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Ground-based Doppler-lidar instrumentation provides atmospheric wind data at dramatically improved accuracies and spatial/temporal resolutions. These capabilities have provided new insights into atmospheric flow phenomena, but they also should have a strong role in NWP model improvement. Insight into the nature of model errors can be gained by studying recurrent atmospheric flows, here a regional summertime diurnal sea breeze and subsequent marine-air intrusion into the arid interior of Oregon–Washington, where these winds are an important wind-energy resource. These marine intrusions were sampled by three scanning Doppler lidars in the Columbia River basin as part of the Second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2), using data from summer 2016. Lidar time–height cross sections of wind speed identified 8 days when the diurnal flow cycle (peak wind speeds at midnight, afternoon minima) was obvious and strong. The 8-day composite time–height cross sections of lidar wind speeds are used to validate those generated by the operational NCEP–HRRR model. HRRR simulated the diurnal wind cycle, but produced errors in the timing of onset and significant errors due to a premature nighttime demise of the intrusion flow, producing low-bias errors of 6 m s−1. Day-to-day and in the composite, whenever a marine intrusion occurred, HRRR made these same errors. The errors occurred under a range of gradient wind conditions indicating that they resulted from the misrepresentation of physical processes within a limited region around the measurement locations. Because of their generation within a limited geographical area, field measurement programs can be designed to find and address the sources of these NWP errors.

Annually and seasonally averaged wind profiles from three Doppler lidars were obtained from sites in the Columbia River basin of east-central Oregon and Washington, a major region of wind-energy production, for the Second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2) experiment. The profile data are used to quantify the spatial variability of wind flows in this area of complex terrain, to assess the HRRR–NCEP model’s ability to capture spatial and temporal variability of wind profiles, and to evaluate model errors. Annually averaged measured wind speed differences over the 70-km extent of the lidar measurements reached 1 m s−1 within the wind-turbine rotor layer, and 2 m s−1 for 200–500 m AGL. Stronger wind speeds in the lowest 500 m occurred at sites higher in elevation, farther from the river, and farther west—closer to the Cascade Mountain barrier. Validating against the lidar data, the HRRR model underestimated strong wind speeds (>12 m s−1) and, consequently, their frequency of occurrence, especially at the two lowest-elevation sites, producing annual low biases in rotor-layer wind speed of 0.5 m s−1. The RMSE between measured and modeled winds at all sites was about 3 m s−1 and did not degrade significantly with forecast lead time. The nature of the model errors was different for different seasons. Moreover, although the three sites were located in the same basin terrain, the nature of the model errors was different at each site. Thus, if only one of the sites had been instrumented, different conclusions would have been drawn as to the major sources of model error, depending on where the measurements were made.

Documentation is essential for communicating care between credentialed nutrition and dietetics practitioners and other health care providers. A validated tool that can evaluate quality documentation of the Nutrition Care Process (NCP) encounter, including progress on outcomes is lacking. The aim of the NCP Quality Evaluation and Standardization Tool (QUEST) validation study is to revise an existing NCP audit tool and evaluate it when used within US Veterans Affairs in all clinical care settings. Six registered dietitian nutritionists revised an existing NCP audit tool. The revised tool (NCP-QUEST) was analyzed for clarity, relevance, and reliability. Eighty-five documentation notes (44 initial, 41 reassessment) were received from eight volunteer Veterans Affairs sites. Five of six registered dietitian nutritionists participated in the interrater reliability testing blinded to each other's ratings; and two registered dietitian nutritionists participated in intrarater reliability reviewing the same notes 6 weeks later blinded to the original ratings. Results showed moderate levels of agreement in interrater reliability (Krippendorff’s α = .62 for all items, .66 for total score, and .52 for quality category rating). Intrarater reliability was excellent for all items (α = .86 to .87 for all items; .91 to .94 for total score and.74 to .89 for quality category rating). The NCP-QUEST has high content validity (Content Validity Index = 0.78 for item level, and 0.9 for scale level) after two cycles of content validity review. The tool can facilitate critical thinking, improved linking of NCP chains, and is a necessary foundation for quality data collection and outcomes management. The NCP-QUEST tool can improve accuracy and confidence in charting.

Evaluation of model skill in predicting winds over the ocean was performed by comparing retrospective runs of numerical weather prediction (NWP) forecast models to shipborne Doppler lidar measurements in the Gulf of Maine, a potential region for U.S. coastal wind farm development. Deployed on board the NOAA R/V Ronald H. Brown during a 2004 field campaign, the high-resolution Doppler lidar (HRDL) provided accurate motion-compensated wind measurements from the water surface up through several hundred meters of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL). The quality and resolution of the HRDL data allow detailed analysis of wind flow at heights within the rotor layer of modern wind turbines and data on other critical variables to be obtained, such as wind speed and direction shear, turbulence, low-level jet properties, ramp events, and many other wind-energy-relevant aspects of the flow. This study will focus on the quantitative validation of NWP models’ wind forecasts within the lower MABL by comparison with HRDL measurements. Validation of two modeling systems rerun in special configurations for these 2004 cases—the hourly updated Rapid Refresh (RAP) system and a special hourly updated version of the North American Mesoscale Forecast System [NAM Rapid Refresh (NAMRR)]—are presented. These models were run at both normal-resolution (RAP, 13 km; NAMRR, 12 km) and high-resolution versions: the NAMRR-CONUS-nest (4 km) and the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR, 3 km). Each model was run twice: with (experimental runs) and without (control runs) assimilation of data from 11 wind profiling radars located along the U.S. East Coast. The impact of the additional assimilation of the 11 profilers was estimated by comparing HRDL data to modeled winds from both runs. The results obtained demonstrate the importance of high-resolution lidar measurements to validate NWP models and to better understand what atmospheric conditions may impact the accuracy of wind forecasts in the marine atmospheric boundary layer. Results of this research will also provide a first guess as to the uncertainties of wind resource assessment using NWP models in one of the U.S. offshore areas projected for wind plant development.

To assess current capabilities for measuring flow within the atmospheric boundary layer, including within wind farms, the U.S. Department of Energy sponsored the eXperimental Planetary boundary layer Instrumentation Assessment (XPIA) campaign at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO) in spring 2015. Herein, we summarize the XPIA field experiment, highlight novel measurement approaches, and quantify uncertainties associated with these measurement methods. Line-of-sight velocities measured by scanning lidars and radars exhibit close agreement with tower measurements, despite differences in measurement volumes. Virtual towers of wind measurements, from multiple lidars or radars, also agree well with tower and profiling lidar measurements. Estimates of winds over volumes from scanning lidars and radars are in close agreement, enabling the assessment of spatial variability. Strengths of the radar systems used here include high scan rates, large domain coverage, and availability during most precipitation events, but they struggle at times to provide data during periods with limited atmospheric scatterers. In contrast, for the deployment geometry tested here, the lidars have slower scan rates and less range but provide more data during nonprecipitating atmospheric conditions. Microwave radiometers provide temperature profiles with approximately the same uncertainty as radio acoustic sounding systems (RASS). Using a motion platform, we assess motion-compensation algorithms for lidars to be mounted on offshore platforms. Finally, we highlight cases for validation of mesoscale or large-eddy simulations, providing information on accessing the archived dataset. We conclude that modern remote sensing systems provide a generational improvement in observational capabilities, enabling the resolution of finescale processes critical to understanding inhomogeneous boundary layer flows.

Wind turbine wakes in the atmosphere are three-dimensional (3D) and time dependent. An important question is how best to measure atmospheric wake properties, both for characterizing these properties observationally and for verification of numerical, conceptual, and physical (e.g., wind tunnel) models of wakes. Here a scanning, pulsed, coherent Doppler lidar is used to sample a turbine wake using 3D volume scan patterns that envelop the wake and simultaneously measure the inflow profile. The volume data are analyzed for quantities of interest, such as peak velocity deficit, downwind variability of the deficit, and downwind extent of the wake, in a manner that preserves the measured data. For the case study presented here, in which the wake was well defined in the lidar data, peak deficits of up to 80% were measured 0.6–2 rotor diameters (D) downwind of the turbine, and the wakes extended more than 11D downwind. Temporal wake variability over periods of minutes and the effects of atmospheric gusts and lulls in the inflow are demonstrated in the analysis. Lidar scanning trade-offs important to ensuring that the wake quantities of interest are adequately sampled by the scan pattern, including scan coverage, number of scans per volume, data resolution, and scan-cycle repeat interval, are discussed.

Addressing the need for high-quality wind information aloft in the layer occupied by turbine rotors (~30–150 m above ground level) is one of many significant challenges facing the wind energy industry. Without wind measurements at heights within the rotor sweep of the turbines, characteristics of the flow in this layer are unknown for wind energy and modeling purposes. Since flow in this layer is often decoupled from the surface, near-surface measurements are prone to errant extrapolation to these heights, and the behavior of the near-surface winds may not reflect that of the upper-level flow.

To determine if there was a problem of misidentification of mammographically detected masses with freehand ultrasound (US), the authors examined 50 mammographically distinct masses in 47 patients who were scheduled to undergo needle localization. In only six cases were the masses to be localized in an area of the breast that contained other mammographic opacities that could have led to problems of identification. The patients were first studied with freehand US. Results were then compared with those subsequently obtained with a fenestrated mammographic compression grid to guide the US evaluation. Needle localization was then performed. In five of 50 cases, masses detected with freehand US and initially believed to correspond to the mammographically detected mass were subsequently found to represent different areas of the breast when US was used with the compression grid. These results suggest that the potential for misidentification of masses with freehand US is real and that a mammographic grid localization device can be used to overcome this problem.

As the quantity of cylindrical components needed for in-space assembly grows to accommodate larger structures, so does the need for compact storage of these components during transportation to the site. Hex-Close-Pack is the ideal configuration for cylindrical parts. It offers a density increased by a factor of 4 compared to existing methods intended for robotic assembly. Usual requirements for objects maneuvered on-orbit include: positive hold-down, positive hand-off, and package strength to withstand launch dynamic loads. The first two issues have been addressed with new manipulation techniques that are compatible with both robotic construction and compact storage. Packaging schemes that improve strength and are consistent with the new techniques are presented. Pallet manipulation and storage are additional issues that are a function of package configuration. Pallet design can greatly reduce time and space required, for these tasks.

A 21 -month-old girl was brought to the emergency department, unresponsive and hypotensive. Physical examination revealed multipIe bruises, lacerations, and human bite marks on the abdomen and back. Mild erythema around the vaginal introitus was present. Urinalysis showed a large quantity of myoglobin. Radiologic workup included a normal chest radiograph, cranial CT, and skeletal survey. Abdominal CT performed shortly after admission showed low-density intraperitoneal fluid, gastric distension, and gastric antral thickening due to an intramural hematoma (Fig. 1A). An upper gastrointestinal examination showed passage of contrast material into the duodenum without evidence of duodenal hematoma (Fig. 1B). After hydration, the patient became alert and active. However, on the second day after admission, she had increasing abdominal tendemess. The previously normal WBC count rose to 20 x 10 /l with a shift to the left. Repeated abdominal radiographs and abdominal CT scans were remarkable for air within the gastric wall as well as for gastric distension and antral hematoma (Fig. 1C). The patient was treated with IV antibiotics and was monitored closely in the intensive care unit. An upper gastrointestinal examination performed 1 0 days after admission showed resolution of the hematoma but persistence of air within the gastric wall. A follow-up upper gastrointestinal examination done 17 days after admission showed resolution of the gastric pneumatosis. Discussion

*Contribution No. 1, Subproject 1 " The Nutritional Status and Dietary Needs of Older People " of the North Central Region Cooperative Project NC-5 " Nutritional Status and Dietary Needs of Population Groups." Authorized for publication as Journal Article No. 1113 of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. This work was supported in part by a grant made by the National Dairy Council, acting on behalf of the American Dairy Association. t Presented at a Joint Session of the Epidemiology, Food and Nutrition, Health Officers, and Statistics Sections of the American Public Health Association at the Seventy-seventh Annual Meeting in New York, N. Y., October 27, 1949. to arrange occasional visits to the laboratory for physical examination, chemical and physiological tests. There has been no attempt to avoid periods of strain or worry on the assumption that these are a part of modern living. The friendship of the woman has been cultivated by means of daily visits so that detailed and accurate records of unusual situations were obtained. Physical examinations have been made by a competent physician,** food consumption records and chemical and physiological tests have been done by the staff of the Foods and Nutrition Department. Two types of studies have been made. The first used typical survey techniques such as those employed by the Mobile Units of the U. S. Public Health Service, differing only in that repeated contacts with each subject have been made. Two samples of 100 women each have been drawn from Lansing, using area sampling techniques. Food intake records repre

1. Thirty-three subjects were used for a clinical study of the effects of injecting purified secretin (Astra). Of these, eight were free of any gastro-intestinal diseases; the others had neoplasms of the pancreas, severe diabetes mellitus, chronic cholecystitis, chronic cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, or had been diagnosed as chronic pancreatitis. 2. The procedure of Agren and Lagerlof was modified by the use of a shorter period of collection. Both the analytical procedures and the calculation of the units for expressing enzymatic activity were also modified. 3. The results obtained for pancreatic secretion were similar to those reported by others: (a) a diminished secretion of the pancreas if the carcinoma was located in the head of the gland, but not when it was in other regions; (b) no marked association of disturbed pancreatic secretion and chronic diseases of the gall bladder. 4. Four out of the six cases of severe diabetes mellitus had distinctly low volumes of secretion plus low concentration and total output of bicarbonate, with some abnormalities in the enzymes. 5. One case with clinical evidence of chronic pancreatitis showed no evidence of disturbed pancreatic function by the secretin test. 6. The stimulating effect of the secretin on the liver proved valuable as a test for gall bladder function. The correlation between these results and the clinical findings was good.

Tensioning is a prime requirement for laying deepwater pipelines. Of the several new or improved pipe laying methods which have been proposed, or even utilized, all require tensioning of the pipeline to minimize stress in the critical area. In these methods the use of a stinger is optional. Dixon and Rutledge produced charts by which the minimum tension and angle of inclination could be determined for laying pipelines in intermediate and deep waters. The pipeline is freely suspended from the sea floor up to the stinger, or to the lay barge if no stinger is used. It takes a shape over its unsupported length which differs from a natural catenary at its ends due to the pipeline stiffness. In the present work the authors have employed the same mathematical technique to study the sensitivity of a tensioned pipeline to lay barge motions, i.e., surge, heave, and pitch. Two general trends emerge from the results which are presented both in the form of graphs for several sizes of the pipeline and for water depths up to 1000 ft, and in the form of dimensionless charts. Surge, and to a lesser degree heave, is influential in shallow or intermediate water depths. Pitch becomes a critical parameter in deep waters where the tension is large. The influence of a sloping rather than horizontal sea floor is also studied in this work. It is shown that for a practical range of slopes the prior analysis gives a satisfactory description of the configuration. However, additional curves which have been provided are required to make application of the previous results.

Color photographic film will undoubtedly provide much of the program material for color television. If film is to be displayed to its greatest advantage, the color gamuts of film and television must be effectively evaluated. Exact colorimetric reproduction of natural scenes is neither possible nor necessarily desirable with live television or with projected motion pictures. In the present state of the art, color television reproduced luminance ranges are limited. Better televised film will result if: (1) the effective scene luminance range is modified, either in the film or in the television system, to conform to that available on the kinescope, and (2) kinescope reproductions of film colors are made lighter with increasing saturations. In principle this color-dependent brightness compensation can be accomplished by several methods. One proposed method would require insertion of new equipment in the television film chain. Alternative suggested methods require only modifications of existing television film chain equipment.

Plain film abdominal radiographs of 100 cases of ultrasound-proved ascites were reviewed for findings of ascites. In addition, 100 nonascitic cases proved by sonography were reviewed to evaluate the specificity of these findings. We found that all the described plain film radiographic signs of ascites except the hepatic angle sign are insensitive though specific. The hepatic angle sign has a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 70%.

Ultrasound features of three cases of midline cerebral arterio-venous anomalies of neonates presenting with congestive heart failure are presented. Two cases have CT and angiographic correlation. The third case has post-mortem correlation. Ultrasound easily detected the dilated midline vascular channels in all three cases. Angiography was needed to further define the abnormal anatomy. We suggest a role for ultrasound to screen for midline arteriovenous malformations in neonates with congestive heart failure of undetermined etiology.

A completely objective system for equivalent-neutral-density calibration of a set of photographic film images from a subtractive color process is described. It includes these elements: 1.Restrictions on spectral density distributions of possible component absorbers are established by determining eigenvectors of the spectral density variability of images from the process;2.Estimates of spectral density distributions of individual process dyes are adjusted to conformance with the restriction;3.Spectral density distributions of process-formed gray images are predicted by combining spectral densities of actual process images with just-sufficient amounts of (two of) the conforming dyes;4.Equivalent neutral densities of the third dye in the images are colorimetrically computed from the predicted gray-image distribution.

Reports1on the use of physiologically compatible fatty acids singly in the treatment of dermatophytoses have been uniformly encouraging. The application of fatty acids to dermatophytoses stems from the work of Peck and others.2These authors found that concentrated sweat, by virtue of its propionic and caprylic acid content, is an efficient fungistatic agent and that preparations of these acids and their salts are effective clinically. Peck and Russ3found a combination of propionates and caprylates to be more effective than either one alone, and their series of 124 treated patients established the fact that these compounds were exceptionally well tolerated. Therefore, propionate-caprylate ointment (ointment "sopronol" propionate-caprylates compound, a water-soluble ointment containing 12.3 per cent sodium propionate, 2.7 per cent propionic acid, 10 per cent sodium caprylate, 5 per cent zinc caprylate and 0.1 per cent dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate) and powder (powder "sopronol" propionates-caprylate compound, a

A method is presented for obtaining spectral distributions having colorimetric characteristics which have been pre-specified in terms of a set of tristimulus values or trichromatic coefficients. The distributions may be chosen to correspond to energy radiated from light sources, or to the transmittances or reflectances of materials acting on such energy. Tables and figures are included to facilitate a rapid solution to any given problem. Several examples are given which illustrate the method and indicate the kinds of applications possible.

The surgical management of pseudocysts of the pancreas during the past 30 years has undergone continual revision. Each method of therapy has demonstrated some degree of success but at the same time has yielded to objections and disadvantages, both real and theoretical Conservative management, on the other hand, has given poor results,18owing to progressive increase in size of the pseudocyst with external pressure on the viscera, particularly the stomach and duodenum, with pain, inanition, and cachexia. Spontaneous rupture has occurred and is followed by a high mortality unless the patient is fortunate enough have the cyst rupture into one of the hollow viscera. Excisionof the cystic mass has for the most part been proved impractical, owing to the intimate association of the inflammatory wall of the cyst with the structures bordering the lesser sac, including the vasculature of the region. In the unusual case in which excision

Color photographic masks can be applied in such a manner as to minimize color-reproduction errors in a photographic process, regardless of the source of these errors. Overlapping absorptions of the dyes probably cause the most serious errors and therefore receive the most attention. It is shown, however, that the lack of negative portions in the required sensitivity distributions contributes appreciably to the reproduction errors and can, at least partially, be corrected for by masking.One set of masking equations is derived which is designed to correct only for the overlapping absorptions of the dyes. A second set is derived which is designed to correct only for the lack of negative portions in the sensitivity distributions. It is shown that the set of equations obtained by combining these two sets of equations is essentially the same as that derived directly to correct for these two sources of reproduction errors considered simultaneously.

In linear photographic masking theory it is assumed that the cyan, magenta, and yellow dyes in the processed film are deposited in amounts which are linear functions of the logarithm of each of the red, green, and blue exposures. Metameric pairs of colors will be reproduced alike in the photographic process only if the spectral sensitivities of the red-, green-, and blue-exposure emulsions conform to a set of visual color-mixture curves. Optimum colorimetric reproduction is obtained through utilization of the combination of color-mixture curves and photographic masks, relating dye amounts to exposure, which minimize colorimetric reproduction errors.It is shown that significant changes in the choice of color-mixture curves may be largely compensated for by corresponding changes in the masks. Optimum choices of masks depend in part upon the gamut of colors to be reproduced. Emulsion spectral sensitivities departing from color-mixture curves may also yield essentially equivalent colorimetric reproduction provided that the masks are suitably chosen.

A method is described for determining the fundamental response functions of the Young-Helmholtz three-receptor hypothesis by means of binocular color matching data. The method is an extension of the methods described previously by Wright and by Walters. Data supplied by Burnham, Evans, and Newhall are used to determine a set of the functions. These results are compared with those obtained previously in adaptation experiments and with those implied by results of color blindness investigations.

Proper use of masking in subtractive color photography is dependent upon a means of establishing the color reproduction equations which give the values of the mask gammas. Yule has shown that such equations can be obtained from an extension of the principles of duplicating, while MacAdam has done so by treating the subtractive system in terms of an equivalent additive system. Marriage has demonstrated that a specification of the requirements necessary for the exact reproduction of any four selected colors can be used to derive a unique set of equations. In the present paper, it is shown that Marriage’s method can be extended to include colors in any number greater than four, provided “approximate reproduction” rather than “exact reproduction” is taken as the criterion. The resulting equations will depend upon the manner in which the criterion of approximate reproduction is applied, as well as upon the particular selection of colors to be reproduced. While these aspects of the problem have not been investigated, results have been obtained which appear to be reasonable. The method may be applied to any assumed types of sensitivity distributions and forms of color reproduction equations.