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The aim was to monitor the frequency of Breastfeeding (BF) and Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) in a Primary Healthcare Service, between the years of 2004 to 2015. This is a historical series is composed of eight cross-sectional surveys that were carried out during the annual vaccination campaigns. A total of 6027 children were evaluated, with a mean age of 6.2 months. There was a significant increase in the rates of BF (7.2%) and EBF (9.5%) in children less than four months old. In infants from four to five months old, a substantial decline was observed in the EBF rate between 2010 and 2015 (6.3%). The frequency of BF had a 10.1% increase in infants from six to nine months old and remained stable in children from 10 to 11 months of age. Among children less than six months old, monitoring by the health service had a positive impact on the frequency of BF ( p

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever o perfil de usuários que iniciaram a profilaxia pós-exposição ao HIV (PEP) em um serviço público, avaliando o uso dessa tecnologia pelas populações-chave recomendadas pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal retrospectivo, com uso de dados secundários de usuários atendidos entre 2015 e 2018. Foram calculadas frequências absolutas e relativas e o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson foi utilizado para comparar características comportamentais. Resultados: Dos 270 usuários, foram mais frequentes adultos jovens (45,4%), homens (74,7%), raça/cor da pele branca (76,3%), alta escolaridade (65,7%) e múltiplas parcerias sexuais (40,7%). Entre as populações-chave, observou-se maior frequência de usuários de álcool e/ou outras drogas (49,6%) e homens que fazem sexo com homens (38,1%), enquanto pessoas transgênero (2,2%) e profissionais do sexo (4,8%) fizeram menor uso da PEP. Conclusão: O uso de PEP não foi homogêneo entre os grupos vulneráveis avaliados, com baixa frequência de pessoas transgênero e profissionais do sexo. Resumen Objetivos: Describir el perfil de los usuarios que comenzaron la profilaxis post exposición al VIH (PEP) en un servicio público, evaluando el uso de esta tecnología por las poblaciones clave recomendadas por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil. Métodos: estudio longitudinal retrospectivo, con datos secundarios de usuarios atendidos entre 2015-2018. Se calcularon frecuencias absolutas y relativa y se utilizó chi-cuadrado de Pearson para comparar características de comportamiento. Resultados: De los 270 usuarios estudiados, hubo mayor frecuencia de adultos jóvenes (45,4%), blancos (76,3%), hombres (74,7%), con educación superior (65,7%) y múltiples parejas sexuales (40,7%). Entre las poblaciones clave, hubo mayor frecuencia de usuarios de alcohol y/u otras drogas (49,6%) y hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (38,1%), mientras que personas transgénero (2,2%) y trabajadoras sexuales (4,8%) hizo menos uso de PEP. Conclusión: El uso de PEP no fue homogéneo entre los grupos vulnerables evaluados, con baja frecuencia de personas transgénero y trabajadoras sexuales. Abstract Objective: To describe the profile of people who initiated HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in a public health service, evaluating the use of this technology by key populations as recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Methods: This was a retrospective longitudinal study using secondary data on service users receiving care between 2015-2018. Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated and Pearson's chi-square test was used to compare behavioral characteristics. Results: Of the 270 people evaluated, there was a higher frequency of young adults (45.4%), males (74.7%), people of white race/skin color (76.3%), with a high level of education (65.7%) and with multiple sex partners (40.7%). Among the key populations, there was a higher frequency of people who use alcohol and/or other drugs (49.6%) and men who have sex with men (38.1%), while transgender people (2.2%) and sex workers (4.8%) used PEP less. Conclusion: The use of PEP was not homogeneous among the vulnerable groups evaluated, with low frequency of transgender people and sex workers.

Background Little is known about the interaction between gender and low birth weight (LBW) and lifelong social mobility as an explanation of the etiology of obesity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate total and central obesity according to gender, LBW and social mobility, within the context of the epidemiological transition in middle-income countries. We hypothesize that there are more pronounced metabolic consequences of social mobility for women born with LBW. Methods We used data from a birth cohort study conducted in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Data regarding anthropometric measurements, schooling and smoking status were collected at 23-25 years of age. Social mobility was determined based on maternal and adult offspring schooling and categorized as Low-Low, Low-High and High-High. Analysis of covariance was performed to assess the association between social mobility and body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC) in adulthood, stratified by LBW and gender. Results Data on 6827 singleton pregnancies were collected at birth in 1978/79 and a sample was followed up in 2002/04. A total of 2063 subjects were included in the study. Mean age was 23.9 ± 0.7 years, 51.8% (n = 1068) were female and the LBW was 6.2% (n = 128). There was a triple interaction between social mobility, LBW and gender. Among women born without LBW, BMI and WC were higher in the Low-Low group compared to High-High schooling group. Among LBW women, BMI and WC were higher in the Low-Low group compared to the Low-High group. Conclusions Women born with LBW belonging to the low schooling group in early adulthood had high BMI and WC, compared to the Low-High social mobility group.

Background: Cesarean delivery (CD) perturbs the assembly of the neonatal gut microbiome and has been associated with child and adult obesity. However, it is still unknown whether CD is associated with metabolic risk factors in young adults. Objective: We investigated the association of CD and metabolic risk factors in young adults in a cohort study who were 23-25 y of age at follow-up. Design: We used data from a cohort study in Ribeirao Preto, Brazil. Baseline data on 6827 singleton pregnancies were collected in 1978-1979, and a sample of 2063 subjects were followed up 23-25 y later (2002-2004). Information on the type of delivery, birth weight, maternal age, parity, maternal schooling, and maternal smoking was obtained after birth. Anthropometric data, biochemical measure- ments, and information on participant schooling and smoking his- tory were collected at 23-25 y of age. A linear regression was performed to assess the association between CD and biochemical measurements in early adulthood, controlling for a minimum set of confounders that were identified in a directed acyclic graph. Results: The mean 6 SD age of the subjects was 23.9 6 0.71 y, and 51.8% of the sample were women. The CD rate was 32.0% and was more common in older (P , 0.001) and more educated mothers (P , 0.001). Compared with vaginal delivery, CD was associated with higher body mass index (BMI) after multivariable adjustment (P , 0.001) but not with glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, the quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, or triglycerides (all P. 0.05). Conclusion: In our sample of Brazilian adults, CD was associated with higher BMI but not with other metabolic risk factors. Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.105205.

The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy complicate up to 10% of pregnancies worldwide and are a leading cause of maternal, foetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to present an overview of recent studies addressing offspring’s medium and long-term health outcomes after intrauterine exposure to maternal hypertension. A search on PubMed/MEDLINE and Bireme databases was conducted to identify observational studies that reported any offspring outcome measured after the 6th month of life. The search was limited to studies published after May 2008. Forty-five articles were included and categorized into four groups of outcomes: cardiovascular, immune, metabolic and behavioural/neurological effects. According to our findings, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy had an overall negative impact on offspring’s cardiovascular, immune and neurological health, although not all parameters analysed in each group had consistent results among studies. The most prominent and reliable associations were verified between gestational hypertension and higher offspring’s blood pressure and between preeclampsia and offspring’s lower cognitive functioning. In the metabolic outcomes, body composition had conflicting results among papers, while all studies that examined blood biomarkers showed no evidence that preeclampsia or gestational hypertension could be associated with an alteration of this metabolic outcomes. Most included studies were highly heterogeneous regarding the measure of outcomes and covariables used for adjustments. Future studies should consider using the same protocols and cut-off points already published so that results can be better compared and summarized.This review was registered in PROSPERO. Registration number: CRD42015020838

Introduction The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for mother and offspring, and complicate up to 10% of pregnancies over the world. Objectives The aim was to systematically review evidence of offspring’s medium and long term health outcomes after intrauterine exposure to maternal hypertension during pregnancy. Methods A research on PubMed/MEDLINE and Bireme databases were conducted to identify observational studies that reported evidence about any offspring outcome measured after the 6th month of life. Two authors independently and blindly reviewed the titles, abstracts and full papers, selecting those that meet all inclusion criteria. For each step, a third reviewer was requested to decide disagreements. Results A total of 45 were included in the review and the outcomes were categorized into four groups: cardiovascular, immune, metabolic and behavioral/neurological effects. According to our findings, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy had an overall negative effect on offspring’s cardiovascular, immune and neurological health. The most prominent and reliable associations were verified between preeclampsia and offspring’s lower cognitive functioning and between gestational hypertension and higher offspring’s blood pressure. Among the metabolic outcomes, body composition had conflicting results, while all studies that examined blood biomarkers showed no evidence of alteration after preeclampsia or gestational hypertension exposure. Most included studies were highly heterogeneous regarding the measure of outcomes and covariables used for adjustments. Conclusions Our findings suggest that further researches are necessary to overcome the heterogeneity of the studies about maternal hypertension disorders during pregnancy and to reveal the mechanisms involved in the observed associations. Future studies should consider using the same protocols and cut-off points already published so that results can be better compared and summarized.