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Cancer is now a formidable health care burden in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) due to lifestyle westernization and longer life expectancy. The exponential increase in cancer incidence coupled with high mortality rate is not comparable with that seen in westernized countries. To address global cancer disparity, globalization of cancer clinical trials to involve sub-Saharan Africa can serve as a platform where innovative targeted therapies can be made available to patients in the environ. In the 2019 African Organization for Research and Training in Cancer (AORTIC) conference held at Maputo, Mozambique, a group of clinical trialists spanning across multiple continents highlighted the opportunities in Africa for the conduct of cancer clinical trials. The secondary purpose of the meeting was to address the belief that Africa was incapable of conducting interventional cancer trials but showed the in-continent strengths, such as available capacities, trained local clinical trialists with clinical trial experiences, clinical trial consortia, local capabilities, mapping out logistics, ethical consideration, political will, real-time benefits of clinical trials to clinical practice, and future directions for trials.

Dental cariology is a discipline with history as long as that of human civilization. It has seen numerous growth and decline phases from the epidemiological perspective. Nevertheless, despite huge amounts of funds being allotted by various international agencies to estimate the prevalence and assess the treatment needs, there always exists a gap between collected data and actual scenarios due to the in-availability of feasible approaches to include all people as samples and assess the statistics, especially the rural population of developing countries. To solve this issue, investigators from various geographic denominations should come forward to present the situation in their dominion. This paper is a report on the prevalence of dental caries in school-going children aged 5–15 years, belonging to various socioeconomic strata. These results have testified to the positive correlation between increased westernization and the prevalence of dental caries. It is also seen that lower economic strata have more predilection for a healthier diet and resultant low prevalence in dental caries. Thus, this study has thrown valuable light on epidemiological aspects of dental caries in Maduravoyal, Chennai-based rural population, which can be used for various planning activities. How to cite this article: Amudha S, Moses J, Vijayakumar M, et al. Prevalence of Dental Caries among Different Socioeconomic Status and their Treatment Needs among 5–15-year-old School-going Children in Maduravoyal Area, Chennai. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(3):403–411.

The 18th century was marked by the appearance of a great number of unusual objects in Russia. Besides military ships, wardrobes and beds, wigs and Holland-fashioned suites they were all kinds of scientific instruments – compasses, astrolabes, sundials, clocks, bisecting dividers, electrostatic machines etс. They were visible and tangible signs of western culture, processes of Russian modernization and westernization. And besides the obvious for us today means of usage they had some other ones. Many instruments were multi-faceted. As a rule they all were rear and expensive things, hand-made by individual order in just few or even the only exemplar. Not everyone could use them. So the instruments demonstrated the high level of education and the high social status of the possessor. The instruments were used for entertainment both at the court and for general public. This kind of court activities was an important tool of attracting attention and state investments to the scientific researches. Clocks, sundials and telescopes played diplomatic role as gifts both on the level of transnational communication and on the local one (the establishment of good relations between arriving expeditions and local authorities). At last local peasants preserved the strange objects possessed by alien-dressed men as a super-modern weapon of pillage.

Educational authorities across countries are concerned to promote the well-being of their children. We discuss the approach that two systems, China and New Zealand, have adopted to support the development of well-being. The Chinese system has roots in the Confucian education tradition, Westernization Movement, and Soviet education lessons. It is characterised by a specialist role, the Banzhuren. The contemporary New Zealand system includes the explicit identification of values and competencies for well-being in curricula and system data about development during the school years. Both systems for promoting have weaknesses and strengths and we argue can learn from each other.

Japanese Americans include Japanese individuals migrating from Japan to the United States (first-generation Japanese Americans [JA-1]) and their offspring (second- or later-generation Japanese Americans [JA-2]). Although Japanese Americans share their genetic predisposition with the Japanese, their lifestyles have been westernized rapidly and extensively. We conducted a medical survey for atherosclerosis among Japanese Americans living in Hawaii and Los Angeles and native Japanese living in Hiroshima for 50 years since 1970 (the Hawaii–Los Angeles–Hiroshima Study) and obtained the following results: (1) In the 1990s, a westernized lifestyle induced hyperlipidemia among Japanese Americans, and based on the evaluation of the carotid artery intima-media wall thickness (IMT), atherosclerosis was apparently more advanced in Japanese Americans than in native Japanese. In addition, the advancement of atherosclerosis corresponded to the degree of westernization of lifestyles in JA-1 and JA-2. (2) In the 2010s, the serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in native Japanese were significantly higher than those in Japanese Americans, and the difference in the progression of carotid artery IMT was smaller between native Japanese and Japanese Americans. (3) Maintaining a healthy Japanese lifestyle since childhood may suppress future worsening of risk factors for atherosclerosis (such as obesity and diabetes mellitus) and contribute to atherosclerosis prevention in the Japanese.

Internationalization has become a strategic policy priority for many Chinese higher education in the process of becoming world-class universities. However, there is little research focusing on students’ experiences of internationalization at home. This research investigates how Chinese undergraduates interpreted and experienced internationalization at a prestigious university in China. Data for the study were collected through policy document analysis, semi-structured interviews with students, and site visits. The results of the study reveal that students perceive internationalization as Westernization, question the prominence of English in the university’s internationalization in both formal and informal curricula, and raise concerns about unequal access to internationalization. The study interrogates the unidirectional orientation of internationalization between China and the developed Western world. It calls for an approach to the de-Westernization of internationalization, reclaiming indigenous Chinese epistemology, language, and culture. The findings have important implications for an alternative social imaginary of internationalization for researchers and policymakers.

The subject of the study is the poetics of the Japanese poet Nakahara Chūya. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that there is very little research on the poet’s oeuvre in general, and in Ukrainian Japanese studies there is none at all. And despite the fact that Nakahara Chūya is one of the key figures of the Japanese avant-garde in the early twentieth century, there is no edition of translations into Ukrainian, just as there is not a single publication in Russian, except for a few amateur translations on the Internet. The novelty is due to an attempt to fill the gap and to present a number of translations of key texts by Nakahara Chūya into Ukrainain, as well as to present the translations of studies devoted to Chūya’s oeuvre, taking into account a lack of commentary materials. The interest in the poet is due to the fact that despite a rather limited period of his creative activity (only one collection of works during his lifetime) Nakahara Chūya absorbed the current trends of Western modernism and combined them with the Japanese poetic tradition — this is a problem that our article is devoted to. The aim of the study is to show how traditional Japanese poetics with its norms constituted as far back as the 9th – 10th centuries was able to go beyond the limits of constraint in form and content, particularly under the influence of avant-garde experiments of Dada. The study revealed that the cultural and social processes, which Western avant-garde artists reacted to by absurdism, violation of the form, an attempt to go beyond the word order, destruction the image, abandoning mimetic principles of art, is a trend inherent not only in the Western tragic worldview of the late 19th — early 20th centuries, but it is also intrinsic to Japanese art as well. A feature of Nakahara Chūya’s artistic practice is interweaving methods of traditional Japanese poetics to the Western forms, and thus his poetry may be described as allegory of the conflict between westernization and preservation of old foundations.

En este ensayo me propongo abordar el análisis, desde diversos puntos de vista, de dos novelas esenciales del escritor japonés Tanizaki Junichirô, publicadas en el período final de su vida: La llave (Kagi, 1956) y Diario de un viejo loco (F?ten r?jin nikki, 1961). Estas perspectivas conjugadas incluirían una lectura exegética de cada una de las novelas, sin olvidar una lectura en clave de género y teoría sexual, así como la interpretación de cada una de esas novelas como una posible “alegoría nacional”, en el sentido enunciado por Fredric Jameson, como alegoría social y política de su tiempo, respecto del propio Japón en diferentes momentos del siglo XX, atendiendo a los dilemas morales y de representación suscitados por la occidentalización.

This review presents modern information on etiopathogenesis, clinic, diagnostics and treatment of diverticular disease of the large intestine (DBTK). Based on the analysis and epidemiological data, this pathology can be attributed to the global epidemic of the 21st century, associated with the Westernization of lifestyle and aging of the population in civilized countries. The described tactics of management of patients with this pathology is based on global trends that have formed in the last decade.

PurposeThis paper reviews the national and institutional internationalization activities in Japan's higher education sector and considers the extent to which these efforts have attempted to incorporate and/or contribute to meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).Design/methodology/approachThis paper was developed based on a review of available demographic data on internationalization in Japan (in both English and Japanese), a survey of recent scholarly literature on this topic and conversations with numerous faculty and staff members working on internationalization issues in a wide range of higher education institutions throughout the country.FindingsThere are substantial internationalization efforts being made at both national and institutional levels, yet scholars and practitioners of higher education question the extent to which genuine internationalization is occurring. Moreover, the metrics used to track internationalization are somewhat limited and the available data, in many cases, can be complicated to interpret. A bit of tension also exists in Japanese universities between those who support the movement to internationalize and those who see it as a passing fad, an intrusion on their academic freedom and/or as a guise for Westernization – a tension that some cite, along with language barriers and system misalignment, as a challenge to internationalization.Originality/valueNumerous scholars discuss the internationalization of higher education in Japan. The originality of this paper is in the comparison of Japan's higher education internationalization efforts to the movement to achieve the SDGs – both in Japan and as a global effort.

A medical survey of Japanese Americans have been carried out since 1970; in particular, this survey was administered to the Japanese emigrants from Hiroshima (Japan) to Hawaii or Los Angeles (USA) and their offspring. Labeled the Hawaii–Los Angeles–Hiroshima Study, it constituted a long‐term epidemiological study of Japanese Americans who are genetically identical to the native Japanese people, but have experienced rapid and intense Westernization in terms of their lifestyles. The authors have compared the medical survey data procured from two Japanese populations, evincing very disparate lifestyles; that is, the native Japanese inhabitants of Hiroshima (Japan) and Japanese Americans living in Hawaii or Los Angeles (USA). The focus was particularly on differences in the intake of nutrients, the frequency of obesity, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus, and the progression of atherosclerosis. The authors believe that the health effects of the lifestyles of Japanese Americans can predict the imminent health prospects of native Japanese people who adopt Westernized lifestyles in Japan. This review thus summarized the major results accumulated from the Hawaii–Los Angeles–Hiroshima Study over the past 50 years., The Hawaii–Los Angeles–Hiroshima Study: the medical survey of Japanese Americans for 50 years.

Building on semi-structured interviews and publicly available documents in the realm of accounting, auditing and capital market regulation in Romania, this paper reviews and reflects on the prerequisites for, and conditions affecting the development of a financial reporting enforcement system (FRES) of Western origin in an emerging economy. It does so by examining institutional factors within and across the key components of the Romanian FRES, namely the engagement of the preparers and auditors of corporate financial reports and their interactions with public oversight bodies. The creation and functioning of the Romanian FRES are driven by the dynamics between Western and local pushes and pulls. Western actors offered support, especially in terms of technical assistance and educational programs, but the Romanian government delayed the implementation of local support mechanisms, such that practices and mindsets did not change initially. Although practices and institutions have evolved since the country joined the European Union in 2007, the pursuit of a functional Western-based FRES remains an on-going process that is highly dependent on both the continuous external provision of adequate resources and the enrolment of national actors in the deployment of these resources.

Breast cancer incidence rates are increasing in East and Southeast Asia, along with the westernisation of reproductive and lifestyle patterns. Such westernisation is thought to be involved in the cumulative exposure of breast tissue to both endogenous and exogenous oestrogen. Immigrant studies among Asian American women indicate that risk factors for breast cancer can be modified. When breast cancer incidence rates were compared with those of corpus uteri and colon among Japanese women in 2005, 2010 and 2015, it is of note that age-specific incidence rates of breast cancer in 5-year age groups clearly increased during the 10-year period in a bimodal distribution pattern, with two peaks in the 45–49 and 60–64 years age groups. From the relevant literature, it is inferred that the low prevalence of obesity and the intake of soy products or isoflavones among Japanese women may contribute to the bimodal distribution pattern by suppressing the extent of increase in breast cancer incidence rates among Japanese postmenopausal women. With regard to dietary habits relating to obesity, it has been globally reported that the intake of high-calorie foods is associated with the incidence of oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer in both pre- and postmenopausal women, while high-carbohydrate or -milk intake that can enhance the secretion of insulin or insulin-like growth factor 1 is associated with that of oestrogen receptor-negative breast cancer mostly in postmenopausal women. Studies are needed to clarify the aetiology or modifiable factors behind the bimodal incidence rates of breast cancer among Japanese women.

Objective:To examine the association between consumption of western foods purchased and consumed away from home and measures of nutrition quality: average daily caloric intake and macronutrient (carbohydrates, fat and protein) shares, for urban consumers in Vietnam, a country undergoing economic transition.Design:Cross-sectional observational data were collected using household surveys and 24-h food diaries. Outcome variables were individual average daily caloric intake and shares of calories from macronutrients: carbohydrates, fat and protein. The key explanatory variable was individual daily share of calories from western food purchased and consumed away from home. Ordinary least squares and multivariate regression analyses were used to examine the association between the outcome variables: caloric intake and macronutrient shares and the share of calories from western food consumed away from home.Setting:Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam.Participants:In total, 1685 households and 4997 individuals, including adults (aged$$ \ge $$18 years), adolescents (aged 10–17 years) and children (aged 0–9 years).Results:The share of calories from western food away from home was significantly associated with higher caloric intake among male and female adults (P< 0·01), adolescents (P< 0·01) and male children (P< 0·10) and was associated with higher shares of fat for male and female adults (P< 0·01), adolescents (P< 0·01) and male children (P< 0·01).Conclusions:Policymakers must be conscious of the numerous factors associated with poor nutrition quality, especially in younger Vietnamese individuals. Relevant interventions targeting at risk groups are required if nutrition improvement is a long-term goal.

The Vietnam Association of Traditional Studies (VATS) took the initiative in promoting Confucian cultural practices in South Vietnam from 1955–1975. The association strove towards collecting, researching, translating, interpreting and circulating classical Sinographic documents in order to preserve traditional East Asian culture in relation to up-to-date moral education and practical science. Unfortunately, there is a lack of research material related to the organization during the period after the two halves of Vietnam were reunited in 1975. Thus, the Association’s activities after 1975 cannot be discussed. To bridge the gap, this article is based on rare documents mostly collected by the author, describing the history and activities of this Confucian organization, including its establishment (1954), regulations, organizational structure, and membership. This article will also focus on the VATS’s Confucian cultural practices, such as (i) publishing as a way to promote Confucianism and traditional morality, (ii) Confucianism and Literary Sinitic education, (iii) public speeches, (iv) organizing the annual commemoration of Confucius’ birthday on September 28th, (v) and promoting international cooperation related to Confucianism. These activities demonstrate the organization’s attempt at popularizing Confucianism and making it compatible with ideas and practices introduced by modernization and Westernization in the middle of the twentieth century.

PurposeThis article empirically assesses the extent to which factors rooted in the cultural and institutional framework in sub-Saharan African organisational contexts challenge and resist the penetration of global practices and how these dynamics impact on human resource management (HRM). This article examines whether universalistic perspectives are significant for African HRM. The article discusses the tensions between the contributions derived from local and historical factors and that of other environmental agents to African HRM practice.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on a survey among 100 practising African HRM executives representing significant organisations in sub-Saharan Africa.FindingsThe main findings established that in spite of westernisation and globalising trends in learning and development in Africa, human resource practices are still profoundly embedded in the African cultural fabric. Significant elements of cultures in sub-Saharan Africa pervade organisational processes; such aspects include collectivism and paternalism, which persistently resist change. The article, however, concludes that the resisting parts of sub-Saharan African cultures which are viewed as counterproductive can have positive resonance if constructively deployed.Originality/valueThis article contributes to African HRM literature, a significantly under-researched field. The paper provides an opportunity for African HR managers to be more pragmatic in identifying the contextual issues and aspects of African culture that could be value-adding in a fast-changing managerial field. The findings demonstrate that human resource strategies and policies have specific cultural orientations and reflect the societal predispositions of a particular collectivity; this epitomizes the intertwining of cultural paradigms, political spheres and organisational life in sub-Saharan Africa.

With the Westernization / Modernization movement, the concept of furniture, which in traditional Turkish residential life is seen as fixed accessories, has changed and Western-style furniture was produced and used. The intensification of the political, economic and cultural relations that started with the European countries was effective in the beginning of this process. After the second half of the 19th century, Western-style furniture began to be used primarily in palaces and then in residences belonging to the elite of society. Through time, the use of Western-style furniture has become widespread across other parts of society. The first Western-style furniture production began in the carpenters sections of Yildiz Palace which was named as Tamirhane-i Humayun (Imperial Repair-shop) and founded by II. Abdulhamid. The furniture production process that began with Tamirhane-i Humayun continued with small and medium-sized enterprises in the Republican period. In this phase, the contribution of architects, interior designers, and sculptors to furniture design pioneered by the Sultan Abdulhamid II is excellent. In this study, the history of furniture production in Turkey since the 19th century Ottoman era was examined and information on the state of the furniture industry today was given. The aim of the study is to provide a written source for related Turkish furniture art and other works related to the furniture production sector.

Japan has solved the problems of nutritional deficiency due to shortage of food before and after the war II, and overnutrition associated with westernization after high economic growth. Japan has solved this double burden of malnutrition and has become to be a healthy longevity country. To find out why Japan has succeeded in improving nutrition, it is necessary to study the history of Japanese nutrition.

Samoa and American Samoa are two island groups in the South Pacific inundated with the physiological consequences of swift westernization of diet and lifestyle. These polities face the singular theme of lifestyle-related problems seen in other countries. This paper aims to discuss the current demographics in Samoa and American Samoa and examine the origin and impact of lifestyle-related chronic diseases within a subset of its populace. This review will highlight the prominent nutrition transition that these polities have undergone in their development and examine the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of lifestyle-related diseases, primarily type 2 diabetes and obesity, in the context of a prominent cultural shift. Samoa and American Samoa face a litany of public health concerns as a result of the rising prevalence of lifestyle-related chronic diseases and the persistent threat of obesity. Lifestyle medicine is proposed as the optimal treatment solution for the currently devastating disease states and is adapted to the vibrant agricultural resources and healing roots of the Samoan culture.

One night, I woke up in the pitch black to the deafening sound of a detonated bomb. The explosion killed dozens of people and shattered every window in our home, and in the dry heat of that disorienting night, all I sought was safety. I was 11 years old and living in Riyadh at the time, where my family had just relocated for my father’s job. That night, our quiet residential compound of mostly non-Saudi nationals was bombed by Islamic extremists against the Westernization of the country.1 Their message was clear: “We don’t want you here.” Miraculously unharmed, we left the country within days. Although grateful for the opportunities to experience different cultures during our frequent moves, I grew distanced from my birth country, Japan. I never lived anywhere long enough to feel like I could call it home. Then, in 2010, I came to the United States for college. Maybe I would find a home here, I hoped. Over the ensuing decade, as a foreigner, I became versed in the alphabet and number soup of visas on which my education and career would come to rely: F-1, J-1, OPT, H-1B. My visa status was a source of constant stress. The bureaucracy of the US Citizenship and Immigration Services was difficult to navigate. Worse, at every step of the way, I felt bluntly reminded of my status as deemed by the US government: officially, an “alien.” I felt alien … Address correspondence to Jamie Lim, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, 801 Albany St, 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02119. E-mail: jamie.lim2{at}bmc.org

The symbiotic relationship between exile and belonging is most visible in the writer’s deployment of his/her art to document experiences of the past and their impact on the feelings and well-being of his/her people in the periods represented in the work(s). This paper explores exile experience and belonging in the African poetry with special reference to Olu Oguibe’s selected poems. Upon the publication of his first collection titled Gathering Fear, Oguibe registers his presence in the African global and contemporary literature is his unequivocal attachment to his Nigerian Nation. He goes against all assumptions led by the West against Africa and he succeeds at integrating with other cultures to be prominent as his contemporaries like Achebe, Sonika, and Tanure Ojaide. In the light of this, both of Edward Said and Oguibe share the same perspectives about the significance of belonging to homeland and deploy their exile experiences and poetry to defend their national and regional culture against all types of westernization. Exile- Belonging- Olu Oguibe- Edward Said- World Literature- African poetry- Integrity- national faith

This article fills an important gap in the study of early childhood culture in Russia and the social history of material culture between the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The authors argue that changes in children’s clothing reflected some important social processes through which a new type of parenting and maternity began to rapidly form in Russia. This was accompanied by the emergence of new features in the class difference visualisation and demonstrative behaviour of the elite. That people decided to stop swaddling infants and started making them dresses is associated with changes in child care practices. These changes were caused by the emancipation, the westernisation and secularisation of the educated classes in Russian cities, the commercialisation of infant fashion, and the influence of new agents (representatives of the medical community, atelier owners, fashion magazine editors, etc.) on the everyday life of townspeople in Russia. This illustrates the process behind the formation of ideas concerning gender differences and gender stereotypes in new conditions. The analysis of practices connected with dressing infants relies on the historical and anthropological approach and sociological theories of fashion, with reference to visual sources (museum artifacts, photographs, and advertising images), fashion magazines, ego-documents, and early medical literature. The authors demonstrate that until the eighteenth century, the practice of dressing infants from all classes was simple and universal: in the following period, which lasted a century and a half, there were considerable changes in the practices of dressing infants depending on class. During the second half of the nineteenth century, representatives of the educated urban class dressed their newborns in accordance with the demonstrative function of “conscious parenthood”. Children’s fashion was gradually turning into a special social institution. Despite the stability of swaddling practices in rural Russia, among townspeople the infant was “emancipated” rapidly: swaddling practices became less common. Infant fashion became independent. Between the 1900s and 1910s, tight corsets and bodices ceased to be used; infant clothes became functional, practical, child-oriented, and clearly gender-marked., Статья восполняет существенный пробел в изучении культуры раннего детства в России и социальной истории вещного мира XIX – начала XX в. Авторы доказывают, что изменения в детской одежде отразили ряд важных социальных процессов, когда в России стал быстро формироваться новый тип родительства и материнства, сложились новые особенности визуализации сословно-классовых различий и демонстративного поведе-ния элиты. Тема отказа от пеленок и перехода к пошиву детских костюмов и платьев – это история перемен в практиках ухода за новорожденным, связанных с эмансипацией, вестернизацией и секуляризацией общественного сознания образованного сословия российских городов, история коммерциализации младенческой моды, влияния новых агентов (представителей медицинского сообщества, владельцев ателье, редакторов модных журналов) на повседневную жизнь горожан в России, история того, как в новых условиях формировались представления о гендерных различиях и укреплялись гендерные стереотипы. Анализ практик укрывания детского тела проведен на основе историко-антропологического подхода и социологических теорий моды с опорой на визуальные источники (музейные артефакты, фотоматериалы, рекламные образы), тексты журналов мод, эгодокументов, ранней медицинской литературы. Доказано, что до XVIII в. практики укрывания младенцев всех сословий были просты и универсальны. В течение полутора веков шел процесс поляризации практик одевания младенцев разных классов. В образованном городском сословии второй половины XIX в. гардероб новорожденного приобрел демонстрационную функцию «сознательности родительства». Детская мода превращалась в особый социальный институт. Несмотря на устойчивость практику сельского населения, в среде горожан ребенок «эмансипировался», освобождался от тугого пеленания и свивания. Младенческая мода получила самостоятельность. На протяжении 1900–1910-х гг. исчезли тугие корсеты и лифы, одежда стала функциональной, практичной, ориентированной на детей, жестко гендерно маркированной.

The burden of cancer from a clinical, societal, and economic viewpoint continues to increase in all parts of the world, along with much debate regarding how to confront this. Projected increases in cancer indicate a 50% increase in the number of cases over the next 2 decades, with the greatest proportional increase in low- and medium-income settings. In contrast to the historic high cancer burden due to viral and bacterial infections in these regions, future increases are expected to be due to cancers linked to westernization including breast, colorectum, lung, and prostate cancer. Identifying the reasons underlying these increases will be paramount to informing prevention efforts. Evidence from epidemiological and laboratory studies conducted in high-income countries over the last 70 years has led to the conclusion that approximately 40% of the cancer burden is explained by known risk factors—the 2 most important being tobacco and obesity in that order—raising the question of what is driving the rest of the cancer burden. International cancer statistics continue to show that approximately 80% of the cancer burden in high-income countries could be preventable in principle, implying that there are important environmental or lifestyle risk factors for cancer that have not yet been discovered. Emerging genomic evidence from population and experimental studies points to an important role for nonmutagenic promoters in driving cancer incidence rates. New research strategies and infrastructures that combine population-based and laboratory research at a global level are required to break this deadlock.

Opera, evolving on the foundation of two art forms, theatre and music, is a multidisciplinary genre that has affected many countries and cultures profoundly over the centuries. Even though opera emerged and blossomed in Western societies in the early sixteenth century, it took four more centuries to pass so that opera could meet the Turkish audience. Translation from Western sources has been a substantial medium to Westernize and Europeanize the Ottoman Empire and Republican Turkey. The proclamation of Tanzimat was the beginning of transformation in the multicultural and multilingual Ottoman Empire to form a nation-state, and therefore the Westernization process started in all fields including literature and music. Opera was one of the new art forms that came into prominence apart from theatre and prose. Since the Republic gave much importance to polyphonic music and attempted to carry Turkish music into universal standards, works of art in the most paramount genre of music, the opera, were translated. Translations of operas were carried out by the Turkish composers of the time in order to achieve a singable and coherent translation in terms of prosody. In this context, this study aims to present both the historical journey of opera translation in Turkey and to introduce the remarks of some contemporary opera performers of Ankara State Opera and Ballet, who were interviewed so as to grasp their perception of translated opera.

Asian Americans are the only racial/ethnic group in the U.S. for whom cancer is the leading cause of death in men and women, unlike heart disease for all other groups. Asian Americans face a confluence of cancer risks, with high rates of cancers endemic to their countries of origin due to infectious and cultural reasons, as well as increasing rates of “Western” cancers that are due in part to assimilation to the American diet and lifestyle. Despite the clear mortality risk, Asian Americans are screened for cancers at lower rates than the majority of Americans. Solutions to eliminate the disparity in cancer care are complicated by language and cultural concerns of this very heterogeneous group. This review addresses the disparities in cancer screening, the historical causes, the potential contribution of racism, the importance of cultural perceptions of health care, and potential strategies to address a very complicated problem. Noting that the health care disparities faced by Asian Americans may be less conspicuous than the structural racism that has inflicted significant damage to the health of Black Americans over more than four centuries, this review is meant to raise awareness and to compel the medical establishment to recognize the urgent need to eliminate health disparities for all. Implications for Practice Cancer is the leading cause of death in Asian Americans, who face cancers endemic to their native countries, perhaps because of infectious and cultural factors, as well as those faced by all Americans, perhaps because of “Westernization” in terms of diet and lifestyle. Despite the mortality rates, Asian Americans have less cancer screening than other Americans. This review highlights the need to educate Asian Americans to improve cancer literacy and health care providers to understand the important cancer risks of the fastest-growing racial/ethnic group in the U.S. Eliminating disparities is critical to achieving an equitable society for all Americans.

There has been a rise in non-communicable diseases (NCD) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), driven by westernization, urbanization and unhealthy lifestyles. The prevalence of NCDs and their risk factors vary considerably in SSA between countries and the various sub-populations. A study documented the prevalence of stroke ranging from 0.07 to 0.3%, diabetes mellitus from 0 to 16%, hypertension from 6 to 48%, obesity from 0.4 to 43%, and current smoking from 0.4 to 71%. The numbers of these NCD cases are predicted to rise over the next decade. However, in the context of a global pandemic such as COVID-19, with the rising cases, lockdowns and deaths recorded worldwide, many people living with NCDs may find accessing care more difficult. The majority of the available resources on the subcontinent have been diverted to focus on the ongoing pandemic. This has caused interruptions in care, complication management, drug pick-up alongside the almost neglected silent NCD epidemic, with major consequences for the health system post the COVID-19 era. We explore the issues surrounding the continuity of care and offer some solutions for Sub-Saharan Africa.

Background/AimsEpidemiological associations have implicated factors associated with Westernization, including the Western diet, in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The role of diet in IBD etiopathogenesis, disease control and symptom management remains incompletely understood. Few studies have collected data on the dietary habits of immigrant populations living with IBD. Our aim was to describe the dietary practices and beliefs of British South Asians with IBD.MethodsA 30-item questionnaire was developed and consecutively administered to 255 British South Asians with IBD attending gastroenterology clinics in the United Kingdom.ResultsFifty-one percent of participants believed diet was the initiating factor for their IBD and 63% felt diet had previously triggered disease relapse. Eighty-nine percent avoided certain dietary items in the belief that this would prevent relapse. The most commonly avoided foods and drinks were spicy and fatty foods, carbonated drinks, milk products, alcohol, coffee, and red meat. A third of patients had tried a whole food exclusion diet, most commonly lactose- or gluten-free, and this was most frequently reported amongst those with clinically active IBD (P= 0.02). Almost 60% of participants avoided eating the same menu as their family, or eating out, at least sometimes, to prevent IBD relapse.ConclusionsBritish South Asians with IBD demonstrate significant dietary beliefs and food avoidance behaviors with increased frequency compared to those reported in Caucasian IBD populations. Studies in immigrant populations may offer valuable insights into the interaction between diet, Westernization and cultural drift in IBD pathogenesis and symptomatology.

This chapter explores the question ‘Is Shakespeare perceived as one of the powerful global icons through which local education is westernised?’ in Japan. It foregrounds the perceptions of people studying and teaching Shakespeare in Japan in the early twenty-first century. The chapter demonstrates that some of these perceptions around Shakespeare in Japanese higher education are predicated on a binaric understanding of Shakespeare as the ‘foreign’/’other’/west, distinct from the ‘indigenous’/‘our’/East Asian. His foreignness is perceived varyingly from positive to malignant, with reference to the nature and purpose of subject English; the use of western productions in the classroom; and the delivery of a westernized ‘world view’ through Shakespeare. However, other perceptions explicitly or implicitly trouble this supposed polarity, emphasising Shakespeare as (adapted to be) local, regional and Asian, in terms of perceptions of his bawdy humour, affinity with Japanese history and culture, and use of locally-made or -inflected resources.

In the mid-nineteenth century, civil engineering and technological innovation began to play a major role in the modernization and westernization of Japan. From the 1870s to the 1890s, Dutch civil engineers worked with Japanese practitioners on the design of Japanese ports, a key starting point for urban development. This article explores the role of port and port city planning by Dutch civil engineers on the development of Japanese engineering and planning practice following modern construction methods and technology. It explores the degree to which port and water planning proposals that were associated with foreign forces influenced the development of civil engineering-inspired urban planning practice in Japan. The article examines three case studies of port planning: Nobiru, Mikuni and Yokohama. It shows that comprehensive planning proposals by the Dutch engineers, who combined water management and the construction of port basins and breakwaters with city development, were only partially implemented because they were not aligned with Japanese natural and technical conditions. Instead, Japanese professionals stripped the proposals of the urban context and adopted engineering technology. The fascine mattress technique for breakwaters and imported steam dredging machines became key elements for the construction of basins and the maintenance of modern port function.

This chapter explores the emergence, features, and tension points of sport within the global media system. It, first, details how developments in the economics, technology, and regulation of media delivery, commencing during the 1980s, stimulated the emergence of a “new media order” that profoundly implicated sport. The subsequently shifting nature, structures, ownership, and consumption of sport incorporated new services including: dedicated sports channels; satellite and cable distribution networks; and pay-per-view and subscription networks and events. The need for detailed and nuanced analyses of the complex terrain of global mediasport as it is manifest across various locales; characterized by inequality and disjuncture as much as integration, is noted. The chapter, second, turns to, transformations of sport, resistance, and questions of “cultural citizenship,” dynamics of Westernization/post-Westernization, and the shifting and at points paradoxical status of the nation state within global mediasport dynamics. Finally, I document the recent transformations wrought by the emergence of “new” media for the global mediasport scape: the internet (message boards, online discussion, podcasting, wikis, video hosting sites), e-commerce, blogs (the blogosphere), microblogs (the Twittersphere), video games, and virtual reality. In particular, I consider the potential of new media to be a democratizing force across the media sportscape.

This review specifically explores the affect that diet has on the gut microbiota and its role on the increasing incidence of IBD around the world in developing countries.This is a The emergence of IBD is consistently observed as a society becomes developed and westernized implicating the critical role that environmental factors play. Environmental factors that could play a significant role in the pathogenesis of IBD include westernization of diet and improved hygiene statust. Westernization of diet is associated with changes in the gastrointestinal microbiota, which could affect the development of the immune system and thus influence the risk of disease occurrence. There remains an important need for extensive and rigorous studies focused on the role of environmental exposures on IBD management. Specifically, if environmental factors can be modified to decrease the possibility of relapse or improve patient quality of life.

Art of legend was arisen out of pillars of theatre which casts light on those legends that were written to glorify powers and situations surpass level of human beings . So we find that legend was transformed through its doctrine sides over level of concept and realization on field of subjects where by which Greek theatre was founded . As soon as it was adopted by drama art as legendary ritual phenomena with its stories . With that modes of social , spiritual expressions were differentiated within communities , peoples over all different countries and civilizations . This explains us the apparent difference in cases of legends , alike if they were within thoughtful , social or cultural sides between civilizations . Since drama art is mirror of peoples that reduces inside it tribes , rites , religion celebrations and legendary tales . We find significant necessity to research , to uncover mechanisms of construct legend , from another hand to tackle it by some drama directors , who added aesthetic , creative conceptions for their drama shows through two notions which are legend and westernization Key words : Procedures of Westernization , legend , civilization , Iraqi theatre

Introduction: Over the past several decades, Asian countries including Japan have experienced westernization of their lifestyles, leading to changes in prevalence of major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The estimation of changed in trends of population attributable fraction (PAF) of major CVD risk factors would be useful for planning of CVD prevention strategies. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that PAFs of major CVD risk factors have changed among a Japanese population over the past several decades. Methods: We conducted four 10-year cohorts from 1975 to 2014: the baseline of the first cohort as 1975-1977 (n=4,415), that of the second as 1985-1986 (n=7,155), that of the third as 1995-1997 (n=6,892), and that of the fourth as 2005-2007 (n=5,067), consisting of Japanese men and women aged 40-79 years, initially free of CVD, and with valid information on major CVD risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, smoking, alcohol drinking, and atrial fibrilization). Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs) of CVD (incident stroke and ischemic heart disease) risk factors were calculated by Cox proportional hazard model and their PAFs (95 %CIs) were estimated. Results: During the median follow-up of 8.1 years, we documented 227 incident CVDs in the first, 251 in the second, 223 in the third, and 132 in the fourth cohort. The age-adjusted incidence rates per 1,000 person-years of CVD decreased over time; 6.4 in the first, 4.3 in the second, 3.4 in the third, 2.3 in the fourth cohort. Through the four cohorts, hypertension was the leading attributable risk factor for CVD, but its contributions decreased from the first to the fourth cohorts: PAF (95% CI)= 51 (33-64)% in the first; 42 (29-53)% in the second; 47 (32-58)% in the third; and 27 (4-45)% in the fourth cohorts. In contrast, the contributions of diabetes mellitus increased between the third and the fourth cohorts and then diabetes mellitus was promoted to the second leading risk factor: PAF (95% CI)= 1 (-4-6)% in the first; 3 (-1-8)% in the second; 3 (-1-7)% in the third; and 17 (8-25)% in the fourth cohorts. The contributions of hypercholesterolemia and other risk factors were small and did not change over time materially. Similar trends were observed for stroke and coronary heart disease. Conclusions: The contribution of hypertension for CVD risk decreased, while that of diabetes mellitus increased among Japanese over the past 40 years. Taken together with the steep decrease in stroke incidence, decrease in hypertension has contributed to reducing PAF of hypertension, and also resulted in increase in PAF of diabetes. Although hypertension is still the leading attributable risk factor for CVD, diabetes could be another target of CVD prevention strategy among Japanese.

Introduction: Numerous studies suggest that there are rural-urban differences in gut microbial community, partially due the Westernization of diet. However, most studies are based on short-term follow-up and cannot assess how the transition from traditional to Western diets over time shapes human gut microbiota and whether these microbiota changes subsequently impact the metabolomic profile of the host. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that trajectories in diet shape components of the gut microbial community, with strong associations for microbiota and microbiome-mediated metabolites. Methods: We used growth mixture models to estimate individual-specific intercepts (current % calories from animal source food in 2015) and slopes (change in % calories from animal source food from 1991-2015) in 1,468 adults from the population-based China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) across 20 years of urbanization-related change. We then tested the association between the gut microbiota genera in 2015 with these intercepts and slopes in linear regression models, allowing for interactions between the intercepts and slopes. In the subset of the sample with metabolomic measures collected (n = 500), we then tested whether bacteria associated with change in diet (FDR corrected p-values < 0.05 from the joint test of both main effect and interaction) were associated with microbiome-related metabolites using linear regression models. Results: Controlling for current % calories from animal source food, we found 57 gut microbiota measures that were significantly associated with the rate of change in % animal source calories, with the majority (19%) coming from the order Clostridiales. For 55 gut microbiota measures, we found evidence that the association between current diet and gut microbiota was modified by the rate of change in diet. Thirty-two microbiome-related metabolites, over 50% of which were involved in the benzoate metabolism or food component pathways, were associated with these gut microbiota measures. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that long-term change in calories consumed from animal source foods may shape the composition of the gut microbial community. Further, our metabolome findings suggest that pathways linking diet and the microbiome through microbial metabolites may be particularly relevant.

Malang Regency has 33 districts. Jabung sub-district is one of the regions in Malang Regency. Jabung village is located in Jabung sub-district, has a population of 9,224 people and an area of 705.78 ha. The number of family heads or families is 2564 with an average family member of 4 people per family. The Jabung Village development index is 0.656 which includes a developing classification. This means that Jabung Village is a village that has village potentials that need to be developed and need real touch and contribution. The conditions that have occurred in Jabug Village for activists in Malang masks are the lack of educational infrastructure and the lack of efforts to preserve the art of Malang masks. This is indicated by the small number of poor mask activists at a young age. Besides, the problem faced by partners in maintaining the Malangan Mask art as an art of ancestral heritage is the inclusion of Westernization culture that has engulfed Indonesia as globalization is expanding resulting in the less desirable local culture. This also had an impact on the Malangan Mask art which was increasingly abandoned by the public. And also the problem of partners is that there are no poor mask educative media to introduce mask characters to visitors, or students who want to learn mask characters. The solution to the problem that occurs in mask craftsmen is by giving lectures about the preservation of the malangan mask art is the absence of science and technology-based educational media for the community (IBM) to preserve and preserve the history of the poor art character. The outcome of the use of Science and Technology for the Community (IBM) is the creation of an e-catalog is a media catalog book in electronic form that makes it easy for everyone to read information through smartphones or other electronic media. Making the malangan mask E-catalog will contain the history and character of the mask as well as souvenir information from the malangan mask art in Jabung village. Key words: Mask Village; Jabung Village; preservation e; science and technology

The Imperial Medical School (Mektebi Tibbiye‑i Sahane), established in Istanbul in 1839 as the first medical school, in the Western sense, took the Josephinum Military Medical Academy in Vienna as an example, and this led to a period of flourishing in terms of Austrian–Turkish medical relationships. Dr. Karl Ambros Bernard, Dr. Jacob Anton Neuer and pharmacist Jacob Hoffmann came to Istanbul in 1938 with the support of Prince Metternich, the Prime Minister of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the time, and the recommendation of the private physician of the prince, a famous ophthalmologist at the University of Vienna. Subsequently, Sigmund Spitzer, who was a professor of anatomy at the University of Vienna, came to Istanbul as well. Through the efforts of Bernard and Spitzer, the new Ottoman sultan, Abdulmecid, granted authorization for the use of cadavers and autopsies for the first time in 1841, though only of Christian prisoners who had died in prison. Prof. Hyrtl, from the Medical School of Vienna, sent educational materials from his own collection for use in anatomy education. A botanist named Noe as well as Dr. Wachbicher and Prof. Lorenz Rigler also came to Istanbul. Wachbicher and Rigler worked at the school of medicine and the military hospital. This period, spanning 1839–1856, was a critical period in the Westernization of Turkish medicine. After Metternich, the Austrian government stopped sending physicians to Istanbul to assist the medical school. However, many physicians from the Austro-Hungarian Empire served in the Ottoman army until World War I. Ataturk, the founder of the modern Republic of Turkey, carried out a reform of the university system in 1933. Many scientists of Jewish origin who had escaped from Nazi oppression and many anti-Nazi German and Austrian scientists came to Turkey. An ENT professor named Erich Ruttin and a professor of radiology named Dr. Max Sgalitzer worked at Istanbul Medical School.

Over 21 years into democracy and the commitment for radical transformation in education, South Africa continues to adopt and adapt international imperatives and standardisations in pursuit of first world rankings. Ironically, notions of indigenisation, decolonisation and Africanisation of the curriculum have become catch words of the day. In the wake of the #FeesMustFall movement, a rethink of the curriculum for tomorrow, and the manner in which we think and speak about the curriculum, has come to the forefront. Through Pinar’s method of currere, this paper demonstrates curriculum decision-makers’ thinking about decolonising the curriculum. While some curriculum decision-makers perpetuate Western ways of thinking about the curriculum, others make a shift in their thinking towards a ‘re-humanising’ approach to the curriculum. The present study maintains that curriculum decision-makers are catalytic agents, and are neither complacent nor at the mercy of Western knowledge and ideologies. They continue to be apprehensive on curriculum matters and disrupt entrenched taken-for-granted philosophies. This renders them agentic in their development of, and search for, alternate worthwhile home-grown knowledge, that leads towards a more ‘humanised’ curriculum approach. This paper further opens up discussions and possibilities around notions of ‘indigenisation,’ ‘Africanisation,’ ‘decolonisation,’ ‘humanisation’ on one hand, and Westernisation and Eurocentrism of the curriculum on the other, working together as co-existing realities towards transforming the curriculum in colonised countries like South Africa. Keywords: curriculum; curriculum change; decolonisation; humanisation; indigenisation; intellectualisation

Background: From the 1960s to the early 21st-century adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) declined around the world. This was partly due to the westernization of eating habits. However, in the last decade a new variable came into play, the economic crisis, which may have affected dietary patterns. Objective: We analyzed worldwide trends of adherence to the MD between the periods 1961-1965, 2000-2003 and 2004-2011. Methods: Data was obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization Food Balance Sheets in three study periods: 1961-1965, 2000-2003 and 2004-2011. The Mediterranean Adequacy Index (MAI) was calculated for 41 selected countries using the averages of available energy intake for different food groups. Changes in MAI indicated the trends in adherence in the different periods. Results: In many countries, MAI deteriorated from 1961 to 1965 and 2004 to 2011, yet an increase was observed in 16 countries. Between the last two observation periods, MAI values stabilized in 16 of the 41 selected countries. Regional rankings for the three study periods based on descending MAI scores were: Southern Mediterranean, Mediterranean Europe, Central Europe and Northern Europe. Discussion and Conclusions: Adherence to the MD significantly decreased between 1961-65 and 2000-03, whereas from 2004-2011 there was a stabilization of MAI values and even an increase among 16 countries. Efforts are needed to preserve the dietary traditions and lifestyle habits within the Mediterranean region in order to counteract increasing rates of chronic disease.

Every year, cancer affects more than one million Latin Americans. The increasing incidence of cancer could be secondary to an aging population, westernization of life style, and urbanization. LA has among the highest incidence rates of gastric cancer, compared to other countries. In this review, different studies on gastric cancer and its relation with risks factors, such as infections, diet and life styles typical of LA, besides the different molecular alterations of that specific population (mainly at a genetic polymorphism level) are analyzed. An exhaustive research was made in PubMed, MEDLINE and Embase of the most relevant studies conducted in the last 27 years (1990-2017) in LA.

Serialisation allowed for remarkable experimentation with the new genre of the novel in colonial South Asia. The open nature of serialisation in South Asia, in which novels were not planned in advance but rather could develop and change while in progress, meant that serialised versions of novels were often more experimental than their later book editions. In this article, I use the pioneering Urdu novel Fasāna-e Āzād (1878–83) as a case study to examine serialisation’s effects on the emerging novel genre in the late nineteenth-century South Asia. By comparing the serial version and later book editions, I show that Fasāna-e Āzād underwent a fundamental transformation from serial to book, changing from a set of satirical sketches critical of Westernisation, to a pro-colonial novel. The protagonist Azad’s shift from a picaresque anti-hero to a proto-nationalist hero reflected the changing nature of respectability, what in Urdu was called sharafat, in the late nineteenth-century South Asia. Finally, I suggest that Fasāna-e Āzād’s evolution from serial to book anticipated the turn in South Asian literature from satire towards nationalist and prescriptive discourse, reflecting the broad movement from ideological and narratological openness to closedness in the twentieth century.

Algeria as one of the Islamic biggest countries in Africa has three different climate zones: Mediterranean, semi-arid and arid; in three different regions: Northern, Central and Southern. Each region developed its typical vernacular tradition; one that responded to climate, topography and life style. Following modernization, westernization of the country since hundreds of years, traditional building practices started to be abandoned; leading to a radical transformation of the built environment. The current situation of the built environment depends only on reinforced concrete construction that does not respond to country’s regional variety and as it disregards nature, climate and lifestyle of many. This paper explores the vernacular building types from one geographical region of the country; Casbah (Mediterranean region of Algeria), to understand its architectural design methods; its climate and site responses; its fit with the people’s lifestyle. The aim is to be able to evaluate the degree of sustainable practices achieved in that kind of traditional housing building. This will be concluded first by knowing the architectural design principles which should be in a building to call it sustainable. Analyzing the different sustainable housing features of Casbah’s house have been explored. This study helps us to understand more about the Architectural heritage of Algeria, and gives us a clear knowledge on traditional houses design principles in the Mediterranean region according to the climate, lifestyle, and local available materials, and how those architectural methods belong and valuable to sustainable issues. This might be useful for designers and architects to use those sustainable strategies in their future building projects, and change the design approach to a better one which is more sustainable, as well as restoring the heritage of the country which should not have to be forgotten, in order to be known for future generations.

This study examines how small weaving manufacturers in Japan managed to successfully transform their cotton kimono businesses during the phenomenon of the growing popularity of Western clothing in the 1970s, and develop within the Sanbi industrial cluster to become global leaders in the production of high-quality denim and jeans worldwide.IntroductionJapanese denim companies are very small but remain competitive due to their quality, compared with Chinese, Mexican, and Turkish companies. Some of these Japanese companies have won the Premier Vision Fabrics Handle Prize, while others have created new denim fabrics, such as soft denim, for luxury brands. According to the data of the Office of Textile and Apparel (OTEXA), as a proportion of sales in 2015 the United States imported most of its blue denim fabric from Japan (28.9 percent), with China in second place (26.2 percent), and Mexico third (17.3 percent); in terms of volume, the United States imported blue denim fabric from China (36.3 percent), with Mexico in second place (24.8 percent), and Japan third (13.5 percent). How was it that Japanese denim companies developed to become such prominent leaders in the field? Most of these companies are clustered geographically, with jeans companies sitting side-by-side with dyeing, processing, and finishing factories. These clusters were originally set up for the production of Kasuri cotton kimono clusters, and only shifted into denim and jeans production in the 1970s. This study will shed light on the development process of the denim industry in Japan – focusing on the Sanbi district, the largest denim and jeans cluster – and will examine the success factors in the global market from a historical perspective using primary sources.The Westernization of ClothingOne success factor is the social and culture background in Japan (Fujioka and Wubs, forthcoming). Before the Second World War most people in Japan – male and female, old and young – wore kimonos. A kimono is a traditional Japanese robe that is tied at the waist by a wide belt called an ‘obi’. It has no buttons, zippers, or any other kinds of fastening. The shape of the garment is very simple and it has little decoration. A kimono is made from many different types of fabric, including silk, cotton, wool, and linen. The type of fabric defined the kimono’s suitability for different occasions, such as a high-quality silk kimono for ceremonial events and a cotton one for casual wear. The type of fabric also reflected a person’s social position, until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. During this time only the Samurai class could wear silk kimonos, while other social classes wore cotton kimonos. After 1868 people had freedom of choice in clothing, meaning that anyone could wear silk kimonos for weddings and funerals.Although Western-style clothing had already been introduced to the upper classes by the Japanese government during the Meiji Restoration, after the Second World War, the Japanese lifestyle began to be westernized at an ever-faster pace, particularly in the area of clothing. Along with the high economic growth in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the kimono market shrank and Western fashion became a mass phenomenon in Japan. First came tailor-made clothes for upper-class and upper-middle-class customers; after this, clothing companies rapidly increased their sales, and ready-to-wear clothing soon became common among every generation and income group in the 1970s. Jeans were one example of the clothing that was introduced at this time, and a niche market formed of mainly young customers who lived in urban areas. These young consumers had first seen jeans being worn by Americans from the General Headquarters (GHQ) during the recovery period, and they soon began to identify jeans as a symbol of freedom and individuality. With the increasing demand for jeans, several jeans and denim companies were established in the 1970s to capture this niche market. Since then the denim and jeans market in Japan has developed to specialize in high-quality premium denim and jeans.The Sanbi Industrial ClusterThe main factor in the success of the Japanese denim and jeans industry is the effective transformation of the whole cluster. Cotton kimonos have a variety of styles based on various dyeing and weaving methods. The ‘Kasuri’ kimono, for example, is a type of cotton kimono that is dyed with indigo, requiring great skill in dyeing and weaving; as a result, it can be very expensive, although this type of cotton kimono is still regarded as casual, everyday clothing. There were three main industrial clusters for Kasuri kimonos in Japan, namely Kurume, Iyo, and Bingo, which had been established in around 1800. Among these, Bingo became the largest cluster and produced more mass products than the others in the 1960s. While Kurume and Iyo were striving to innovate a new Kasuri fabric and shifted to the high-end market to cover the decreasing demands of kimonos, the Bingo cluster created mass products more efficiently than before. It continued to increase its sales until 1960 with the improvement of technology, although in the 1970s sales began to decrease rapidly with the huge growth in demand for Western clothing (Shinichi Choshi Hensan Iinkai, 2002).Many manufacturers therefore suffered from the introduction of the new Western clothing. Some silk kimono manufacturers were able to shift their focus to the high-end market for ceremonial occasions due to their special place in Japanese society (Hashino, 2015). However, many cotton kimono manufacturers, particularly those in the Bingo cluster who focused on mass customers, were unable to do so, because of the shrinking casual kimono market. This industrial cluster was therefore forced by changing consumer demands to transform the whole nature of its business from the production of traditional cotton Kasuri kimonos to a brand new industry.The neighboring clusters of Bingo are Bizen and Bicchu, which were also cotton kimono clusters that used Kasuri fabric. Some manufacturers in Bizen who made kimono accessories started to produce ‘tabi’ (Japanese-style socks) in 1877 and then began sewing Western-style work clothes in the 1910s. In the 1920s many manufactures in the Bizen cluster started to produce Western-style school uniforms, which became increasingly popular (Fujii et al., 2007). This was a natural transition in terms of finding different uses for the same relevant technology: from the production of cotton fabric to tabi, and from tabi to school uniforms. All these products were made for daily use, and the same cutting and sewing skills for thick textiles that were used to make tabi were directly transferable to the production of work uniforms and school uniforms; by 1937 the Bizen cluster had become the largest producer of school uniforms in Japan.However, between 1965 and 1970 the demand for school uniforms fell, because the early generation of baby boomers had passed through school, and competition within each cluster became more intensive with the emergence of newcomers. In order to manage the distribution channel and build a stable production system, large cotton-spinning companies controlled the weaving mills and sewing factories and organized retailers to maintain retail prices. This was a well-known form of management in Japan at the time called ‘Keiretsu’. As a result, those manufacturers who were not working in partnership with any large spinning manufacturers found it very difficult to secure orders, and were eventually pushed out of the industry and forced to change the nature of their business. One of these small manufacturers in Bizen was called Big John, which had been established in 1940 to produce school uniforms. After transforming its business, it started to sew the first ‘made in Japan’ jeans using imported American denim in 1967, and later using Japanese denim in 1972 (Sugiyama, 2009). Its great success encouraged many of its surrounding manufacturers to join this emerging field, which resulted in the establishment of a whole new denim and jeans industry that spread across Bizen, Bingo, and Bicchu to the point where these three districts became collectively known as ‘Sanbi’ in Japanese.The Successful Transformation of Industrial ClustersNew technology for producing denim and jeans was brought to Japan from the United States. Many denim companies started out as producers of Kasuri fabric and shifted to denim production in the 1960s and 1970s, using their existing skills and technology to make this transition. Although it was a natural path to take considering the change in consumer demand and the fact that both Kasuri fabric and jeans were dyed by indigo, there were many challenges involved in adapting to this change. Rope dyeing was the biggest hurdle that these manufacturers had to face, but they managed to learn the technique by reverse engineering American-made jeans and relying on their skills in indigo dyeing and sewing thick textiles. Making a success of this transition from a cotton kimono cluster into a denim and jeans cluster was the only way that these businesses could survive the huge growth in popularity of Western clothing in Japan. This whole transformational process was led by small, lesser-known manufacturers rather than by larger ones. As one of the major businesses in the Kasuri cluster in Japan, Bingo catered for the mass market, but was hardest hit by the introduction of Western clothing, as it was more difficult for its business model to adjust to westernization. Bizen, however, managed to shift to the production of Western clothing at an early stage, focusing on uniforms – and it was the dropout factories from the uniform industry that eventually became the driving force behind the emergence of the jeans industry. The resulting success of the Japanese denim business model then spread out across the cluster, which today enjoys an enhanced competitive advantage in the global market.

Objective - An individual improves his/her cognitive level by implementing terminal behaviour changes to his/her own life through educational institution located in his/her living space. In this context, the education system of a country is very important in terms of mental development and how people perceive the world. Developments in the world after the French Revolution had influenced Ottoman. Various institutional reforms had been required because of repeated military defeats in the late Ottoman period. In this regard, renovation of educational institutions modelled on Western-based was thought as a saver solution for the empire in period of regression but this modernization process also brought many problems with it. We can understand the approach to education of societies by way of literary works such as novels written in that period. Methodology/Technique - In this study, the late Ottoman education system is examined by the critical review of through novel. It is narrated the late Ottoman fall reflecting in the field of education. The irregularity system of that period is criticized. It has been adapted to Turkish cinema especially by adhering to the novel which is a remarkable reference about the history of Turkish education system. Findings - The quality difference in education between centrums and suburbans shows administration of suburban was omitted by Ottoman. Besides, the inequality between man and woman can be observed. It was emphasized that, in Ottoman, men is always right and strong and women are useless and not able to consider. Republic let the woman to arm their rights and gave us the belief that women can be powerful and right. Novelty - The study reviews the education system of Ottoman empire based on the novel. Type of Paper: Review Keywords: Late Ottoman; Modernization; Westernization; Education Problems. JEL Classification: I21, I24.

“Rags to riches” as an invariant “deep” structure of many stories about restored dignity and status has been in universal literary use since the eminent version of “Cinderella” in the Grimm brothers’ collection of fairy-tales. So has the “deep” structure of an individual’s moral evolution towards god, as made explicit by many narratives taking after the Quran story of Yusuf. After morphological dissection of Cinderella and Jami’s Yusuf and Zulaikha stories (performed with V. Propp’s original scheme in view) we discovered certain similarities between the respective underlying structures despite the stories’ apparent difference. Taking into consideration a number of later adoptions of Cinderella and Yusuf / Zulaikha plots, the authors put forward a hypothesis about culture-and-society determined reciprocal rapprochement and transformation of interpretation dominants in more recent narratives of the respective traditions. At that, “spiritual growth towards god” stories acquire certain features of the society-bound “rag to riches” progression and, vice versa, “rags to riches” narratives become increasingly suggestive of god’s favour as the highest value. If duly supported by scientific evidence, the hypothesis could assist in further study of causes and outcomes of an on-going “orientalization” of western culture and westernization of that of the Orient.

Dorce Gamalama is one of Indonesian television’s best-known celebrities. She first rose to fame in the 1980s and her career is very much based on her public profile as a transsexual woman. This article focuses on Dorce’s performance of gender and class in two films: Dorce ketemu jodoh (Dorce meets her match, 1990) and Dorce sok akrab (Dorce up close, 1989). In Dorce ketemu jodoh, Dorce represents herself as a woman, albeit one who is unlike other women, and who is confident enough in her gender identity not to shy away from gender playfulness. In Dorce sok akrab, Dorce’s character encapsulates the possibility for upward social mobility as an integral aspect of New Order development ideology, though it is a mobility which strongly resists notions of westernisation and elitism, and is instead firmly rooted in local forms of cultural identity.