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Background/Aim. Cholesteatoma is characterized by progressive growth with the erosion of surrounding bone due to pressure effects, enzymatic activity and activation of osteoclasts. The aim of this study was to examine the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha receptor 2 (TNF R2) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) in chronic otitis media (COM) with and without acquired cholesteatoma and correlate them with the degree of bone destruction. Methods. The study included 178 patients of both sexes, aged 5?75 years, who underwent microsurgical treatment for COM, with and without cholesteatoma at the Ear, Nose and Throat Department, University Clinical Center of Republika Srpska (UCC RS), Banja Luka from 2015 to 2018. Based on cholesteatoma presence, the patients with COM were divided into two groups: with cholesteatoma (CCOM) (n = 97) and without cholesteatoma (COMWC) (n = 81). Samples of cholesteatoma perimatrix in the CCOM group and tympanic cavity inflamed mucosa in the COMWC group were collected intraoperatively. Intraoperative exploration of the middle ear included the status of the ossicular chain, individual ossicles, osseous walls of the external auditory canal (EAC) and tympanic cavity. Expression levels of TNF R2 and IL-1 were investigated by immunohistochemical analysis of tissue samples obtained during ear surgery. Results. The correlation between the level of osteodestruction and the presence of cholesteatoma was significant (p < 0.01). Elevated expression levels of TNF R2 and IL-1 were most frequent in CCOM patients with osteodestruction. The probability of osteodestruction of EAC and tympanic cavity walls was significantly higher in patients with high TNF R2 expression (p < 0.05). With respect to IL-1 expression levels, no significant correlation with the described pathomorphological changes was observed. Correlation between TNF R2 and IL-1 expressions and ossicular chain destruction was significant (p < 0.01). Conclusion. Cholesteatoma presence and elevated expression levels of TNF R2 and IL-1 in COM patients are significantly correlated. Expression levels of TNF R2 and IL-1 in acquired cholesteatoma tissue have a potential clinical significance for the occurrence of bone destruction compared to expression levels in inflamed mucosa of the tympanic cavity.

Although inflammation is known to influence bone turnover and bone mineral density (BMD), less is known about role of soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 1 (sTNFα-R1) in changes in bone turnover and BMD in the year after hip fracture. We studied 245 persons (117 men and 128 women) from the Baltimore Hip Studies. Bone turnover markers of resorption (carboxy-terminal type I collagen cross-links [CTX-I]) and formation (amino-terminal propeptide type I collagen [P1NP]), BMD of the contralateral hip, and sTNFα-R1 were measured within 15 days of hospitalization and 2, 6, and 12 months later. Latent class growth modeling was used to determine sTNFα-R1 trajectories. Weighted generalized estimating equations were used to examine the association of sTNFα-R1 trajectories with serum levels of CTX-I and P1NP and BMD; standardized beta coefficients (βˆ) are reported. Higher baseline sTNFα-R1 was significantly associated with a greater rate of CTX-I change (βˆ = 0.26, p = 0.004). Four distinct sTNFα-R1 trajectories were identified. The two groups with higher sTNFα-R1 levels during the year following fracture had faster increasing levels of CTX-I compared to the group with lowest sTNFα-R1 levels (men: group 3: βˆ = 0.76, p = 0.02; group 4: βˆ = 1.4, p

Background: The aim of the study is to evaluate in vivo and in vitro effects of etanercept, a soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor, on the contractile responses of superior mesenteric artery in an experimental mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion model. Material and methods: After obtaining animal ethics committee approval, 24 Sprague eDawley rats were allocated to three groups. Control group (Gr C, n = 6) underwent a sham operation, whereas ischemia/reperfusion and treatment groups underwent 90 min ischemia and 24- h reperfusion (Gr I/R, n = 12; Gr I/RthornE, n = 6). The treatment group received 5 mg/kg etanercept intravenously at the beginning of reperfusion. At the end of reperfusion, all animals were sacrificed, and third branch of superior mesenteric artery was dissected for evaluation of contractile responses. In vitro effects of etanercept on vasocontractile responses were also evaluated. The excised ileums were analyzed under light microscope. Two- way analysis of variance following Bonferroni post hoc test was used for evaluation of contractile responses. Results: Endothelin- 1 and phenylephrine- mediated vasocontractile sensitivity were found increased in Gr I/R when compared with Gr C. Both intravenous administration and organ bath incubation of etanercept decreased the sensitivity of contractile agents for Gr I/R. Mucosal injury, lamina propria disintegration, and denuded villous tips were observed in Gr I/R, whereas the epithelial injury and the subepithelial edema were found to be milder in Gr I/RthornE. Conclusions: Etanercept can be a promising agent in mesenteric ischemic reperfusion injury as it does not only inhibit inflammation by blocking tumor necrosis factor- a in circulation but also restores vascular contractility during reflow. These findings support an unexplained recuperative effect of drug beyond its anti- inflammatory effects. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor family and has recently emerged as key factor in atherosclerosis development. It is also associated with the development and extent of coronary artery disease (CAD). We evaluate the prognostic ability of serum OPG levels

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of narrowband ultraviolet (NB-UVB) therapy on the serum concentration of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNF-R1) in psoriasis patients. Methods: Twenty-seven patients received NB-UVB therapy three to five times a week for 4 weeks. The assessment of skin lesions using psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) and serum concentration of sTNF-R1 was performed at the baseline, at 2, 4 and 4 weeks after treatment cessation. The sera of healthy subject were used as controls. Results: The baseline PASI was 13.56±5.71, sTNF-R1 concentration was 1.89±0.43 ng/ml in patients and 1.48±0.30 ng/ml in controls (P