured questionnaire.Only153 (38.6%) of therespondentshad knowledge about implants whereas out of them 122 (79.7%) acquired it from family planning clinics. Almost two third of them (n=267, 67.4%) were in favor of using implants as a contraceptive method. Moreover, 244 (61.6%) of them were of the opinion that if given the choice, they will use implanon though out of total 316 (79.8%) respondents who ever used contraceptives, only 3 (0.9%) used implants.Despiteafavorable attitude, limited knowledge and poor practices of the respondents highlighted the study findings. Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Contraception, Progestins, Continuous...

A cross-sectional survey was carried out from March 2018 to November 2018 to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices about diabetes mellitus type 2 among people with diabetes visiting the outpatient department of Taluka Hospital, Miro Khan, Sindh. Data was collected by using a pre-tested questionnaire and analysed on statistical package for social sciences version 20. Almost all the participants knew that diabetes is marked by high blood glucose, 261 (68.0%) knew that sweating is a symptom of low blood glucose, 198 (51.6%) were aware that hypoglycaemia is more dangerous than hyperglycaemia, 310 (80.7%) knew that positive family history of diabetes is a predisposing factor for diabetes mellitus type 2, 196 (51.0%) thought that one should not avoid administration of insulin when needed, 131 (34.0%) used sugar substitutes in their diet whereas 153 (39.8%) used to exercise daily. Mass awareness programmes by the public sector and targeted counselling by healthcare providers are suggested as means for improving the practices of people with diabetes mellitus.

Objective To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding breast self-examination among women in an urban setting. Methods The Knowledge, Attitude and Practice study was conducted from May to July 2018 at the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics at Naseer Hussain Shaheed Hospital and the Institute of Infectious Disease, Karachi, and comprised women aged 15 years or above who were attending the outpatient department. Data was collected using a pre-designed questionnaire and was analysed using SPSS 23. Results There were 385 women with a mean age of 30.09±7.09 years. Overall, 259 (67.3%) subjects had adequate knowledge about breast self-examination, 123 (31.9%) had appropriate practices and 187 (48.6%) had positive attitude. Conclusions Overall knowledge level regarding breast self-examination was found to be inadequate.

Objectives: To assess learning styles and the association of various teaching methodologies of medical students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out amongst 523 medical students of Baqai Medical College, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, from July 2019 to October 2019. All students from first to final year, who attended the undergraduate MBBS program were included. The study instrument was a questionnaire containing students’ demographic details, David Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory 4.0 and traditional and PBL teaching methodologies were asked. The association of various learning styles and preferred teaching methodologies with year of study was also assessed by using Pearson’s chi-square test. Results: Out of 523 students, 518 returned the completed questionnaire. A majority of the students had either imagining or experiencing learning style. No change in learning style was observed between years of study. A significant association between the teaching methodologies and year of study was found in the imagining (p=0.033) and experiencing (p=0.044) learning style groups. Conclusion: Students from different years of study at medical school did not have significantly different learning styles though the student’s preferences to teaching methodologies seem to change over time in the respective learning style groups. Longitudinal studies are necessary to identify the factors influencing such change and explore the association between learning styles over time on teaching methodologies in medical education. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.1.2275 How to cite this:Hydrie MZI, Naqvi SMZH, Alam SN, Jafry SIA. Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory 4.0 and its association with traditional and problem based learning teaching methodologies in medical students. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(1):146-150. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.1.2275 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted from April 2018 to February 2019 to assess the level of awareness regarding the risks of self-medication among people visiting the community pharmacies of Block-13, Gulistan-e-Johar, Karachi. Data was collected from 395 participants after taking their written informed consent by using a pre-tested questionnaire and analysed on statistical package for social sciences version 20. The study results showed that 186 (47.1%) participants were aware that drugs have side-effects, 242 (61.3%) knew that a drug can make a person dependent on it, 220 (55.7%) had the knowledge that long-term use of any medicine can be harmful to the body, 132 (33.4%) were aware that all over-the-counter medicines are not safe to use, whereas178 (45.1%) believed that no medicine should be taken unless recommended by a licensed practitioner. It was concluded that many of the study participants did not have the knowledge regarding risks of self-medication.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the pre-natal and post-natal attitude and practice of family members towards the birth of a female child among people residing in an urban area. METHODS: The cross-sectional attitude and practice study was conducted from May 2018 to November 2018 in Jamshed Town and Gulshan Town in district East of Karachi, and comprised randomly chosen participants. Data was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire, and was analysed using SPSS 22. RESULTS: Of the 400 subjects, 208(52%) were males, and 387(96.8%) were Muslims. The overall mean age was 46.13±14.75 years. Gender of the subject, relationship with the child, monthly household income and number of family members were significantly associated with consideration of abortion in case of a female foetus (p

A knowledge, attitude and practice cross-sectional survey was conducted among dental practitioners doing private practice in district central, Karachi after checking eligibility and taking their written informed consent. The practitioners were interviewed by the principal investigator with the help of a pre-tested structured questionnaire developed specifically for this study. The study results revealed that 175(88.8%) of the participants were aware that waste management guidelines are applicable to them, 184(93.4%) were aware that healthcare waste is a source of infection whereas 145(73.6%) were aware about the colour coding of healthcare waste bags/containers. Moreover, 165(84.1%) thought that health care waste disposal protocol lessens the chance of injuries and infections whereas 182(92.0%) were in favour of the need to continue medical education about health care waste management. It is recommended that healthcare waste should be segregated and disposed of in a safe manner to protect the people at risk and the environment.

BackgroundAntibiotics are regularly prescribed by dental professionals in their practice, for the purpose of dental treatment as well as for the prevention of infection. The inappropriate use of antibiotics is a significant factor in the rise of antibiotic resistance. There is an immediate need for the advancement of prescribing guidelines and instructive polices to encourage the rational and appropriate utilization of medications especially antibiotics in dentistry.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify the frequency of antibiotic prescription for treating dental infections in children among dentists in teaching institutions of Karachi, Pakistan and whether they are adhering to the prescribed international guidelines.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in three private and two public colleges of Karachi. After taking written informed consent and checking the inclusion criteria, a total of 380 participants were interviewed using a pre-designed validated questionnaire which included demographic profile and clinical case scenarios. Data were entered and analyzed on SPSS version 20. Inferential analysis was performed using chi-square test. The significance level was set at 0.05.ResultsOf the 380 subjects, a majority (71.3%) treated 15 or less children per month (n = 271) while 28.7% of dentists (n = 109) treated more than 15 children per month. Overall adherence to American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry guidelines was low from 26.1% to 44.2%. The difference between adherence of dentists with low and high volume of pediatric patients was significantly different for case scenarios 1, 3, 4 and 5 (pConclusionsThis study shows that majority of dentists, particularly dentists with high volume of pediatric patients lacked adherence to professional guidelines for prescribing antibiotics for treating dental infection in children. There seem to be a lack of harmony between the recommended professional guidelines and the antibiotic prescribing pattern of dentists. Regular updates and continuing medical education for the health professionals regarding comprehensible and specific professional guidelines may lead to improved adherence of antibiotics prescription amongst dentists.