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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of COVID-19 emergency on elective oncological surgical activity in Italy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: COVID-19 emergency shocked national health systems, subtracting resources from treatment of other diseases. Its impact on surgical oncology is still to elucidate. METHODS: A 56-question survey regarding the oncological surgical activity in Italy during the COVID-19 emergency was sent to referral centers for hepato-bilio-pancreatic, colorectal, esophago-gastric, and sarcoma/soft-tissue tumors. The survey portrays the situation 5 weeks after the first case of secondary transmission in Italy. RESULTS: In total, 54 surgical Units in 36 Hospitals completed the survey (95%). After COVID-19 emergency, 70% of Units had reduction of hospital beds (median -50%) and 76% of surgical activity (median -50%). The number of surgical procedures decreased: 3.8 (interquartile range 2.7-5.4) per week before the emergency versus 2.6 (22-4.4) after (P = 0.036). In Lombardy, the most involved district, the number decreased from 3.9 to 2 procedures per week. The time interval between multidisciplinary discussion and surgery more than doubled: 7 (6-10) versus 3 (3-4) weeks (P < 0.001). Two-third (n = 34) of departments had repeated multidisciplinary discussion of patients. The commonest criteria to prioritize surgery were tumor biology (80%), time interval from neoadjuvant therapy (61%), risk of becoming unresectable (57%), and tumor-related symptoms (52%). Oncological hub-and-spoke program was planned in 29 departments, but was active only in 10 (19%). CONCLUSIONS: This survey showed how surgical oncology suffered remarkable reduction of the activity resulting in doubled waiting-list. The oncological hub-and-spoke program did not work adequately. The reassessment of healthcare systems to better protect the oncological path seems a priority.

Simple Summary This review proposes a comprehensive overview of the main prognostic systems for HCC classified as prognostic scores, staging systems, or combined systems. Prognostic systems for HCC are usually compared in terms of homogeneity, monotonicity of gradients, and discrimination ability. However, despite the great number of published studies comparing HCC prognostic systems, it is rather difficult to identify a system that could be universally accepted as the best prognostic scheme for all HCC patients encountered in clinical practice. In order to give a contribute in this topic, we conducted a study aimed at externally validate the MESH score and the CNLC classification using the ITA.LI.CA database. Abstract Prognostic assessment in patients with HCC remains an extremely difficult clinical task due to the complexity of this cancer where tumour characteristics interact with degree of liver dysfunction, patient general health status, and a large span of available treatment options. Several prognostic systems have been proposed in the last three decades, both from the Asian and European/North American countries. Prognostic scores, such as the CLIP score and the recent MESH score, have been generated on a solid statistical basis from real life population data, while staging systems, such as the BCLC scheme and the recent CNLC classification, have been created by experts according to recent HCC prognostic evidences from the literature. A third category includes combined prognostic systems that can be used both as prognostic scores and staging systems. A recent example is the ITA.LI.CA prognostic system including either a prognostic score and a simplified staging system. This review focuses first on an overview of the main prognostic systems for HCC classified according to the above three categories, and, second, on a comprehensive description of the methodology required for a correct comparison between different systems in terms of prognostic performance. In this second section the main studies in the literature comparing different prognostic systems are described in detail. Lastly, a formal comparison between the last prognostic systems proposed for each of the above three categories is performed using a large Italian database including 6882 HCC patients in order to concretely apply the comparison rules previously described.

Background Although isolated caudate lobe (CL) liver resection is not a contraindication for minimally invasive liver surgery (MILS), feasibility and safety of the procedure are still poorly investigated. To address this gap, we evaluate data on the Italian prospective maintained database on laparoscopic liver surgery (IgoMILS) and compare outcomes between MILS and open group. Methods Perioperative data of patients with malignancies, as colorectal liver metastases (CRLM), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), non-colorectal liver metastases (NCRLM) and benign liver disease, were retrospectively analyzed. A propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed to balance the potential selection bias for MILS and open group. Results A total of 224 patients were included in the study, 47 and 177 patients underwent MILS and open isolated CL resection, respectively. The overall complication rate was comparable between the two groups; however, severe complication rate (Dindo–Clavien grade ≥ 3) was lower in the MILS group (0% versus 6.8%, P = ns). In-hospital mortality was 0% in both groups and mean hospital stay was significantly shorter in the MILS group (P = 0.01). After selection of 42 MILS and 43 open CL resections by PSM analysis, intraoperative and postoperative outcomes remained similar except for the hospital stay which was not significantly shorter in MILS group. Conclusions This multi-institutional cohort study shows that MILS CL resection is feasible and safe. The surgical procedure can be technically demanding compared to open resection, whereas good perioperative outcomes can be achieved in highly selected patients.

Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign condition characterized by a discolored, hairy appearance of the dorsal tongue. The lesion is distributed on the dorsal aspect of the tongue and does not involve the lateral and the tip site of the tongue. The most common discoloration of the tongue in this condition is black to blackish-brown, but it can present with green or yellow discoloration or can lack pigmentation altogether. Glycin powder is described in the literature for the treatment of periodontitis and per implantitis, but never is it used for treatment of hairy tongue. 50-year-old male patient came to our observation showed a whitish film on the tongue with hypertrophy of the filiform papillae, typical of a hairy tongue. It is decided to treat the patient with glycine powder using an airflow hand piece. The powder was insufflated for about 2 minutes on the lingual central surface. 7 days after the lingual lesion healed. The use of glycin powder is considered safe and effective in the literature, especially in removing biofilms. This case report could be the starting point for randomized clinical trials that investigate the use of glycine powder in treatment of hairy tongue.

The safety of minimally invasive procedures during COVID pandemic remains hotly debated, especially in a country, like Italy, where minimally invasive techniques have progressively and pervasively entered clinical practice, in both the hepatobiliary and pancreatic community. A nationwide snapshot of the management of HPB minimally invasive surgery activity during COVID-19 pandemic is provided: a survey was developed and conducted within AICEP (Italian Association of HepatoBilioPancreatic Surgeons) with the final aim of conveying the experience, knowledge, and opinions into a unitary report enabling more efficient crisis management. Results from the survey (81 respondents) show that, in Italian hospitals, minimally invasive surgery maintains its role despite the COVID-19 pandemic, with the registered reduction of cases being proportional to the overall reduction of the HPB surgical activity. Respondents agree that the switch from minimally invasive to open technique can be considered as a valid option for cases with a high technical complexity. Several issues merit specific attention: screening for virus positivity should be universally performed; only expert surgical teams should operate on positive patients and specific technical measures to lower the biological risk of contamination during surgery must be followed. Future studies specifically designed to establish the true risks in minimally invasive surgery are suggested. Furthermore, a standard and univocal process of prioritization of patients from Regional Healthcare Systems is advisable. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s13304-020-00815-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

At the time of diagnosis synchronous colorectal cancer, liver metastases (SCRLM) account for 15–25% of patients. If primary tumour and synchronous liver metastases are resectable, good results may be achieved performing surgical treatment incorporated into the chemotherapy regimen. So far, the possibility of simultaneous minimally invasive (MI) surgery for SCRLM has not been extensively investigated. The Italian surgical community has captured the need and undertaken the effort to establish a National Consensus on this topic. Four main areas of interest have been analysed: patients’ selection, procedures, techniques, and implementations. To establish consensus, an adapted Delphi method was used through as many reiterative rounds were needed. Systematic literature reviews were conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses instructions. The Consensus took place between February 2019 and July 2020. Twenty-six Italian centres participated. Eighteen clinically relevant items were identified. After a total of three Delphi rounds, 30-tree recommendations reached expert consensus establishing the herein presented guidelines. The Italian Consensus on MI surgery for SCRLM indicates possible pathways to optimise the treatment for these patients as consensus papers express a trend that is likely to become shortly a standard procedure for clinical pictures still on debate. As matter of fact, no RCT or relevant case series on simultaneous treatment of SCRLM are available in the literature to suggest guidelines. It remains to be investigated whether the MI technique for the simultaneous treatment of SCRLM maintain the already documented benefit of the two separate surgeries.

Surgical outcomes may be associated with hospital volume and the influence of volume on minimally invasive liver surgery (MILS) is not known.Patients entered into the prospective registry of the Italian Group of MILS from 2014 to 2018 were considered. Only centres with an accrual period of at least 12 months and stable MILS activity during the enrolment period were included. Case volume was defined by the mean number of minimally invasive liver resections performed per month (MILS/month).A total of 2225 MILS operations were undertaken by 46 centres; nine centres performed more than two MILS/month (1376 patients) and 37 centres carried out two or fewer MILS/month (849 patients). The proportion of resections of anterolateral segments decreased with case volume, whereas that of major hepatectomies increased. Left lateral sectionectomies and resections of anterolateral segments had similar outcome in the two groups. Resections of posterosuperior segments and major hepatectomies had higher overall and severe morbidity rates in centres performing two or fewer MILS/month than in those undertaking a larger number (posterosuperior segments resections: overall morbidity 30·4 versus 18·7 per cent respectively, and severe morbidity 9·9 versus 4·0 per cent; left hepatectomy: 46 versus 22 per cent, and 19 versus 5 per cent; right hepatectomy: 42 versus 34 per cent, and 25 versus 15 per cent).A volume-outcome association existed for minimally invasive hepatectomy. Complex and major resections may be best managed in high-volume centres.Los resultados quirúrgicos pueden estar relacionados con el volumen de casos del hospital, pero no se conoce la influencia en la cirugía mínimamente invasiva del hígado (minimally‐invasive liver surgery, MILS). MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron los pacientes registrados en el registro prospectivo del grupo italiano de MILS desde 2014 a 2018. Solo se consideraron centros con extensión de ≥ 12 meses y actividad estable de MILS durante el periodo de reclutamiento. El volumen de casos se definió como el número de MILS efectuado por mes.Se llevaron a cabo un total de 2.225 MILS en 46 centros, 9 de ellos con 2 MILS/mes (n = 1.376 pacientes) y 37 centros con ≤ 2 MILS/mes (n = 849). La proporción de resecciones de segmentos anterolaterales disminuyó con el volumen de casos, mientras que la proporción de hepatectomías mayores aumentó. Los resultados para ambos grupos fueron similares en las seccionectomías lateral izquierda y en las resecciones del segmento anterolateral. Las resecciones del segmento posterosuperior y las hepatectomías mayores presentaron tasas más altas de morbilidad global y morbilidad grave en centros que realizaban ≤ 2 MILS/mes que en los que realizaban 2 MILS/mes (resecciones del segmento posterosuperior, morbilidad global 30,4 versus 18,7%, morbilidad grave 9,9 versus 4,0%; hepatectomía izquierda, 46,2 versus 22,0%, 19,2 versus 5,5%; hepatectomía derecha, 41,7 versus 33,8%, 25,0 versus 14.9%). CONCLUSIÓN: Se observó una asociación volumen‐resultado para la resección hepática mínimamente invasiva. Las resecciones complejas y mayores se pueden manejar mejor en centros de gran volumen.

Background In case of bilobar colorectal liver metastases (CLM) associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) has been proposed. Enhanced one-stage ultrasound-guided hepatectomy (e-OSH) may represent a further solution for these patients. Aim of this study was to compare by case-match analyses the outcome of ALPPS and e-OSH. Methods Between 2012 and 2017, patients undergoing ALPPS for bilobar CLM were matched 1:2 with patients receiving e-OSH. Patients were matched according to the Fong Score (1–3/4–5), the number of CLM (3–7/≥8), the number of CLM in the left liver (1–2/≥3) and preoperative chemotherapy. All the patients in the e-OSH group had a right -sided major vascular contact. The main endpoints of the study were perioperative outcomes, overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Results Seventy-eight patients were selected (26 ALPPS and 52 e-OSH) based on matching process. The two treatments differed significantly in major morbidity (26.9% ALPPS vs 7.7% e-OSH, p = 0.017). Median OS (31.7 vs 32.6 months) and DFS (10.6 vs 7.8 months) were comparable between the two groups. Conclusions This study demonstrates that ALPPS and e-OSH for bilobar CLM achieve comparable long-term results, despite higher morbidity reported after ALPPS. These findings should drive to reposition e-OSH in managing these patients.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate minor hepatectomy (MiH) outcomes. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Liver surgery has moved toward a parenchyma-sparing approach, favoring MiHs over major resections. MiHs encompass a wide range of procedures. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated consecutive patients who underwent open liver resections in 17 high-volume centers. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: cirrhosis and associated digestive/biliary resections. Resections were classified as (Brisbane nomenclature): limited resections (LR); (mono)segmentectomies/bisegmentectomies (Segm/Bisegm); right anterior and right posterior sectionectomies (RightAnteriorSect/RightPosteriorSect). Additionally, we defined: complex LRs (ComplexLR = LRs with exposed vessels); postero-superior segmentectomies (PosteroSuperiorSegm = segment (Sg)7, Sg8, and Sg7+Sg8 segmentectomies); and complex core hepatectomies (ComplexCoreHeps = Sg1 segmentectomies and combined resections of Sg4s+Sg8+Sg1). Left lateral sectionectomies (LLSs, n = 442) and right hepatectomies (RHs, n = 1042) were reference standards. Outcomes were adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: Four thousand four hundred seventy-one MiHs were analyzed. Compared with RHs, MiHs had lower 90-day mortality (0.5%/2.2%), severe morbidity (8.6%/14.4%), and liver failure rates (2.4%/11.6%, P < 0.001), but similar bile leak rates. LR and LLS had similar outcomes. ComplexLR and Segm/Bisegm of anterolateral segments had higher bile leak rates than LLS rates (OR = 2.35 and OR = 3.24), but similar severe morbidity rates. ComplexCoreHeps had higher bile leak rates than RH rates (OR = 1.94); the severe morbidity rate approached that of RH. PosteroSuperiorSegm, RightAnteriorSect, and RightPosteriorSect had severe morbidity and bile leak rates similar to RH rates. MiHs had low liver failure rates, except RightAnteriorSect (vs LLS OR = 4.02). CONCLUSIONS: MiHs had heterogeneous outcomes. Mortality was low, but MiHs could be stratified according to severe morbidity, bile leak, and liver failure rates. Some MiHs had postoperative outcomes similar to RH.

Growing interest is recently being focused on the role played by the platelets in favoring hepatocellular cancer (HCC) growth and dissemination. The present review reports in detail both the experimental and clinical evidence published on this topic. Several growth factors and angiogenic molecules specifically secreted by platelets are directly connected with tumor progression and neo-angiogenesis. Among them, we can list the platelet-derived growth factor, the vascular endothelial growth factor, the endothelial growth factor, and serotonin. Platelets are also involved in tumor spread, favoring endothelium permeabilization and tumor cells' extravasation and survival in the bloodstream. From the bench to the clinics, all of these aspects were also investigated in clinical series, showing an evident correlation between platelet count and size of HCC, tumor biological behavior, metastatic spread, and overall survival rates. Moreover, a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the platelet-tumor axis represents a paramount aspect for optimizing both current tumor treatment and development of new therapeutic strategies against HCC. Growing interest is recently being focused on the role played by the platelets in favoring hepatocellular cancer (HCC) growth and dissemination. The present review reports in detail both the experimental and clinical evidence published on this topic. Several growth factors and angiogenic molecules specifically secreted by platelets are directly connected with tumor progression and neo-angiogenesis. Among them, we can list the platelet-derived growth factor, the vascular endothelial growth factor, the endothelial growth factor, and serotonin. Platelets are also involved in tumor spread, favoring endothelium permeabilization and tumor cells’ extravasation and survival in the bloodstream. From the bench to the clinics, all of these aspects were also investigated in clinical series, showing an evident correlation between platelet count and size of HCC, tumor biological behavior, metastatic spread, and overall survival rates. Moreover, a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the platelet–tumor axis represents a paramount aspect for optimizing both current tumor treatment and development of new therapeutic strategies against HCC.

Objective To stratify major hepatectomies (MajHs) according to their outcomes. Summary of background data MajHs are associated with non-negligible operative risks, but they include a wide range of procedures. Detailed depiction of the outcomes of different MajHs is the basis for a new classification of liver resections. Methods We retrospectively considered patients that underwent hepatectomy in 17 high-volume centers. Patients with an associated digestive/biliary resection were excluded. We analyzed open MajHs in non-cirrhotic patients. MajHs were classified according to the Brisbane nomenclature. Right hepatectomies (RHs) were reference standards. Outcomes were adjusted for potential confounders, including indication, liver function, preoperative portal vein embolization, and enrolling center. Results We analyzed a series of 2212 patients. In comparison with RH, left hepatectomy had lower mortality [0.6% vs 2.2%, odds ratio (OR) = 0.25], severe morbidity (11.7% vs 14.4%, OR = 0.62), and liver failure rates (2.1% vs 11.6%, OR = 0.16). Left hepatectomy+Sg1 and mesohepatectomy+/-Sg1 had outcomes similar to RH, except for higher bile leak rate (31.3% and 13.5% vs 6.7%, OR = 4.36 and OR = 2.29). RH + Sg1 had slightly worse outcomes than RH. Right and left trisectionectomies had higher mortality (5.0% and 7.3% vs 2.2%, OR = 2.07 and OR = 2.71) and liver failure rates than RH (19.0% and 22.0% vs 11.6%, OR = 2.03 and OR = 2.21). Left trisectionectomy had even higher severe morbidity (25.6% vs 14.4%, OR = 2.07) and bile leak rates (14.6% vs 6.7%, OR = 2.31). Conclusions The term "major hepatectomy" includes resections having heterogeneous outcome. Different MajHs can be stratified according to their mortality, severe morbidity, liver failure, and bile leak rates.

Background and aims We aimed to investigate the impact of vascular resection (VR) on postoperative outcomes and survival of patients undergoing hepatectomy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Methods A retrospective analysis of a multi-institutional series of 270 patients with resected ICC was carried out. Patients were divided into three groups: portal vein VR (PVR), inferior vena cava VR (CVR) and no VR (NVR). Univariate and multivariate analysis were applied to define the impact of VR on postoperative outcomes and survival. Results Thirty-one patients (11.5%) underwent VR: 15 (5.6%) to PVR and 16 (5.9%) to CVR. R0 resection rates were 73.6% in NVR, 73.3% of PVR and 68.8% in CVR. The postoperative mortality rate was increased in VR groups: 2.5% in NVR, 6.7% in PVR and 12.5% in CVR. The 5-years overall survival (OS) rates progressively decreased from 38.4% in NVR, to 30.1% in CVR and to 22.2% in PVR, p = 0.030. However, multivariable analysis did not confirm an association between VR and prognosis. The following prognostic factors were identified: size ≥50 mm, patterns of distribution of hepatic nodules (single, satellites or multifocal), lymph-node metastases (N1) and R1 resections. In the VR group the 5-years OS rate in patients without lymph-node metastases undergoing R0 resection (VRR0N0) was 44.4%, while in N1 patients undergoing R1 resection was 20% (p Conclusion Vascular resection (PVR and CVR) is associated with higher operative risk, but seems to be justified by the good survival results, especially in patients without other negative prognostic factors (R0N0 resections).

Background and Aims: The role of lymph node dissection (LND) in patients with small intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is still under debate. The aims of this study were to compare the lymph node (LN) status and its correlation with survival among patients with ICC stratified by tumor size. Methods: A retrospective analysis of a multi-institutional series of 259 patients undergoing curative-intent surgery was carried out. Patients were stratified into Small-ICC (≤ 3cm) and Large-ICC (> 3cm) based on tumor size. Results: There were 53 and 206 patients in Small-ICC and Large-ICC groups, respectively. The incidence of LND was 62% among Small-ICC patients and 78% among Large-ICC patients (p = 0.016). LN metastases were identified in 30.3% and 38.5% of Small-ICC and Large-ICC patients, respectively (p = 0.37). No differences in terms of number of harvested LN and LN metastases were identified comparing Small- and Large-ICC patients. The 5-year overall survival (OS) was 52.6% for Small-ICC and 36.2% for Large-ICC (p = 0.024). The 5-year OS according to the LN status (N0 vs N+) was 84.8% and 36.0% (p = 0.032) in Small-ICC, and 45.7% and 12.1% in Large-ICC (p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion: While Small-ICC patients with no LN metastasis had a good long-term survival, the LN resulted in an important variable associated with survival also for patients in this group. Moreover, the incidence of LN metastasis did not differ when comparing Small-ICC and Large-ICC patients, suggesting that LND is mandatory in the surgical treatment of ICC regardless of tumor size.

Portal vein occlusion (PVO) is used to increase inadequate future liver remnant volume (FLRV). Impaired liver regeneration has been reported in aged animals. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of patient age on hepatic regeneration. Sixty patients aged a parts per thousand yen70 years were matched 1:1 with 60 patients aged < 70 years. Matching criteria were sex, diabetes, cirrhosis, pre-PVO chemotherapy and bevacizumab administration, and jaundice. The median ages in the older and younger groups were 76 (range 70-83) years and 59 (range 20-69) years, respectively (p < 0.001). Median FLRV following PVO (33.1 +/- A 6.8 vs. 31.9 +/- A 6.0 %) and volumetric increase (0.52 +/- A 0.35 vs. 0.49 +/- A 0.34) were similar in the two groups. Of the older and younger patients, 10 % and 1.7 %, respectively, did not undergo liver surgery after PVO (p = 0.051). Mortality (5.5 vs. 6.7 %) and major morbidity (25.9.8 vs. 22 %) rates were similar. Liver failure rate was higher in older patients (35.1 vs. 16.9 %, p < 0.026), mainly due to Grade A liver failure (20.3 vs. 8.4 %, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that age a parts per thousand yen 70 years [odds ratio (OR) 3.03; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.18-7.78; p = 0.020] and biliary cancer diagnosis (OR 4.69; 95 % CI 1.81-12.09; p = 0.001) were independent risk factors for postoperative liver failure. Liver regeneration after PVO is not impaired by age. Nevertheless, liver resection in elderly patients is performed less often after PVO and carries a higher risk of liver failure.